Thirty and forty percent of food ends
I think you are missing a word at the beginning of this sentence.
"Between"
15 Matching Annotations
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Persons living in areas with high unemployment rates, who are also disproportionately people of color, suffer a lower quality of life and even lower lifespans due in part to the prevalence of guns. A radical perspective on crime directs attention to the ways that racial and ethnic minorities have never enjoyed an unqualified right to gun ownership.
Or equal access to law enforcement. This could be a great opportunity to discuss the "code of the street" literature and how unreliable law enforcement potentially contributes to a heavy reliance on guns.
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The largest gap in life expectancy appears in Chicago; Black residents live to an average of 67 years compared to white residents who live to 87 years.
Insightful! I appreciate the inclusion of this information, as it will certainly resonate with students. I can see several discussion questions stemming from this data.
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Spacing issue
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Julia and Herman Schwendinger Bio
I appreciate the inclusion of each scholar's bio. Very insightful information.
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When we apply this word to a person, we suggest that they are an extremist.
To improve clarity, I recommend reiterating the contemporary time period by adding a transition like "typically"
"Typically, when we apply this word to a person, we suggest that they are an extremist."
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As a rider on Chicago Transit Authority trains, I have had my share of experiences where someone played music too loudly or was sleeping across multiple seats. I have never confronted someone in this situation, and I remain hard-pressed to recall another rider confronting a person breaking the law in either of these ways. More importantly, I do not recall anyone contacting the train conductor because doing so would mean a delay as the conductor investigated and/or contacted the police. A focus on conduct norms invites seeing social interactions as legitimate subjects of study for criminologists, criminal justice scholars, and practitioners
Great example!
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A brief
I noticed an extra space here.
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Likewise, when we think about crime, we tend to think about interpersonal violence more than we consider property crimes (which happen on a much bigger scale) or entrepreneurial crimes like fraud or wage theft that harm a larger number of persons.
I think the inclusion of a chart based on the most recent FBI data would strengthen this point.
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These restrictions are the most extreme for persons in jail and prison because they have lost freedoms or choices associated with movement, location, activities, daily routines, and association.
You could mention Gresham Sykes work on the "Pains of Imprisonment." You could also mention Megan Comfort's work on how the "pains of imprisonment" extend to family and significant others.
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However, focusing on laws as a way to define crime has drawbacks. Thinking about the provisions in the Protect Illinois Communities Act (PICA) highlights the limitations of Tappan’s view. The law bans the sale, purchase, and possession of certain firearms. If the police and courts never learn that I bought, sold, or have a banned gun, have I still broken the law? Technically, yes, I have. However, I would never appear as a criminal under Tappan’s definition.
Great work here as well
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Returning to Paul Tappan’s perspective on crime, it is important to note that he did not view a person who is in jail awaiting trial as a criminal because they have not been convicted.
Great job highlighting this distinction.
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Second, Tappan suggests a story element highlighting that a person has no defense or excuse for their lawbreaking behavior.
I wonder if you could add some additional context here. I cannot imagine some undergraduate students reading this and debating whether legitimate criminal acts, such as robberies or thefts, would be considered crimes if the perpetrator commits the act to buy food, pay for shelter, etc. In their minds, those excuses may amount to a defense.
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If I do not update my car’s registration or renew my driver’s license, my neglect or lack of action is a crime of omission.
I recommend adding "For example" at the beginning of this sentence to help students understand that this is an example of a crime of omission. Another option would be to place this sentence in a block quote in the middle of the paragraph to draw attention to it and isolate it from the rest of the text.
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Do we consider crime as illegal behavior defined and codified in law, as the actual focus or priority of law enforcement agencies (police and prosecutors), as a violation of a community or social group’s customs, or as a violation of human rights?
I think this sentence should be split into two sentences to improve clarity.
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