It  provides us a little background about what the letter is for and to whom

The audience for this

Kings writing

What is the writer trying to achieve? Are they trying to send a message?

whenever you

their messages sent to their audience.

Martin Luther King Jrs Letter from Birmingham Jail https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Letter_Birmingham_Jail.pdf Gloria Anzalduas book How to Tame a Wild Tongue  https://www.everettsd.org/cms/lib07/WA01920133/Centricity/Domain/965/Anzaldua-Wild-Tongue.pdf Billy Collins commencement address https://www.graduationwisdom.com/speeches/0135-Billy-Collins-Gives-Brilliant-Witty-Commenceme

Sources:

this makes it clear that he is speaking to a group of education school graduates.

The genre of “Lift Off” is a speech, this is the best choice of genre for this piece, because it is meant to be read aloud at a graduation

the purpose of his writing is to motivate, and inspire

Billy Collins uses genre, audience, and purpose effectively in his Commencement Address at Colorado College.

as does Billy Collins in his Commencement Address at Colorado College.

King discusses the purpose of direct action,

Also, to explain and justify his civilly disobedient actions, in hopes that they will realize as religious leaders, they should be fighting for equality.

The purpose of King’s writing

However, King uses a religious reference to change the minds of the clergymen, “But as I continued to think about the matter, I gradually gained a bit of satisfaction from being considered an extremist. Was not Jesus an extremist in love? — “Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, pray for them that despitefully use you.” Was not Amos an extremist for justice? — “Let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.” Was not Paul an extremist for the gospel of Jesus Christ? — “I bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus.””

bible

MLK uses many techniques in his writing to appeal to the audience.

First off, it would make sense to use a letter because he was responding to criticism he received. Writing a letter allows him to directly address, and respond to the people that sent him the letter.

The genre of this piece is a letter, although

Genre, audience, and purpose are clearly incorporated into the works: “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King, Jr., Billy Collins’ Commencement Address at Colorado College, Donovan Livingston’s “Lift Off”. 

there are two different types of purpose: general, and specific.

your work

King, Martin Luther. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” . The Atlantic Monthly, “Lift Off.”  https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Letter_Birmingham_Jail.pdf.   Harvard Graduate School of Education, https://www.gse.harvard.edu/news/16/05/lift.

Blau, Susan, and Kathryn Burak. Writing in the Works. Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2017.

I have never written a rhetorical analysi

Well, now college is the past. What happened? It’s a mystery. Even with a Time Machine, the future you may visit immediately becomes your new Present” (Collins Colorado College). Collins speaks to the audience telling them that future is insignificant and that they should think about the present. This idea in a simpler form is thinking like, what do I do now? At this moment? “Carpe diem” is used in this piece to represent the theme of the address as seize the day.

(Collins Colorado College)

Collins shows use of audience in a very effective way. He directly tells the audience that he knows they don’t want to hear the speech but he continues, “ It is well-known in the world of public speaking that there is no pleasure you can give an audience that compares to the pleasure they get when it is over, so you can look forward to experiencing that pleasure 13 minutes from now” (Collins Colorado College). Collins is familiar with his audience as he connects by acknowledging that the graduates do not want to sit through 13 minutes of the speech. In the big picture he utilizes this strategy to make the audience more comfortable from the use of comedic effects.

This address pushes the boundaries of the genre because he notes that time is insignificant and that the only way to move forward in to live in the present.

To finalize Livingston’s address

“I am a strange fruit who grew too ripe for the popular tree” (

Livingston shows that he pushes boundaries to set an example for the graduates and to inspire them to do the same.

Donovan Livingston is a poet who delivered a speech at a commencement for graduating Harvard students.

“There is a more excellent way, of love and nonviolent protest. I’m grateful to God that, through the Negro church, the dimension of nonviolence entered our struggle”

the term purpose is shown as a use of successful writing

Also, King represents the term of audience in “Letter From Birmingham Jail” through a specific example.

King shows understanding of successful writing throughout the whole letter to the clergymen.

Luther

In these pieces, the writers showed an understanding of successful writing by using genre, audience, and purpose throughout multiple examples to create effective literature.

astly, purpose is why someone is writing/what the writer is trying to say

These terms are the importance towards interesting and successful writing, as writing would be bland without.

