Evolution of cetaceans. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1186568602. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_cetaceans&oldid=1186568602 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l2] Nobu Tamura. Spinops. 2023. URL: http://spinops.blogspot.com/ (visited on 2023-12-13). [l3] The Selfish Gene. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188207750. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Selfish_Gene&oldid=1188207750 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l4] Meme. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1187840093. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meme&oldid=1187840093#Etymology (visited on 2023-12-08). [l5] Oliver Tearle. Who Said, ‘A Lie Is Halfway Round the World Before the Truth Has Got Its Boots On’? June 2021. URL: https://interestingliterature.com/2021/06/lie-halfway-round-world-before-truth-boots-on-quote-origin-meaning/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [l6] Tom Standage. Writing on the Wall: Social Media - The First 2,000 Years. Bloomsbury USA, New York, 1st edition edition, October 2013. ISBN 978-1-62040-283-2. [l7] Chain letter. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188532303. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&oldid=1188532303 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l8] Pyramid scheme. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188350070. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_scheme&oldid=1188350070 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l9] Chain Letters. November 1999. URL: https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~mli/chain.html (visited on 2023-12-08). [l10] Janus Sandsgaard. Sourdough starter. April 2014. URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sourdough.jpg (visited on 2023-12-08). [l11] Nutrition Health, Food Safety &. Dutch Oven sourdough bread. September 2020. URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dutch_Oven_Sourdough_Bread_2.jpg (visited on 2023-12-08). [l12] Carl Griffith's sourdough starter. November 2022. Page Version ID: 1120864146. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Griffith%27s_sourdough_starter&oldid=1120864146 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l13] Monica Lewinsky. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1187944516. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monica_Lewinsky&oldid=1187944516 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l14] Monica Lewinsky (she/her) [@MonicaLewinsky]. 👀. May 2021. URL: https://twitter.com/MonicaLewinsky/status/1395734868407984136 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l15] Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187645037. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal&oldid=1187645037 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l16] Matt Stopera. Monica Lewinsky Has Been Making Jokes About The Clinton Impeachment For Years, And It Really Is Funny Every Single Time. BuzzFeed, September 2021. URL: https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/monica-lewinsky-twitter-comebacks (visited on 2023-12-08). [l17] Aja Romano. This is why there are jokes about plums all over your Twitter feed. Vox, December 2017. URL: https://www.vox.com/2017/12/1/16723210/this-is-just-to-say-plums-twitter-baby-shoes (visited on 2023-12-08). [l18] Ecological niche. October 2023. Page Version ID: 1182139023. