It’s possible to build these 2D materials atom by atom, but doing so is expensive, difficult and time-consuming. So many scientists, including Decurtins and his colleagues, want to design materials that assemble themselves. Predicting how molecules self-assemble into 2D sheets is one of the grand challenges of materials science, said Johannes Barth, a physicist at the Technical University of Munich.

we desperately need our public institutions to be commons: to be those places where we come together to (learn to) cooperate in the stewardship of our mutual resources. If our public institutions are not operating as commons, than they are also no longer effectively bringing us together as citizens

The transformative view is that learning is a social process, with students and teachers working in partnership with each other and with experts beyond school, supported by digital technologies. In the transformative view, collaboration, creativity, innovation, entrepreneurial know-how, and ethical citizenship infuse teaching and learning. Students and teachers co-design their work. The learning environment, which extends beyond the classroom, is purposefully designed for students to think, research, analyze, develop and improve their ideas, and demonstrate deep understanding through the work they produce

This paper proposes a shift away from hierarchical policy-driven systems toward networks of strong, responsive schools, with educators collaborating continuously and sharing knowledge both horizontally and vertically. In these transformed systems, leaders at the top empower leadership at all levels, resulting in schools and classrooms that are holistic and adaptive.

Change is inevitable: transformation is possible.