Collins, Billy. Poet Laureate Billy Collins Gives Brilliand and Witty Commencement Address at Colorado College, 2008, https://www.graduationwisdom.com/speeches/0135-Billy-Collins-Gives-Brilliant-Witty-Commencement-Speech-Address-At-Colorado-College-2008.htm. King, Martin Luther. Letter From Birmingham Jail, 1963, https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Letter_Birmingham_Jail.pdf. Livingston, Donovan. Donovan Livingston’s Harvard Graduate School Student Speech, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XGUpKITeJM.  

ffective literature

Gloria

This is a speech he gives to the graduating class at Colorado College. His speech gives advice to live in the present, that people tend to worry to much about the future. He states ” When your time is done, you will be remembered for what you did, not for what you never got around to doing”(Collins). Billy Collins is a poet, but the words written is to motivate with realism. He states how it’s perfectly fine to not succeed the first time you do something, but to try again before you consider yourself a failure.

I will begin with a commencement speech by Billy Collins

Billy Collins Commence ad

There is three topics

Three in which I found interesting and inspiring.

Genre, to me a particular style in music, movies or writing’s

you will come

Cited Sources:

Livingston’s,

and to inspire others to be proud of where they came from.

they able

The 3 sources

Donovan Livingston like Billy Collins uses a commencement speech for the genre

is aiming his letter at the 8 religious white leaders.

While Martin Luther King was a well-known speaker who could motivate others using speeches, he is able to reach his audience by using a letter.

While Billy Collins is trying to inspire, MLK uses a letter to incite change.

He is motivating the class of 2008 to stay in the moment and enjoy each day to the fullest

Billy Collins is speaking to the graduating class of 2008, at Colorado College

In Billy Collins writing he uses a commencement speech as his genre.

The three sources, Billy Collins commencement speech at Colorado college, Letter from Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King Jr. and the spoken word commencement address at Harvard by Donovan Livingston all do a great job using genre, reaching the audience and achieving the purpose in their writing.

Whenever you

Major Assignment #1 Draft 1

Work Cited Collins, Billy. “Graduation Wisdom.” Poet Laureate Billy Collins Gives Brilliand and Witty Commencement Address at Colorado College, 2008, 2 Oct. 2013, www.graduationwisdom.com/speeches/0135-Billy-Collins-Gives-Brilliant-Witty-Commencement-Speech-Address-At-Colorado-College-2008.htm. Accessed 26 Sept. 2019. King Jr., Martin Luther. “Letter From Birmingham Jail.” Poet Laureate Billy Collins Gives Brilliand and Witty Commencement Address at Colorado College, 2008, Aug. 1963, www.graduationwisdom.com/speeches/0135-Billy-Collins-Gives-Brilliant-Witty-Commencement-Speech-Address-At-Colorado-College-2008.htm. Accessed 26 Sept. 2019. Livingston, Donovan. “Lift Off” Donovan Livingston’s Harvard Graduate School of Education Student Speech. YouTube, YouTube, 25 May 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XGUpKITeJM. Accessed 26 Sept. 2019.

Collins 2008

his particular commencement address was given at Colorado College in May of 2008. These types of speeches given at graduations are meant to be persuasive and motivating. Collins tries to get the audience’s attention and wants to get them to think. His advice is to live in the present and not focus on the future or dwell on the past. This genre of writing is persuasive. Billy Collins is trying to persuade his audience to think the way he believes.

Billy Collins is an American poet who gave multiple commencement speeches at different Universities.

group of soon to be new educators.

into a poem

meant to be motivational persuasive.

Donovan Livingston gave a commencement speech at the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 2016

The purpose of this writing was to defend King’s actions and persuade them that civil activism was not meant to be dangerous and segregation was wrong.

e was trying to convince these clergymen that his actions were justified. I

his letter is a famous piece of writing that can be read and used as a learning tool even today. It can teach about the difficult struggle in history during the segregation period.