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecological_niche&oldid=1182139023 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l19] Tanya Chen. A 27-Year-Old Composer Has Inspired One Of The Most Epic And Delightful Duet Chains On TikTok. BuzzFeed News, October 2020. URL: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tanyachen/epic-tiktok-chain-musical-fighting-in-a-grocery-store (visited on 2023-12-08). [l20] Natalie [@historyadjunct]. Without downloading any new pics, what’s your energy going into 2022? January 2022. URL: https://twitter.com/historyadjunct/status/1477282737430147073 (visited on 2023-12-09). [l21] Star Wars Kid. December 2008. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/star-wars-kid (visited on 2023-12-08). [l22] Rebecca Black - Friday. March 2011. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/rebecca-black-friday (visited on 2023-12-08). [l23] Bean Dad. January 2021. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/events/bean-dad (visited on 2023-12-08). [l24] Twitter's Main Character. September 2020. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/twitters-main-character (visited on 2023-12-08). [l25] Dennis Lee. I made that viral Spaghettio pie that everyone is crapping themselves over. January 2021. URL: https://foodisstupid.substack.com/p/i-made-that-viral-spaghettio-pie (visited on 2023-12-08). [l26] Gina Vaynshteyn. I Made The Viral SpaghettiO And Milk Pie So That You Don’t Have To. February 2021. URL: https://www.scarymommy.com/spotted/spaghettio-pie (visited on 2023-12-08). [l27] Ryan Broderick. Your Least Favorite Gross Viral Food Videos Are All Connected to This Guy. Eater, May 2021. URL: https://www.eater.com/2021/5/11/22430383/why-are-gross-viral-food-videos-popular-rick-lax-facebook-watch (visited on 2023-12-08). [l28] Rowland Manthorpe. It's the attention economy, stupid: why Trump represents the future whether we like it or not. Wired UK, 2016. URL: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/us-president-donald-trump-attention-economy (visited on 2023-12-08). [l29] Nat King Cole. Nature Boy. March 1948. URL: https://genius.com/Nat-king-cole-nature-boy-lyrics (visited on 2023-12-08). [l30] This Looks Like A Cavalcade Of Beggars Sin And Wine Lyrics. November 2021. URL: https://thegeniuslyrics.com/this-looks-like-a-cavalcade-of-beggars-sin-and-wine-lyrics/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [l31] Morgan Sung. Their children went viral. Now they wish they could wipe them from the internet. NBC News, November 2022. URL: https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/influencers-parents-posting-kids-online-privacy-security-concerns-rcna55318 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l32] The Onion. ‘Do You Mind If I Put You In My TikTok?’ Asks Younger Cousin About To Ruin Your Life. The Onion, November 2019. URL: https://www.theonion.com/do-you-mind-if-i-put-you-in-my-tiktok-asks-younger-c-1840052744 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l33] Central Park birdwatching incident. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188867291. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Park_birdwatching_incident&oldid=1188867291 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l34] Murder of George Floyd. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188546892. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder_of_George_Floyd&oldid=1188546892 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l35] Taylor Lorenz. Elon Musk: Memelord or Meme Lifter? The New York Times, May 2021. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/style/elon-musk-memes.html (visited on 2023-12-08). [l36] Miles Klee. Tesla CEO Elon Musk stole my meme. SFGATE, April 2021. URL: https://www.sfgate.com/tech/article/2021-04-elon-musk-twitter-covid-19-meme-tesla-ceo-16118139.php (visited on 2023-12-08). [l37] Matt Novak. 18 Jokes Elon Musk Stole From His Fans On Twitter. URL: https://www.forbes.co

