Roman Empire, the Greek anatomist Galen (A.D. 130-200) dissected the brains of sheep, monkeys, dogs, pigs, among other non-human mammals (Carlson, 2014). He believed the brain to be the site of sensation and thought, and the controller of movement (Gross, 1987). He stated that spinal cord was an extension of the brain and chronicled the relationship between the spinal nerves and specific muscles each controlled. For the next advance in understanding spinal function, we must await Bell and Magendie in the 19th Century.

Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.) , who believed that it was the brain and not the heart where the locus of the mind resided. He wrote: "It ought to be generally known that the source of our pleasure, merriment, laughter, and amusement, as of our grief, pain, anxiety, and tears is none other than the brain. It is specially the organ which enables us to think, see, and hear......It is the brain too which is the seat of madness and delirium, of the fears and frights which assail us"

Two neuroanatomists, Herophilos and Erasistratos,

Plato (428-347 B.C.E.) argued that the executor of reason was the heart and our animalistic desires and emotions were controlled by the liver

(384-322 B.C.E.), believed that one's mind resided in the heart. He believed that since our blood started from the heart, the soul also originated there.

invention of methods such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) and computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans, scientists began to link the brain to specific behavior and cognition as biopsychology as a discipline began to emerge.

case studies such as Phineas Gage

1949, Donald Hebb wrote his influential book, The Organization of Behavior, where he introduced the first comprehensive theory on how the brain might create and control complex psychological functioning, such as thought, memories, emotions and perceptions.

An Outline of Psychobiology,  Knight Dunlap used the term "psychobiology" to explain the role of biology in behavior.

William James in his book, The Principles of Psychology (1890), argued that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology

Biopsychology as a scientific discipline emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries.

second major assumption among most scientists is determinism

s mind-body dualism or mind-brain dualism, which literally means that the mind and the functioning of the brain (assumed to be entirely physical) are two (dual) separate processes, completely independent of one another.  The origin of dualism is often attributed to the 17th century French philosopher and mathematician, Rene Descartes. If this view were true, then we would expect that brain damage would have no effect on the mind.  However, brain damage does affect the mind and the specific location of the damage produces more or less specific, fairly predictable, effects on the mind, modifying the mind and behavior in various ways.  Examples of this are coma due to head injury; the effects of Parkinson's disease on movement after the disease damages areas of the brain known as the basal ganglia; changes in personality and emotion due to injury to the front of the brain, specifically the frontal lobes; memory loss in Alzheimer's Disease; and so on.  Though you don't have to accept the assumption of physicalism when studying the brain if your religious beliefs are contrary to the idea, nevertheless it is important that you be aware of the assumption of physicalism/materialism that most biological psychologists accept, at least as a working hypothesis, if not a philosophical position, as they do their brain research.

Although this is the view among most biological psychologists, there are a few who believe, like many students do, that the brain, along with the rest of life, was created by a divine being and that therefore the mind has divine origins

The scientific answer is evolution.

That is, a mind, consciousness, can only emerge from matter, energy, and physical processes if they are organized in a very specific and complex form--that form that we know as a brain and its physical operations.

subjective

principle

Different brain-imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human brain functions.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI

PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography),

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans

neurochemical makeup,

This folding increases in mammal species with increasing complexity of the brain of the species and is thought to originate from the "cramming" of more cortical tissue into the skull over evolutionary time.

specific psychological and behavioral processes are localized to specific regions and networks of the brain.

incorrect assumption

key organizational principle of the brain: the localization of function

destroyed and/or removed as much as 90% of the brain tissue of their animal subjects

humans use only 10% of their brains is false.

branch of

measuring biological, physiological, or genetic variables in an attempt to relate them to psychological or behavioral variables.

attempts to explain behavior and the mind from a wide range of perspectives

study of biological mechanisms of behavior and mental processes.

language, reasoning, decision making, intelligence, and consciousness

sensation and perception; motivated behavior (such as hunger, thirst, and sex); control of movement; learning and memory; sleep and biological rhythms; and emotion

all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), biopsychologists seek to understand how the brain functions

concentrates on the role of biological factors, such as the central and peripheral nervous systems, neurotransmitters, hormones, genes, and evolution on behavior and mental processes.

application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes in animals and humans.

role of the nervous system, particularly the brain, in explaining behavior and the mind.

biological psychology, behavioral neuroscience, physiological psychology, neuropsychology, and psychobiology

specifically interested in the biological causes of behavior and mental processes.