Structural changes will also influence bio-diversity, driving alterations in habitats andresources for species at higher trophic levels

Europeand eastern North America experienced un-usually large temperature changes since theLGM, owing to depressed temperatures nearthe large ice sheets, and these regions showsubstantial compositional and structural changessince the LGP.

Our results indicate that the magnitude ofpast glacial-to-interglacial warming was suffi-cientatmostlocationsacrosstheglobetodrivechanges in vegetation composition that weremoderate (27% of sites) to large (71%), as well asmoderate (28%) to large (67%) structural changes(Fig. 1 and table S3). These changes were par-ticularly evident at mid- to high latitudes in theNorthern Hemisphere, as well as in southernSouth America, tropical and temperate south-ern Africa, the Indo-Pacific region,

Even though I assured participants that their identities would be hidden, one Uber driver emailed after an interview to reiterate the importance of not mentioning him by name. He explained, “Uber for me is a feeling like ‘when you get really drunk and regret whatever you did last night.’ That’s exactly it. I really don’t want to be associated as an Uber driver at any point of my life. I really don’t want it to come up when people search my name on Google.”Another driver, who had previously worked as a professional gambler, said that his embar-rassed wife told him not to tell people that he drove for Ub

For instance, Uber drivers are expected maintain at least a 4.6 rating (out of 5 stars) and to accept at least 80% of ride requests; failure to do so can result in deactivation (Hullinger, 2015). Airbnb hosts must respond within 24 h or their account will also be temporarily deac-tivated. For those sites where the client

t the same time, the sharing economy promises to transcend capitalism in favour of community. Supporters argue the shar-ing economy will reverse economic inequal-ity, stop ecological destruction, counter materialistic tendencies, enhance worker rights and empower the poor

studies in the working-class schools is also largely mechani- cal, rote work that was given little explanation or connection to larger context

The third school is called the Middle-class School , alth

The first two schools I will call Working-class Schools. Most of the parents have blue-collar jobs. Less than a third of the fathers are skilled, while the majority are in unskilled or se

Walmart has done all it can to address these problems without impact-ing costs-which is to say, they have done almost nothing at all. Like its peers,

orporate solutions fail to address the problems and are a poor substitute for worker power and true supply chain transparency and accountability-longtime demands of the anti-sweatshop movement and global unions.

Conditions had gotten so bad at Phatthana that people were not earning enough to eat and were foraging for seafood that washed up on the beach.

Parents’ accounts of their children’s evolving and complex gender identities areinseparable from the lexicon with which they are equipped to speak, and the audi-ence who demands the explanation

As families struggle to understand and support youngchildren whose gender identities and behaviors fall drastically outside conventionalexpectations, they labor to restructure their ideas of what counts as ‘gender,’ whatgender means, and whether or not atypical constellations of gendered experiencerequire medical intervention.

here has been a proliferation within biomedicine, psychi-atry and popular culture, of the ways in which we can ‘know’ gender; and as aresult, individuals are called upon to understand and communicate our gender inever increasing detail.

38). In this regard, Agnes had to be continually alert to actual or potential threats to the security of her sex category. Her problem was not so much living up to some prototype of essential femininity but preserving her catego- rization as female.

r, human beings "themselves employ the term 'expres- sion', and conduct themselves to fit their own notions of expressivity" (1976, p. 75). Gender depictions are less a consequence of our "essential sexual natures" than interactional portrayals of what we would like to convey about sexual natures, using conventionalized gestures. Our human nature gives us the ability to learn to produce and recognize masculine and feminine gender displays-"a capacity [we] have by virtue of being persons, not males and females

ns. Competent adult members of these soci- eties see differences between the two as fundamental and enduring- differences seemingly supported by the division of labor into women's and men's work and an often elaborate differentiation of feminine and masculine attitudes and behaviors that are prominent features of social organizati

Research suggests that personalized attention is indeed an important ele­ment of creating customer loyalty.

he upscale hotel is also a good place to look at customers and class

caring ser­vice is more important than the physical characteristics of the hotel or its amenities. Asked what differentiated the Luxury Garden from its competi­tion, for e

written for the most part by men and women without broad historical or social back-ground, and all designed not to seek the truth but to prove a the-sis. Hamilton reaches the climax of this school when he characterizes the

they hated and harried Abolitionists

The North went to war without the slightest idea of freeing the slave. The great majority of Northerners from Lincoln down pledged themselves to protect slavery,

extremely doubtful if any permanent benefit comes to the world through such action.

t is propaganda like this that has led men in the past to insist that history is "lies agreed upon''.; and to point out the danger in such misinformation.

Ku Klux Klan, a secret organiza-tion which frightened the superstitious blacks."

Negroes were responsible for bad government during Reconstruc-tion: "Fo

ll Negroes were lazy, dishonest and extravagant.

At this stage the labourers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition.

The lower strata of the middle class—the small tradespeople, shopkeepers, retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and peasants—all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which Modern Industry is carried on, and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists, partly because their specialized skill is rendered worthless by the new methods of production. Thus the proletariat is recruited from all classes of the population.

When, therefore, capital is converted into common property, into the property of all members of society, personal property is not thereby transformed into social property. It is only the social character of the property that is changed. It loses its class-character

The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of the means of production, and of property. It has agglomerated production, and has concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence of this was political centralisation. Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws, governments and systems of taxation, became lumped together into one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national class-interest, one frontier and one customs-tarif

It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.

Troubles occur within the character of the individual and within the range of his immediate relations with others;

The sociological imagination is the most fruitful form of this self-consciousness

When a society is industrialized, a peasant becomes a worker; a feudal lord is liquidated or becomes a businessman.

he choice is hardly ever as simple as one or the other, of society or individuals,

It is not about us in the sense that we did not create the racist society we all live in.

here people often work under conditions that resemble slavery in many respects or for wages that are so low they can barely live on them.

In short, bad things happen because of bad people.