Much of the internet has developed a culture of copying without necessarily giving attribution to where it came from. Often, unlike with Elon Musk, this copying also involves modifying the content, recontextualizing the content to give it new meaning, or combining it with other content

10.6. Bibliography# [j1] Social model of disability. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184222120. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_model_of_disability&oldid=1184222120#Social_construction_of_disability (visited on 2023-12-07). [j2] Color blindness. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188749829. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_blindness&oldid=1188749829 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j3] David Robson. The women with superhuman vision. BBC, February 2022. URL: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140905-the-women-with-super-human-vision (visited on 2023-12-07). [j4] Mayo Clinic Staff. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) - Symptoms and causes. 2023. URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360490 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j5] Ableism. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188412565. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ableism&oldid=1188412565 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j6] Ash. Autism is NOT A Disability. July 2022. URL: https://www.autism360.com/autism-is-not-a-disability/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j7] Neurodiversity. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187185735. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurodiversity&oldid=1187185735#Neurotypical (visited on 2023-12-07). [j8] Mayo Clinic Staff. Generalized anxiety disorder - Symptoms and causes. 2017. URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20360803 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j9] Mayo Clinic Staff. Depression (major depressive disorder) - Symptoms and causes. 2022. URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j10] Myopia. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188263181. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myopia&oldid=1188263181 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j11] How to ADHD. What is ADHD? July 2020. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMWtGozn5jU (visited on 2023-12-07). [j12] How to ADHD. What is Executive Function and Why Do We Need it? March 2021. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4YIHrEu-TU (visited on 2023-12-07). [j13] Assistive technology. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188353371. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive_technology&oldid=1188353371 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j14] Liftware - Eat with confidence. URL: https://www.liftware.com/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j15] C. L. Lynch. Invisible Abuse: ABA and the things only autistic people can see. NeuroClastic, March 2019. URL: https://neuroclastic.com/invisible-abuse-aba-and-the-things-only-autistic-people-can-see/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j16] The Lies and Dangers of "Conversion Therapy". URL: https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-lies-and-dangers-of-reparative-therapy (visited on 2023-12-07). [j17] Universal design. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188054790. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&oldid=1188054790 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j18] Jacob O. Wobbrock, Shaun K. Kane, Krzysztof Z. Gajos, Susumu Harada, and Jon Froehlich. Ability-Based Design: Concept, Principles and Examples. ACM Trans. Access. Comput., 3(3):9:1–9:27, April 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1145/1952383.1952384 (visited on 2023-12-07), doi:10.1145/1952383.1952384. [j19] Inclusive design. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188074097. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inclusive_design&oldid=1188074097 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j20] Rumman Chowdhury. Sharing learnings about our image cropping algorithm. May 2021. URL: https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/topics/insights/2021/sharing-learnings-about-our-image-cropping-algorithm (visited on 2023-12-07). [j21] Cynthia Bennett. Cynthia Bennett – Human-Computer Interaction Researcher. 2022. URL: https://www.bennettc.com/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j22] Sasha Costanza-Chock. Design Justice : Community-Led Practices to Build the Worlds We Need. The MIT Press, 2020. ISBN 978-0-262-35686-2 978-0-262-04345-8. URL: https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/78577 (visited on 2023-12-15), doi:10.7551/mitpress/12255.001.0001. [j23] Meg Miller and Ilaria Parogni. The Hidden Image Descriptions Making the Internet Accessible. The New York Times, February 2022. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/02/18/arts/alt-text-images-descriptions.html (visited on 2023-12-07). [j24] Alannah Oleson. Beyond “Average” Users: Building Inclusive Design Skills with the CIDER Technique. Bits and Behavior, October 2022. URL: https://medium.com/bits-and-behavior/beyond-average-users-building-inclusive-design-skills-with-the-cider-technique-413969544e6d (visited on 2023-12-07).

10.3. Why It Matters Who Designs# 10.3.1. Who gets designed for# When designers and programmers don’t think to take into account different groups of people, then they might make designs that don’t work for everyone. This problem often shows up in how designs do or do not work for people with disabilities. But it also shows up in other areas as well. The following tweet has a video of a soap dispenser that apparently was only designed to work for people with light-colored skin.[1] If you have ever had a problem grasping the importance of diversity in tech and its impact on society, watch this video pic.twitter.com/ZJ1Je1C4NW— Chukwuemeka Afigbo (@nke_ise) August 16, 2017 Similarly, Twitter looked into bias in how their automatic image cropping algorithm worked [j20]. 10.3.2. Who gets to be designers# In how we’ve been talking about accessible design, the way we’ve been phrasing things has implied a separation between designers who make things, and the disabled people who things are made for. And unfortunately, as researcher Dr. Cynthia Bennett [j21] points out, disabled people are often excluded from designing for themselves, or even when they do participate in the design, they aren’t considered to be the “real designers.” You can see Dr. Bennet’s research talk on this in the following Youtube Video: 10.3.3. Design Justice# We mentioned Design Justice [j22] earlier, but it is worth reiterating again here that design justice includes considering which groups get to be part of the design process itself. [1] If you can’t see the video, it shows someone with light skin putting their hand under a soap dispenser, and soap comes out. Then a person with dark skin puts their hand under a soap dispenser, and nothing happens. The person with dark skin then puts a white paper towel on their hand and then when they put their hand under the soap dispenser, soap comes out. When the person with dark skin takes off the white paper towel, the soap dispenser won’t work for them anymore.