Martin Luther King Jr was a civil rights activist in the 1950’s until the 1960’s

Three examples of strong writing come from Martin Luther King Jr, Donovan Livingston, and Billy Collins. Three pieces of work that are notable are “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King Jr, Donovan Livingston’s Spoken Word Commencement, and the Commencement Address at Colorado College by Billy Collins. Each individual wrote persuasively and tried to convey their message to their audience.

Sources:  Billy Collins, Commencement Address at Colorado College Martin Luther King Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Donovan Livingston, Spoken Word Commencement Address at Harvard “Writing in the Works” Textbook.

Donovan Livingston tells his audience that individuality is perfectly fine, in fact it makes the world more diverse and beautiful. This speech has this message of personal liberties and freedoms, that will in the long run just make you a happier person. Because in all honesty, diversity is such a powerful thing and we need to embrace our individuality. He co

In 2016, Donovan Livingston presented as the commencement speaker to the graduates of Harvard and it included a poem call “Lift Off”

“Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of police brutality is known in every section of this country. Its unjust treatment of Negroes in the courts is a notorious reality. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in this nation. These are the hard, brutal, and unbelievable facts. On the basis of them, Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the city fathers. But the political leaders consistently refused to engage in good-faith negotiation.” (King Jr.)

His audience included eight white religious leaders of the South that warranted his response to the discrimination and segregation of the African American men and women

In August 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. composed Letter from Birmingham Jail.

“I remember being caught speaking Spanish at recess – that was good for three licks on the knuckles with a sharp ruler. I remember being sent to the comer of the classroom for “talking back” to the Anglo teacher when all I was trying to do was tell her how to pronounce my name. “If you want to be American, speak ‘American’. If you don’t like it, go back to Mexico where you belong.” (Anzaldua)

speaks discrimination on the basis of language and identity within the latino/latina community bordering the United States and Mexico. In this autobiographical essay, she tells stories of being a young woman breaking down linguistic and cultural borders to make acceptance the new societal norm.

decent,

In How to Tame a Wild Tongue, an essay by Gloria Anzaldua she

Each time we are handed any piece of literature, we are given a story made up of different features. This may include elements like genre, audience, and purpose. Genre provides the reader with an idea about what will happen as they read. It will also provide some sort of background, timeline, and even give into the storyline just on the basis of what the author has chosen the genre of their piece to be. There are many different types of genre including romance, mystery, and even thriller. The audience is the group of people that the author is trying to convey their message to, or in general just the people who they want to reach. The message is specific to the audience and I think genre plays a part in who your audience will be. If you’re writing a fantasy novel, those who enjoy reading fantasy will be more likely to read it. However, if you’re writing a non-fiction piece, your audience will most likely be different. And the list continues, as many people enjoy reading different types of literature. So as I mentioned, genre and even purpose may play a role in who your audience will be, but the message is what exactly and who exactly will make up your “audience”. Purpose is the point you are trying to make, it is one’s way of expression and or presentation of information. This is the author’s way of communicating with their audience.

The next three pieces of literature How to Tame a Wild Tongue by Gloria Anzaldua, Letter from Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King Jr., and Donovan Livingston’s Commencement Address at Harvard all portray what it means to include a specific genre that serves a purpose, for an intended audience.

Did this assignment remind you of any writing that you’ve done previously?  Please describe that work. What was new about this assignment?  Please be precise. What kinds of knowledge/writing skills did you draw on to produce this draft?  Please begin to use some of the key terms that have begun to form the basis of your theory of writing.  For example,  did you draw upon your understanding of audience awareness or genre?  How so? When drafting and revising, what choices did you make? Please explain. What questions do you have for readers about the piece?

