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  2. secure-media.collegeboard.org secure-media.collegeboard.org
    AP Seminar 2022 Free-Response Questions
    7
    1. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      Keyboarding and tech skills are a necessity, but handwriting matters, too. You can offer your students the best of bothworlds by giving them opportunities to do both. “This is not handwriting versus technology. There is a place for bothof those,” Dinehart says. “Handwriting serves a purpose, particularly for young children.”

      emphasizes that handwriting and digital skills are complementary, and handwriting remains essential for cognitive development and early academic success -- provides argument for tech's place in education

    2. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      Kids with better handwriting have “better reading grades, better reading scores on the SAT, and better math scores,both on the SAT and as it relates to grades,” says Dinehart

      handwriting proficiency is correlated with higher achievement in multiple subjects, not just writing, which displays its broad impact on academic performance across subjects

    3. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      Many studies have linked handwriting fluency with compositional skill. Research by Virginia Berninger, a professorof educational psychology at the University of Washington, found that handwriting instruction improves firstgraders’ composition skills, and a 2007 study published in the British Journal of Educational Psychology found thathandwritten essays were two years ahead of typed essays, developmentally

      fluency in handwriting supports writing quality and composition development, meaning handwriting practice can accelerate academic skills in writing

    4. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      A 2014 study found that college students who took notes by hand demonstrated better conceptual understanding andmemory of the material than students who took notes using a laptop. Researchers suspect the same may hold true foryounger students. . .

      first of all this is an important fact to include in my research, but it talks about the benefits handwriting yields for younger ages which reminds me of my original research question of how handwriting impacts learning across ages, but the fact of the matter is that handwriting isn't any more beneficial at one age as it is the latter or prior, because it's a skill that develops with time according to the cognitive developments of students/people

    5. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      Research shows that writing by hand also activates the parts of the brain that are involved in memory, impulsecontrol, and attention. Anecdotal evidence and research strongly suggest that writing by hand “moves informationfrom short-term to long-term storage,”

      handwriting strengthens memory and attention, supporting the idea that students retain information better when they write by hand compared to typing

    6. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      Keyboarding doesn’t “light up” the literacy sections of the brain in the way handwriting does.

      handwriting activates motor and visual areas of the brain to reinforce letter recognition, which typing does not, highlighting a neurological basis for its academic benefits

    7. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      Keyboarding and word processing are viewed as essential skills; handwriting is not.

      even though handwriting isn’t always formally tested, it still affects other academic skills, showing that its benefits go beyond just testing and are genuinely crucial for overall student learning

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    secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap22-frq-seminar.pdf
  3. www.frontiersin.org www.frontiersin.org
    Handwriting but not typewriting leads to widespread brain connectivity: a high-density EEG study with implications for the classroom
    13
    1. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      Digital devices are more and more replacing traditional handwriting (Longcamp et al., 2006; Kiefer et al., 2015), and as both writing and reading are becoming increasingly digitized in the classroom, we need to examine the implications of this practice (Mangen and Balsvik, 2016; Patterson and Patterson, 2017)

      authors explain that handwriting is being replaced by digital tools in classrooms and how it raises concerns about how the shift to typing might affect learning and brain development

    2. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      Even though maintaining handwriting practice in school is crucial, it is also important to keep up in the ever-developing digital world. Children should receive handwriting training at school to learn to write by hand successfully, and, at the same time learn to use a keyboard, depending on the task at hand. The present study shows that the neural connectivity patterns underlying handwriting and typewriting are distinctly different. Hence, being aware of when to write by hand or use a digital device is crucial, whether it is to take lecture notes to learn new concepts or to write longer essays.

      emphasizes that handwriting and typing engage the brain differently and students benefit most when they know when to use handwriting versus typing when approaching a learning task

    3. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      The present study did not find evidence of such positive activation patterns when using a keyboard.

      typing did not produce the same beneficial brain activity patterns as handwriting which supports the argument that handwriting is more beneficial for learning and academic performance

    4. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      hroughout the matrix there is evidence for widespread theta/alpha coherence results (in red) particularly between areas parietal-right, parietal-mid, and parietal-left and between areas central-right and central-left. These connectivity patterns are further illustrated in Figure 3B revealing a concentration of no less than 32 significant clusters (see Figure 4 for details) for handwriting, but not for typewriting

      explanation of figure that displays how handwriting creates strong brain network connections in important cognitive frequency ranges and how these patterns suggest that handwriting engages the brain more deeply than typing

    5. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      A Geodesic Sensor Net (GSN; Tucker et al., 1994) with 256 evenly distributed electrodes was used to record EEG activity from the participant’s scalp at 500 Hz. The signals were amplified using a high-input EGI amplifier (Picton et al., 2000).

      Researchers used high-density EEG technology to measure detailed brain activity during handwriting and typing which is a scientific method that provides reliable evidence about how writing methods affect neural processes

    6. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      The participants used a digital pen to write in cursive by hand directly on the touchscreen, and a keyboard to typewrite the presented words.

      study directly compares handwriting and typing by having participants complete the same task using both methods, this controlled comparison allows researchers to measure how each writing method affects brain activity

    7. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      to typing on a keyboard (Van der Meer and Van der Weel, 2017). We concluded that the involvement of fine and intricate hand movements in notetaking, in contrast with pressing keys on a keyboard that all require the same simple finger movement, may be more advantageous for learning (Van der Meer and Van der Weel, 2017).

      Handwriting requires precise and detailed movements that engage the brain more deeply than pressing keys which is why deeper engagement can help students learn and retain information more effectively

    8. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      Also, brain research shows that it is not just any motor activity that facilitates learning, but that accurately coordinating the complex hand movements while carefully shaping each letter when using a pen, is crucial (Pei et al., 2021

      explains that the precise hand movements required for handwriting play an important role in learning & how these complex motor actions activate brain processes that help students understand and retain information

    9. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      We urge that children, from an early age, must be exposed to handwriting activities in school to establish the neuronal connectivity patterns that provide the brain with optimal conditions for learning.

      encourages schools to continue teaching handwriting because it helps develop brain connections that support effective learning

    10. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      When writing by hand, brain connectivity patterns were far more elaborate than when typewriting on a keyboard, as shown by widespread theta/alpha connectivity coherence patterns between network hubs and nodes in parietal and central brain regions.

      researchers found that handwriting produces more complex brain connectivity than typing suggesting handwriting engages the brain more deeply during learning tasks

    11. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      Brain electrical activity was recorded in 36 university students as they were handwriting visually presented words using a digital pen and typewriting the words on a keyboard.

      study that compares handwriting and typing by measuring brain activity in students using EEG technology, a scientific approach that provided evidence about how each writing method affects the brain

    12. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      As traditional handwriting is progressively being replaced by digital devices, it is essential to investigate the implications for the human brain.

      authors introduce the growing shift from handwriting to digital typing and explain why it is important to study how this change affects brain function also establishes the relevance of researching handwriting’s role in learning

    13. fabi.umana.27 16 Mar 2026
      The present findings revealed increased connectivity for handwriting over typewriting,

      handwriting creates stronger connections between different brain regions than typing and this stronger brain connectivity helps students process information more effectively and supports learning

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    frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219945/full