8.9. Bibliography# [h1] Web tracking. October 2023. Page Version ID: 1181294364. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web_tracking&oldid=1181294364 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h2] Kurt Wagner. This is how Facebook collects data on you even if you don’t have an account. Vox, April 2018. URL: https://www.vox.com/2018/4/20/17254312/facebook-shadow-profiles-data-collection-non-users-mark-zuckerberg (visited on 2023-12-05). [h3] API. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187436026. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=API&oldid=1187436026 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h4] Ilya (Marshal) Siamionau. Getting Started: The AT Protocol SDK. 2024. URL: https://atproto.blue/readme.html (visited on 2025-04-03). [h5] Ilya (Marshal) Siamionau. Client - atproto. 2024. URL: https://atproto.blue/atproto_client/client.html (visited on 2025-04-03). [h6] Atproto/examples at main · MarshalX/atproto. 2025. URL: MarshalX/atproto (visited on 2025-04-03). [h7] AT Protocol. 2025. URL: https://atproto.com/ (visited on 2025-04-03). [h8] Everything Everywhere All at Once. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188074672. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everything_Everywhere_All_at_Once&oldid=1188074672 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h9] Jordan Pearson. Your Friends’ Online Connections Can Reveal Your Sexual Orientation. Vice, September 2014. URL: https://www.vice.com/en/article/gvydky/your-friends-online-connections-can-reveal-your-sexual-orientation (visited on 2023-12-05). [h10] Catherine Stinson. The Dark Past of Algorithms That Associate Appearance and Criminality. American Scientist, January 2021. URL: https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-dark-past-of-algorithms-that-associate-appearance-and-criminality (visited on 2023-12-05). [h11] Greg Miller. Researchers are tracking another pandemic, too—of coronavirus misinformation. Science, March 2020. URL: https://www.science.org/content/article/researchers-are-tracking-another-epidemic-too-misinformation (visited on 2023-12-05). [h12] eleanor [@zornsllama]. Blue line: daily COVID cases in the USA red line: bad reviews of Yankee Candles on Amazon saying "they don't have any scent" sources: google and https://t.co/oZm6ro0E1S. December 2021. URL: https://twitter.com/zornsllama/status/1473575508784955394 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h13] Spurious relationship. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184161183. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spurious_relationship&oldid=1184161183 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h14] Tyler Vigen. Spurious correlations. November 2023. URL: http://tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations (visited on 2023-12-05). [h15] ABC News: 538. 2023. URL: https://abcnews.go.com/538 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h16] FiveThirtyEight. 2023. URL: https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/p-hacking/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h17] Christie Aschwanden. Science Isn’t Broken. FiveThirtyEight, August 2015. URL: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/science-isnt-broken/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h18] Dan Sabbagh. Trump 2016 campaign 'targeted 3.5m black Americans to deter them from voting'. The Guardian, September 2020. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/28/trump-2016-campaign-targeted-35m-black-americans-to-deter-them-from-voting (visited on 2023-12-05). [h19] Marie C. Baca. Housing companies used Facebook’s ad system to discriminate against older people, according to new human rights complaints. Washington Post, September 2020. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/18/housing-companies-used-facebooks-ad-system-discriminate-against-older-people-according-new-human-rights-charges/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h20] Nicole Nguyen. Here's Who Facebook Thinks You Really Are. September 2016. Section: Tech. URL: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/nicolenguyen/facebook-ad-preferences-pretty-accurate-tbh (visited on 2024-01-30). [h21] Lindsey Murray. Here's How to Find Out Everything Facebook Knows About You. May 2017. Section: Life. URL: https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/news/a44016/facebook-privacy-ad-settings/ (visited on 2024-01-30). [h22] Rafi Letzter. A teenager on TikTok disrupted thousands of scientific studies with a single video. The Verge, September 2021. URL: https://www.theverge.com/2021/9/24/22688278/tiktok-science-study-survey-prolific (visited on 2023-12-05). [h23] Lauren Leffer. CNET Is Reviewing the Accuracy of All Its AI-Written Articles After Multiple Major Corrections. Gizmodo, January 2023. URL: https://gizmodo.com/cnet-ai-chatgpt-news-robot-1849996151 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h24] Why can't I use Artificial Intelligence tools to generate answers? - Help Center. 2023. URL: https://stackoverflow.com/help/ai-policy (visited on 2023-12-08). [h25] Samantha Cole. People Are Spamming Kellogg’s Job Applications in Solidarity with Striking Workers. Vice, December 2021. URL: https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7dvy9/spamming-kelloggs-job-applications-strike (visited on 2023-12-05). [h26] Antiwork: Unemployment for all, not just the rich! 2023. URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/antiwork/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h27] Karen Hao. How to poison the data that Big Tech uses to surveil you. MIT Technology Review, March 2021. URL: https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/03/05/1020376/resist-big-tech-surveillance-data/ (visited on 2023-12-05).