Sources for Study: Martin Luther King Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Donovan Livingston, Spoken Word Commencement Address at Harvard Gloria Anzaldua, “How to Tame a Wild Tongue”

Sources for Study: Billy Collins, Commencement Address at Colorado College Martin Luther King Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Donovan Livingston, Spoken Word Commencement Address at Harvard Gloria Anzaldua, “How to Tame a Wild Tongue” Required Reading: “The Rhetorical Situation,” Writing in the Works. 2-21 “The Writer’s Process” in Writing in the Works, 22-43 Writers make all kinds of choices and judgements based on what our textbook calls the “rhetorical situation”:  they select a  genre in which to compose, they aim to reach a particular audience, and they write with a particular purpose in mind, among other choices (Blau and Burak 3). For this assignment, you will write a  source-based essay of at least 3-4 pages (750 words), go beyond summarizing to identify and analyze writers’ choices of genre, audience, and purpose, make connections among the concepts of genre, audience, and purpose: how do they relate to one another? from those connections, begin to develop a theory of writing:  in other words, using these concepts, what makes successful writing? document your use of these sources in the Modern Language Association format (see pp. 429-457 in Blau and Burak). You will choose three of the Sources for Study (which represent a variety of genres) listed above, from which you will incorporate evidence to support your ideas about these key concepts and reflect on a possible theory of writing. Elements: Define the key terms audience, genre, and purpose Identify the genre, audience, and purpose of each source Analyze how each author uses genre, achieves a purpose, and reaches an audience Quote from each source to back up your claims Use the concepts of genre, audience, and purpose, begin to develop a theory of writing Cite and list your three sources in MLA format.

type of writing or setup the writer sets up for the audience.

In Gloria’s How to Tame a Wild Tongue her main audience is for people who speak foreign languages. “Who is to say that robbing a people of its language is less violent than war”. (Page. 34) Gloria’s main purpose is to explain that many people get discriminated for the language that they speak and how that language is one’s culture and is special and unique and should never be made fun of.

who speak foreign languages

he audience that Martin Luther King is writing to is the “eight white religious leaders of the south”

In Martin Luther King’s letter to Birmingham Jail goes over a lot of key topics.

Genre: in literature genre is , music, or movie that is characterized into different categories like, horror, comedy, speeches, poems, short stories, etc.…. For example in Gloria’s How To Tame a Wild Tongue the genre is written as an essay.  Audience: “Audience” is very important in writing because the author needs to consider their audience and who read it. “Audience” is a lot of things, it can be writing style, poem, speech or even a topic like politics. In Donovan Livingston Commencement Address his main “audience” is the graduates of Harvard. In his spoken poem he explains how your voice can change your life, and tells how to keep aiming higher to the stars because everyone can reach great things. Purpose: is the main idea or topic that the writer wants the reader point out. For example in Martin Luther King Jr Letter from Birmingham Jail the main “Purpose” of the letter was for the religious leaders to read about Martin Luther King efforts for peaceful protest and equal civil rights for African Americans.  

Livingston, Donovan. Spoken Word Commencement Address “Lift Off “, Harvard Graduate School of Education, May 26, 2014 Anzaldua, Gloria. How To Tame a Wild Tongue, Borderlands/La Frotera, 1987.   King, Martin Luther, Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail.” 16 Apr. 1963. Web. 22 Sept. 2012.

Did you know there’s a poetry competition every year in Barcelona? “Third prize is a rose made of silver, the second prize is a golden rose, and the first prize: a rose. A real rose. The flower itself. Think of that the next time the term “priorities” comes up.” ( Collins p2)

helps you

enre is a like a topic or brand name it’s how you want to deliver your message

Works Cited Collins, Billy. Commencement Address, Colorado College, 2008. Livingston, Donovan. Spoken Word Commencement Address “Lift Off”, Harvard Graduate School of Education, May 26,2014  2014https://youtu.be/9XGUpKITeJM  Anzaldua, Gloria. How To Tame a Wild Tongue, Borderlands/La Frotera, 1987.

When left to your own devices, you make the choice of genre by analyzing the rhetorical situation. Each of the elements- Genre , purpose, audience, voice,

That brings me to my conclusion about these wonderful writers. All of there pieces were powerful in there own way. How about Martin Luther King’s letter and how he was fighting for the rights for blacks in Birmingham Alabama, or how Donavan Livingston was fighting for education in the school system, and finally how Billy Collins tells you wait a minute slow down and don’t forget about your goals life’s to short.

So that makes me think of another great commencement speaker whos name is Billy Collins

He gave a great commencement speech/poem called “Lift Off” and what it felt like to be an African American at Harvard. Donovan Livingston gave one of the most memorable commencement speeches in 2016 to the Harvard graduate school of education and to try to inspire the class of 2016 to use their roles as future educators to help other students realize their full potential.

