key feactues. variable size for blocksl. algorithmic fee payment, with intro of base feee and priority fee. deflationary pressure on eth supply, by introducing burning of base fees.

key changes. gast optimization and grandwork for upcoimg fee marked. eips 2565, 2929, 2718 and 2930.

Adds: typed transaction envelope

Purpose: forward-compatible tx formats

Impact: enables future EIPs

Fork: Berlin

Adds: access lists

Tx type: 1 (typed transaction)

Benefit: predictable + cheaper state access

Dependency: EIP-2718

Fork: Berlin

Concept: cold vs warm state access

Cold: expensive

Warm: cheap

Goal: DoS resistance + realistic gas pricing

Fork: Berlin

Targets: ModExp precompile (0x05)

Change: major gas reduction

Benefit: affordable big-number math

Fork: Berlin

Proow of stake and sharding. a 2020 update

allowed stake of 32 eth per validator

Beacon chain genesis - dec 1 , 2020.

final 2019-era fork. aimed to delay the difficulty bomb once more.

Adds: BLAKE2 compression precompile

Not: full hash function

Benefit: fast, cheap BLAKE2 operations

Use case: interoperability & crypto protocols

Fork: Istanbul

key feactures. further gas prizing. eip -1108 to make l2 more viable. and eip -1884 new precompile & opcodes. eip -152. blake2b hash function pre-compile cross-chain interperability.

Type: Gas repricing

Targets: SLOAD, BALANCE, EXTCODEHASH

Reason: state growth increases real cost

Effect: safer, more realistic gas economics

Fork: Istanbul

Type: Gas repricing EIP

Targets: alt_bn128 precompiles

Result: massive gas reduction

Use case: zk-SNARKs

Fork: Istanbul

Adds: EXTCODEHASH

Returns: hash of contract bytecode

EOA / empty: returns 0

Benefit: cheap contract identity checks

Fork: Constantinople

key feactures 1. further reduced block rewards from 3eth to 2 eth. eip-1234 2. evm improvements, from eip -145 to eip 10104. and eip 1052.

Adds: CREATE2

Goal: predictable contract addresses

Key feature: address known before deployment

Fork: Constantinople

Adds: SHL, SHR, SAR

Purpose: native bit shifting

Benefit: cheaper, cleaner low-level logic

Fork: Constantinople

Delays: difficulty bomb (~4M blocks)

Reduces: block reward (3 ETH → 2 ETH)

Fork: Constantinople

Effect: stable block times + lower issuance

Key Changes 1. Block Reward Reduction, from 5eth to 3 eth. intro of the EIP-649, which brought about difficulty bomb. 2. new opcodes for smart contract, suuport for static calls(via eip -214) eip -140, 196 and 197. 3. light transaction receipt. EIP -658.

Changes: SSTORE gas accounting

Principle: net storage effect per transaction

Benefit: cheaper temporary writes

Status: specified, later replaced

Adds: status field to receipts

Values: 1 = success, 0 = failure

Removes: stateRoot from receipts

Result: clear, explicit transaction outcomes

EIP-196: EC point addition precompile

EIP-197: EC point scalar multiplication precompile

Curve: alt_bn128

Goal: make heavy cryptography feasible in the EVM

allows for REVERT opcode, this code allows one to retert a failed opration, without comsuming the whole gaas, INVALID as the opcode before it, that actually consumes all gas. revert made possible for debug, and gas retrun on remain.

EIP - 214, brought about static calls, static call allows call the blockchain without a change of state aka ( read only mode)

1 used as a means to reward validators who propose blocks, or call out dishonest behaviour by other validators. 2. staked by validators, acting as collateral agains dishonest behaviour. 3. it is used to weigh 'votes' for newly proposed blcoks. (fork-choice)

It is the native cryptocurrency of Ethereum.

ensures that once txns are verifed as valid and added to the blockchain, they can't be tampered with later.

a blockchain with a computer embedded in it. then as a world compputer, it allows the foundton for building apps and organization. they have to be in a decentralized, permissionless, and censorship-resistant way.

The computers that share the blocks, and the chain, and are connected to each other in a network is called a node.

these groups,( containg the data and state), are connected to previious and future groups(blocks), leading to a long chian of blocks, thes blocks are related in such a way that any change in a block, will affect the state/data in other blocks.

data and state, being stoed in groups.

transactions, need to be added to a blcok to be successfull.

Public Database, modified (udated, chanded), this change is shared across many computers in a network.

First ERC for the implementation of AA. Introduced, UserOperations to handle txns differentlt. transactions, are first kept in a high-level mempopl, tehn packaged as a sinlge classic transaction, this process is known as bundling, anthe bundler, takes the txns, and proposes a bloc.

it also brought about the concept of paymaster, which allows other bodies to pay for users's gas, and also made room for payment, that are not with native tokens, like paying for gas with solana

The Standard used to generate keys to mneonic phase.

they are two major types of wallets based on whetehr the keys they contatain are related to one another or not.

NONDETERMINISTIC WALLET AND THE DETERMINISTIC WALLET

The part of balancing Convenience and Privacy.

Wallet only contols, acccess to a user's money, manages, keys and address, tracks the balcnce, and creates and sins transactions. Some ethereum wallets can interact with contracts,such as ERC_20 tokens.

this s the full shit