Social Media platforms use the data they collect on users and infer about users to increase their power and increase their profits. One of the main goals of social media sites is to increase the time users are spending on their social media sites. The more time users spend, the more money the site can get from ads, and also the more power and influence those social media sites have over those users. So social media sites use the data they collect to try and figure out what keeps people using their site, and what can they do to convince those users they need to open it again later. Social media sites then make their money by selling targeted advertising, meaning selling ads to specific groups of people with specific interests. So, for example, if you are selling spider stuffed animal toys, most people might not be interested, but if you could find the people who want those toys and only show your ads to them, your advertising campaign might be successful, and those users might be happy to find out about your stuffed animal toys. But targeting advertising can be used in less ethical ways, such as targeting gambling ads at children, or at users who are addicted to gambling, or the 2016 Trump campaign ‘target[ing] 3.5m black Americans to deter them from voting’ [h18].

Sasha Costanza-Chock. Design Justice : Community-Led Practices to Build the Worlds We Need. The MIT Press, 2020. ISBN 978-0-262-35686-2 978-0-262-04345-8. URL: https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/78577 (visited on 2023-12-15), doi:10.7551/mitpress/12255.001.0001.

Think for a minute about consequentialism. On this view, we should do whatever results in the best outcomes for the most people. One of the classic forms of this approach is utilitarianism, which says we should do whatever maximizes ‘utility’ for most people. Confusingly, ‘utility’ in this case does not refer to usefulness, but to a sort of combo of happiness and wellbeing. When a utilitarian tries to decide how to act, they take stock of all the probable outcomes, and what sort of ‘utility’ or happiness will be brought about for all parties involved. This process is sometimes referred to by philosophers as ‘utility calculus’. When I am trying to calculate the expected net utility gain from a projected set of actions, I am engaging in ‘utility calculus’ (or, in normal words, utility calculations).

Sean Cole. Inside the weird, shady world of click farms. January 2024. URL: https://www.huckmag.com/article/inside-the-weird-shady-world-of-click-farms (visited on 2024-03-07).

As a final example, we wanted to tell you about Microsoft Tay a bot that got corrupted. In 2016, Microsft launched a Twitter bot that was intended to learn to speak from other Twitter users and have conversations. Twitter users quickly started tweeting racist comments at Tay, which Tay learned from and started tweeting out within one day. Read more about what went wrong from Vice How to Make a Bot That Isn’t Racist [c14]

As a social media user, we hope you learn how social media sites influence you, from how your data gets used or abused, to how harassment and spam bots operate, to how platforms manipulate your emotions and mental state. We hope you could then be a more knowledgeable consumer and participant on social media sites. As a member of a society that is influenced by social media, we hope you learn about the societal impact of automated social media systems, and how those systems are designed under different economic, social, and governmental pressures. We hope you could then be more knowledgeable in what you might advocate for or vote for in how social media sites operate.

Confucianism# Sources [b13] [b14] [b15] [b16] Being and becoming an exemplary person (e.g., benevolent; sincere; honoring and sacrificing to ancestors; respectful to parents, elders and authorities, taking care of children and the young; generous to family and others). These traits are often performed and achieved through ceremonies and rituals (including sacrificing to ancestors, music, and tea drinking), resulting in a harmonious society. Key figures: Confucius [b13]~500, China Mencius [b17] ~350, China Xunzi [b18] ~300 BCE, China