Owing to the rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, combating infectious diseases is becoming increasingly difficult. A renewed interest in bacteriophage therapy and trends in the development of CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials have provided new treatments for antimicrobial resistance. Further research on phage therapy may improve delivery of the CRISPR-Cas system using phage-based vectors, and additional RCTs on phage therapy and new studies on phage-delivered CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials should be conducted in the future.

Attempts to use phages to treat infectious diseases have been made but were generally abandoned after the 1940s owing to their difficulty in use, poor efficacy and the increasing use of antibiotics

They are primordial ubiquitous organisms found in diverse environment such as soil, water, feces etc [4,5]. Typically, bacteriophage morphology exhibit well defined three-dimensional structure. The genetic material is enclosed in an icosahedral protein capsid head, a tail (spiral contractile sheath surrounding a core pipe and a baseplate with tail fibers) and surface receptor proteins responsible to recognize specific surface molecules on the host bacterium

Bacteriophages are viruses, the most abundant organisms and the natural predators of bacteria. They are self-replicating, obligatory intracellular parasites and inert biochemically in extracellular environment. They control the biosynthetic machinery of bacterial host and behest them to produce different viral proteins.