Frustrated and wanting everyone to have equal rights and because of his situation, he states “Beyond this, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here” (King 1), and you can see in this quote that he was fed up with the south. Down south had a lot of racism at the time. During this era, the black community were being treated horribly and needed to stand up for themselves “There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in this nation. These are the hard, brutal, and unbelievable facts. On the basis of them, Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the city fathers. But the political leaders consistently refused to engage in good-faith negotiation”(King 1). They clearly weren’t getting the results they needed and as humble as Martin Luther King was, he and the civil rights movement had to stand up for their rights.

community were

you can

Martin Luther King was an American Baptist minister and activist who led the civil rights movement in 1955 until he was assassinated in 1968.

there writing.

there specific

tion which is genre, audience and purpose, and talking about three different writers that are my sources of study they are Martin

Assignmet

Source: © 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. All rights reserved. The Atlantic Monthly; August 1963; The Negro Is Your Brother; Volume 212, No. 2; pages 78 – 88. Source: https://singjupost.com/full-transcript-donovan-livingstons-harvard-graduate-school-of-education-student-speech/ Source: http://www2.coloradocollege.edu/commencement/BillyCollins.asp Posted on: 10/02/13

Hariot Tubman was and added another quote to describe what Donavan

Livingston’s,

Sources:

In conclusion, I explained the audience, genre and purpose in three sources of writing and explained how important these contexts are and how they relate to their audiences.

The audience that she is reaching out to is other Spanish speakers.

passage is a lecture

carpe diem

He begins to read a poem of his own about gratitude in his speech

a speech

Next, I am going to be talking about another Commencement Address by Billy Collins

I stand here, a manifestation of love and pain, with veins pumping revolution”(Livingston). This is an example of poetry in his speech because he uses a metapho

The purpose of his speech is t

your voices

First, I would like to talk about The Spoken Word Commencement by Donovan Livingston,

The first is the Spoken word Commencement Address at Harvard by Donovan Livingston, the second one is a Commencement Address at Colorado College by Billy Collins and third, “How to Tame a wild Tongue” by Gloria Anzaldua.

you read

was suppose to

This is not what a graduation speech typically contains so his work can not be restrained to one category.

pushes boundaries with his speech as he uses humor to express his purpose and he does so while only “[speaking] for 13 minutes.

He is fully aware of the expectation that is created by the audience

he is presenting a graduation speech. Knowing that this work is a graduation speech allows the reader to know what to expect.

Address is falls

his letter was not intended to be read publicly, it

The letter is introduced with King saying “I know you are men of genuine good will and your criticisms are sincerely set forth…” (King 1).  By complimenting them and addressing their positive intentions, King shows his audience that he respects them. T

Although knowing the genre of King’s writing is important, it is essential to know who he is writing to.

The fact that King had hand written the lengthy, persuasive letter shows his passion and dedication for this topic which engages the reader.

The works “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King, Billy Collins Commencement Speech, and “Spoken Word Commencement Address” by Donovan Livingston all use genre, audience, and purpose to create an effective piece of writing.

Billy Collins Commencement

The targeted audience can affect the characteristics of the writing such had word choice, dialect, and tone.

of literature

element of the story

for this poem?

Sources: Billy Collins, Commencement Address at Colorado College Martin Luther King Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Donovan Livingston, Spoken Word Commencement Address at Harvard Gloria Anzaldua, “How to Tame a Wild Tongue”

Anzaldua, Gloria. “‘How to Tame a Wild Tongue’ by Gloria Anzaldua, English Homework Help.” Best Custom Writing Services | Best Paper Writing Service | My Research Paper Help, October 1, 2019, www.myresearchpaperhelp.com/how-to-tame-a-wild-tongue-by-gloria-anzaldua-english-homework-help/.

you

Livingstons speech

was a speech

The purpose of Anzaldua writing this was to show everyone how unfair she was treated and how she dealt with it.

ased it more towards a variety of men and women of all cultures, nations, and classes

The genre of this article would be considered an auto biography

Next, I will be talking

address everyon

The genre of this speech is a letter

within his speech

audience is the people

Keeping genre, audience, and purpose in mind is a key concept whilst writing

Post Write

You

his writing differs from King’s because it’s addressed to people who relate to her, r

Gloria Anzaldua’s approach for a memoir makes the message more engaging because story t

These two quotes are examples of Rev. Dr. King being aware of his audience

Throughout the text he decides to refer to the Holy Bible as analogy to support his message and purpose, that a “just law is a manmade code that squares with the moral law, or the law of God

King’s purpose in his writing is clear. After being jailed for his public misconduct and inciting violence, he found it necessary to clarify his mission for the people who didn’t quite understand,

Paul Brandeish Raushenbush).  

Revamping the genre of an ordinary commencement speech to a spoken word poem engaged the crowd, but also gave Livingston the opportunity to use metaphors that emphasize the power of education and the potential we all have as celestial beings. “We were born to be comets/Darting across space and time —Leaving our mark as we crash into everything… Wake up every child so they know of their celestial potential… Together, we can inspire galaxies of greatness/For generations to come (Livingston, l.58, 75, 80).” These powerful statements are inspiring and can be considered at any age.

Livingston testifies his first time truly feeling as though he had potential was in 7th grade when his teacher told him that his energy could be put to good use.

This quote represents his awareness for his audience by explaining the influence these graduates will have with their future pupils

Recalling personal experience helps the audience have a connection to the writer while assisting his purpose of encouraging the graduates to use their platform as educators to eliminate inequality and unrealistic expectations we have for kids. 

His purpose is to inspire these future educators to use their platform as a method of improving the education system and the generations of children that come after us, by reminding us that everyone has a ‘spark.

It’s difficult to keep a room of fatigued adults engaged in a speech that is one step in between them and their final stride towards their careers

People have a tendency of listening to sad music when they’re feeling down. You’d figure it’s counterproductive, but it ultimately affects the listener positively simply because of the connection the audience makes with the writers of the music. Negative emotions are of course, not the only way to relate to one another. Different genres of writings satisfy a variety of moods. A genre is a specific type of writing that require different rhetoric (Blau, Burak, Writing in the Works), or ways of writing. Music ranges from opera to pop; movies, from comedy to horror; books, from science fiction to mystery. These writings also require different audiences, which are the people the writing is addressed to, to dictate the writer’s reason—or purpose. Whether it be a child’s book or a research paper, being aware of who the writing is addressing, in the end determines a writer’s rhetorical situation; what the genre and purpose will be

Blau, Burak, Writing in the Works)

You’d figure

Connection: Engaging Your Audience 

Post Write

Since this concludes everything about key terms and how the writing makes an impact, I suggest future writers include the same skills as mentioned.

Whenever I use essential terms such as genre, audience, and purpose, I’ll find out what pieces on any document I can consider as successful writing

If there’s a connection with these sources regarding perks of writing towards your genre, best priority would be sharing that writing with a group of individuals and getting their opinion. The selection of a genre is to be written as a pretentious speech which became the appropriate format for sending a message or delivering a commencement address. The audiences are entirely different from this, but included, in terms of role and diversity, but they will always take every statement very seriously and listen. Then, it leads to generating a purpose which is nowhere the same, but it is meant to get the reader to understand and agree on the matter that’s stated.  

the Englanders. 

engaging an audience

some inspiration of receiving a good education.

When you are writing

etter engages many citizens

hat you can do

I will be finding each genre from every source possible.

but its only purpose of the message is to defend the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism.

As a threshold, I would like to incorporate all the texts that I’ve chosen to make the essay easier to understand. The best texts of my choice come from three crucial writers who are Billy Collins, Martin Luther King Jr, and Gloria Anzaldua.

Billy’s

Collins, Billy. “Poet Laureate Billy Collins Gives Brilliant Witty Commencement Speech Address At Colorado College 2008. Poet Laureate Billy Collins Gives Brilliant and Witty Commencement Address at Colorado College, 2008, 19 May 2008, www.graduationwisdom.com/speeches/0135-Billy-Collins-Gives-Brilliant-Witty-Commencement-Speech-Address-At-Colorado-College-2008.htm.

Sources: