21.6. Bibliography# [u1] Plato. Phaedrus: Translated by Benjamin Jowett. January 2013. Page Version ID: 1189255462. [u2] Luddite. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189255462. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luddite&oldid=1189255462 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u3] Ted Chiang. Will A.I. Become the New McKinsey? The New Yorker, May 2023. URL: https://www.newyorker.com/science/annals-of-artificial-intelligence/will-ai-become-the-new-mckinsey (visited on 2023-12-10). [u4] xkcd comics. The Pace of Modern Life. June 2013. URL: https://xkcd.com/1227/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [u5] xkcd comics. 1227: The Pace of Modern Life - explain xkcd. June 2013. URL: https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/1227:_The_Pace_of_Modern_Life (visited on 2023-12-10). [u6] Steven Spielberg. Jurassic Park. June 1993. URL: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107290/. [u7] Alex Blechman [@AlexBlechman]. Sci-Fi Author: In my book I invented the Torment Nexus as a cautionary tale Tech Company: At long last, we have created the Torment Nexus from classic sci-fi novel Don't Create The Torment Nexus. November 2021. URL: https://twitter.com/AlexBlechman/status/1457842724128833538 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u8] Silicon Valley. April 2014. URL: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2575988/. [u9] Eli Whitney. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189351897. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eli_Whitney&oldid=1189351897 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u10] Alfred Nobel. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189282550. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&oldid=1189282550 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u11] Einstein and the Manhattan Project. URL: https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/peace-and-war/the-manhattan-project (visited on 2023-12-10). [u12] Steve Krenzel [@stevekrenzel]. With Twitter's change in ownership last week, I'm probably in the clear to talk about the most unethical thing I was asked to build while working at Twitter. 🧵. November 2022. URL: https://twitter.com/stevekrenzel/status/1589700721121058817 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u13] Britney Nguyen. Ex-Twitter engineer says he quit years ago after refusing to help sell identifiable user data, worries Elon Musk will 'do far worse things with data'. November 2022. URL: https://www.businessinsider.com/former-twitter-engineer-worried-how-elon-musk-treat-user-data-2022-11 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u14] Alphabet Workers Union-Communications Workers of America Local 9009. Our People: Workers are coming together to build power across Alphabet. URL: https://www.alphabetworkersunion.org/our-people (visited on 2023-12-10). [u15] Jason Parham. A People’s History of Black Twitter, Part I. Wired, July 2021. URL: https://www.wired.com/story/black-twitter-oral-history-part-i-coming-together/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [u16] Jason Parham. There Is No Replacement for Black Twitter. Wired, November 2022. URL: https://www.wired.com/story/black-twitter-elon-musk/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [u17] Catherine Buni. Media, company, behemoth: What, exactly, is Facebook? November 2016. URL: https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/16/13655102/facebook-journalism-ethics-media-company-algorithm-tax (visited on 2023-12-10). [u18] Rafi Letzter. A teenager on TikTok disrupted thousands of scientific studies with a single video. September 2021. URL: https://www.theverge.com/2021/9/24/22688278/tiktok-science-study-survey-prolific (visited on 2023-12-10). [u19] Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren F. Klein. Data Feminism. Strong Ideas. MIT Libraries Experimental Collections Fund, Cambridge, 1 edition, 2020. ISBN 978-0-262-04400-4. URL: https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/4660/Data-Feminism, doi:10.7551/mitpress/11805.001.0001. [u20] Janet Abbate. Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing. MIT Press, Cambridge, UNITED STATES, 2012. ISBN 978-0-262-30546-4. URL: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=3339524 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u21] Mar Hicks. Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost Its Edge in Computing. MIT Press, Cambridge, UNITED STATES, 2017. ISBN 978-0-262-34294-0. URL: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=6246618 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u22] Charlton D. McIlwain. Black software: the internet and racial justice, from the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter. 2020. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99162262159401452. [u23] Simone Browne. Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness. Duke University Press, September 2015. ISBN 978-0-8223-7530-2. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99161921055701452 (visited on 2023-12-10), doi:10.1215/9780822375302. [u24] Safiya Umoja Noble. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York University Press, New York, UNITED STATES, 2018. ISBN 978-1-4798-3364-1. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99162068349301452 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u25] Shalini Kantayya. Coded Bias. November 2020. URL: https://www.netflix.com/title/81328723 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u26] Tarleton Gillespie. Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions That Shape Social Media. Yale University Press, New Haven, UNITED STATES, 2018. ISBN 978-0-300-23502-9. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99162362661601452 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u27] Sarah T. Roberts. Behind the screen: content moderation in the shadows of social media. 2019. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99162217744201452. [u28] Jean Burgess, Alice Marwick, and Thomas Poell. The SAGE Handbook of Social Media. SAGE Publications, 55 City Road, London, 2018. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99162105658401452 (visited on 2023-12-10), doi:10.4135/9781473984066. [u29] Yuri Takhteyev. Coding Places: Software Practice in a South American City. The MIT Press, September 2012. ISBN 978-0-262-30559-4. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99161981926801452 (visited on 2023-12-10), doi:10.7551/mitpress/9109.001.0001. [u30] Virginia Eubanks. Automating inequality: how high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. 2018. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99162064355601452. [u31] Mary L. Gray and Siddharth Suri. Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, Boston, United States, 2019. ISBN 978-1-328-56628-7. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99162207131801452 (visited on 2023-12-10). [u32] Shoshana Zuboff. The age of surveillance capitalism: the fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. 2019. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99162177355601452. [u33] Cathy O'Neil. Weapons of math destruction: how big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. 2016. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99161951137601452. [u34] Sasha Costanza-Chock. Design justice: community-led practices to build the worlds we need. Information policy series. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachesetts, 2020. ISBN 978-0-262-35686-2. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99162363060401452. [u35] Thomas S. Mullaney, Benjamin Peters, Mar Hicks, and Kavita Philip. Your computer is on fire. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2021. ISBN 978-0-262-36077-7. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99162423945901452, doi:10.7551/mitpress/10993.001.0001. [u36] Sara Wachter-Boettcher. Technically wrong: sexist apps, biased algorithms, and other threats of toxic tech. October 2018. URL: https://orbiscascade-washington.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01ALLIANCE_UW/8iqusu/alma99329653362401451. [u37] Saunders, Joe and Carl Fox, editors. Media Ethics, Free Speech, and the Requirements of Democracy. Routledge, New York, December 2018. ISBN 978-0-203-70244-4. URL: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203702444/media-ethics-free-speech-requirements-democracy-carl-fox-joe-saunders, doi:10.4324/9780203702444. [u38] Ruha Benjamin. Viral Justice: How We Grow the World We Want. Princeton University Press, October 2022. ISBN 978-0-691-22288-2. URL: https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691222882/viral-justice (visited on 2023-12-10). [u39] Meta for Developers. 2023. URL: https://developers.facebook.com/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [u40] API Reference — Facebook SDK for Python 4.0.0-pre documentation. 2015. URL: https://facebook-sdk.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html (visited on 2023-12-10). [u41] TikTok for Developers. 2023. URL: https://developers.tiktok.com/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [u42] Getting started with Official Account Developer Mode. January 2013. URL: https://developers.weixin.qq.com/doc/offiaccount/en/Getting_Started/Getting_Started_Guide.html (visited on 2023-12-10).

21.2. Ethics in Tech# In the first chapter of our book we quoted actor Kumail Nanjiani on tech innovators’ lack of consideration of ethical implications of their work. Of course, concerns about the implications of technological advancement are nothing new. In Plato’s Phaedrus [u1] (~370BCE), Socrates tells (or makes up[1]) a story from Egypt critical of the invention of writing: Now in those days the god Thamus was the king of the whole country of Egypt, […] [then] came Theuth and showed his inventions, desiring that the other Egyptians might be allowed to have the benefit of them; […] [W]hen they came to letters, This, said Theuth, will make the Egyptians wiser and give them better memories; it is a specific both for the memory and for the wit. Thamus replied: […] this discovery of yours will create forgetfulness in the learners’ souls, because they will not use their memories; they will trust to the external written characters and not remember of themselves. The specific which you have discovered is an aid not to memory, but to reminiscence, and you give your disciples not truth, but only the semblance of truth; they will be hearers of many things and will have learned nothing; they will appear to be omniscient and will generally know nothing; they will be tiresome company, having the show of wisdom without the reality. In England in the early 1800s, Luddites [u2] were upset that textile factories were using machines to replace them, leaving them unemployed, so they sabotaged the machines. The English government sent soldiers to stop them, killing and executing many. (See also Sci-Fi author Ted Chiang on Luddites and AI [u3]) Fig. 21.1 The start of an xkcd comic [u4] compiling a hundred years of complaints about how technology has speed up the pace of life. (full transcript of comic available at explainxkcd [u5])# Inventors ignoring the ethical consequences of their creations is nothing new as well, and gets critiqued regularly: Fig. 21.2 A major theme of the movie Jurassic Park (1993) [u6] is scientists not thinking through the implications of their creations.# Fig. 21.3 Tweet parodying how tech innovator often do blatantly unethical things [u7]# Many people like to believe (or at least convince others) that they are doing something to make the world a better place, as in this parody clip from the Silicon Valley show [u8] (the one Kumail Nanjiani was on, though not in this clip): But even people who thought they were doing something good regretted the consequences of their creations, such as Eli Whitney [u9] who hoped his invention of the cotton gin would reduce slavery in the United States, but only made it worse, or Alfred Nobel [u10] who invented dynamite (which could be used in construction or in war) and decided to create the Nobel prizes, or Albert Einstein regretting his role in convincing the US government to invent nuclear weapons [u11], or Aza Raskin regretting his invention infinite scroll. [1] In response to Socrates’ story, his debate partner Phaedrus says, “Yes, Socrates, you can easily invent tales of Egypt, or of any other country.”

20.7. Bibliography# [t1] Margaret Kohn and Kavita Reddy. Colonialism. In Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman, editors, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, spring 2023 edition, 2023. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/colonialism/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [t2] Hernán Cortés. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1186089050. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s&oldid=1186089050 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t3] Francisco Pizarro. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188948507. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Pizarro&oldid=1188948507 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t4] John Smith (explorer). December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189283105. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Smith_(explorer)&oldid=1189283105 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t5] Leopold II of Belgium. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189115939. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&oldid=1189115939 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t6] White savior. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184795435. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_savior&oldid=1184795435 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t7] Mighty Whitey. URL: https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MightyWhitey (visited on 2023-12-10). [t8] White Man's Burden. URL: https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/WhiteMansBurden (visited on 2023-12-10). [t9] Ira Madison III. 'La La Land'’s White Jazz Narrative. MTV, December 2016. URL: https://www.mtv.com/news/5qr32e/la-la-lands-white-jazz-narrative (visited on 2023-12-10). [t10] Poster:The Last Samurai. February 2015. Page Version ID: 1025393048 This image is of a poster, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either the publisher or the creator of the work depicted. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Last_Samurai.jpg&oldid=1025393048 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t11] The Last Samurai. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188563405. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Samurai&oldid=1188563405 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t12] Decolonization. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189372296. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decolonization&oldid=1189372296 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t13] Postcolonialism. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1186657050. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postcolonialism&oldid=1186657050 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t14] Liberation movement. October 2023. Page Version ID: 1180933418. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberation_movement&oldid=1180933418 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t15] Land Back. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188237630. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Back&oldid=1188237630 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t16] Mahatma Gandhi. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189603306. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi&oldid=1189603306 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t17] Toussaint Louverture. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187587809. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toussaint_Louverture&oldid=1187587809 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t18] Patrice Lumumba. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189622266. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&oldid=1189622266 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t19] Susan B. Anthony. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188464282. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_B._Anthony&oldid=1188464282 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t20] Martin Luther King Jr. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188881438. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&oldid=1188881438 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t21] Nelson Mandela. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188461215. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nelson_Mandela&oldid=1188461215 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t22] Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189060723. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak&oldid=1189060723 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t23] Edward Said. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187438394. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Said&oldid=1187438394 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t24] One Laptop per Child. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187517049. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Laptop_per_Child&oldid=1187517049 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t25] Adi Robertson. OLPC’s \$100 laptop was going to change the world — then it all went wrong. The Verge, April 2018. URL: https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/16/17233946/olpcs-100-laptop-education-where-is-it-now (visited on 2023-12-10). [t26] Non-English-based programming languages. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1185172571. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&oldid=1185172571 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t27] Philip J. Guo. Non-Native English Speakers Learning Computer Programming: Barriers, Desires, and Design Opportunities. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '18, 1–14. New York, NY, USA, April 2018. Association for Computing Machinery. URL: https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173970 (visited on 2023-12-12), doi:10.1145/3173574.3173970. [t28] Yuri Takhteyev. Coding Places: Software Practice in a South American City. September 2012. URL: https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262018074/coding-places/ (visited on 2023-12-10), doi:10.7551/mitpress/9109.001.0001. [t29] David Robinson. A Tale of Two Industries: How Programming Languages Differ Between Wealthy and Developing Countries - Stack Overflow. August 2017. URL: https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/08/29/tale-two-industries-programming-languages-differ-wealthy-developing-countries/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [t30] Lua (programming language). December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189590273. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&oldid=1189590273 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t31] Lev Grossman. Exclusive: Inside Facebook’s Plan to Wire the World. Time, December 2014. URL: https://time.com/facebook-world-plan/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [t32] The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel). November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184131911. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(novel)&oldid=1184131911 (visited on 2023-12-10). [t33] Dan Milmo. Rohingya sue Facebook for £150bn over Myanmar genocide. The Guardian, December 2021. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/dec/06/rohingya-sue-facebook-myanmar-genocide-us-uk-legal-action-social-media-violence (visited on 2023-12-10). [t34] Craig Silverman, Craig Timberg, Jeff Kao, and Jeremy Merrill. Facebook Hosted Surge of Misinformation and Insurrection Threats in Months Leading Up to Jan. 6 Attack, Records Show. ProPublica, January 2022. URL: https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-hosted-surge-of-misinformation-and-insurrection-threats-in-months-leading-up-to-jan-6-attack-records-show (visited on 2023-12-10). [t35] Mark Zuckerberg. Bringing the world closer together. March 2021. URL: https://www.facebook.com/notes/393134628500376/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [t36] Meta - Resources. 2022. URL: https://investor.fb.com/resources/default.aspx (visited on 2023-12-10). [t37] Olivia Solon. 'It's digital colonialism': how Facebook's free internet service has failed its users. The Guardian, July 2017. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/27/facebook-free-basics-developing-markets (visited on 2023-12-10). [t38] Josh Constine and Kim-Mai Cutler. Why Facebook Dropped \$19B On WhatsApp: Reach Into Europe, Emerging Markets. TechCrunch, February 2014. URL: https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/19/facebook-whatsapp/ (visited on 2023-12-10). { requestKernel: true, binderOptions: { repo: "binder-examples/jupyter-stacks-datascience", ref: "master", }, codeMirrorConfig: { theme: "abcdef", mode: "python" }, kernelOptions: { name: "python3", path: "./ch20_colonialism" }, predefinedOutput: true } kernelName = 'python3'

20.3. Colonialism in Programming# Colonialism shows up in programming languages as well. 20.3.1. Programming in English# Most programming languages are based in English, and there are very few non-English programming languages [t26], and those that exist are rarely used. The reason few non-English programming languages exist is due to the network effect, which we mentioned last chapter. Once English became the standard language for programming, people who learn programming learn English (or enough to program with it). Attempts to create a non-English programming language face an uphill battle, since even those that know that language would still have to re-learn all their programming terms in the non-English language. Now, since many people do speak other languages, you can often find comments, variable names, and even sometimes coding libraries which use non-English languages, but the core coding terms (e.g., for, if, etc.), are still almost always in English. See also this academic paper: Non-Native English Speakers Learning Computer Programming: Barriers, Desires, and Design Opportunities [t27] 20.3.2. Programming Adoption Through Silicon Valley# The book Coding Places: Software Practice in a South American City [t28] by Dr. Yuri Takhteyev explores how programming in Brazil differs from programming in Silicon Valley. Dr. Takhteyev points out that since tech companies are centralized in Silicon Valley, this then means Silicon Valley determines which technologies (like programming languages or coding libraries) get adopted. He then compares this to how the art world works: “If you want to show [your art] in Chicago, you must move to New York. He then rewords this for tech: if you want your software to be used widely in Brazil, you should write it in Silicon Valley. We can see this happening in a study by StackOverflow [t29]. They found that some technologies which are gaining in popularity in Silicon Valley (Python and R), are not commonly used in poorer countries, whereas programming tech that is considered outdated in Silicon Valley (android and PHP), is much more popular in poorer countries. In his book, Takhteyev tracks the history of the [Lua programming language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programming_language) [t30]), which was invented in Brazil but became adopted in Silicon Valley. In order to gain popularity in Silicon Valley (and thus the rest of the world), the developers had to make difficult tradeoffs, no longer customizing it for the needs of their Brazilian users.

Doxing. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189390304. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doxing&oldid=1189390304 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q2] Roni Jacobson. I’ve Had a Cyberstalker Since I Was 12. Wired, 2016. URL: https://www.wired.com/2016/02/ive-had-a-cyberstalker-since-i-was-12/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [q3] Constance Grady. Chrissy Teigen’s fall from grace. Vox, June 2021. URL: https://www.vox.com/culture/22451970/chrissy-teigen-courtney-stodden-controversy-explained (visited on 2023-12-10). [q4] Dogpiling (Internet). November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187471785. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogpiling_(Internet)&oldid=1187471785 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q5] Emiliano De Cristofaro. 4chan raids: how one dark corner of the internet is spreading its shadows. The Conversation, November 2016. URL: http://theconversation.com/4chan-raids-how-one-dark-corner-of-the-internet-is-spreading-its-shadows-68394 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q6] Lone wolf attack. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1187839644. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone_wolf_attack&oldid=1187839644#Stochastic_terrorism (visited on 2023-12-10). [q7] Stochastic terrorism. October 2023. Page Version ID: 76245726. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=stochastic_terrorism&oldid=76245726 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q8] Ellen Ioanes. An atmosphere of violence: Stochastic terror in American politics. Vox, November 2022. URL: https://www.vox.com/2022/11/5/23441858/violence-stochastic-terror-american-politics-trump-pelosi (visited on 2023-12-10). [q9] Ellie Hall. Twitter Data Has Revealed A Coordinated Campaign Of Hate Against Meghan Markle. BuzzFeed News, October 2021. URL: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ellievhall/bot-sentinel-meghan-markle-prince-harry-twitter (visited on 2023-12-10). [q10] FBI–King suicide letter. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184939326. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FBI%E2%80%93King_suicide_letter&oldid=1184939326 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q11] Hanna Ziady. One reason Meghan suffered racist UK coverage: The media is not diverse. CNN, March 2021. URL: https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/08/media/uk-media-meghan-race-diversity/index.html (visited on 2023-12-10). [q12] Amnesty Decoders. Troll Patrol Findings. URL: https://decoders.amnesty.org/projects/troll-patrol/findings (visited on 2023-12-10). [q13] Intersectionality. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189426651. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intersectionality&oldid=1189426651 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q14] Kimberlé Crenshaw. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188130250. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&oldid=1188130250 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q15] Bell hooks. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189289299. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell_hooks&oldid=1189289299 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q16] Alice E. Marwick. Morally Motivated Networked Harassment as Normative Reinforcement. Social Media + Society, 7(2):20563051211021378, April 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211021378 (visited on 2023-12-10), doi:10.1177/20563051211021378. [q17] Ku Klux Klan. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189166211. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ku_Klux_Klan&oldid=1189166211 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q18] Willennar Genealogy Center. Eckhart public library's online photo archive. URL: https://willennar.catalogaccess.com/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [q19] Camila Domonoske. On The Internet, Everyone Knows 'You're Racist': Twitter Account IDs Marchers. NPR, August 2017. URL: https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/14/543418271/on-the-internet-everyone-knows-you-re-a-racist-twitter-account-ids-marchers (visited on 2023-12-10). [q20] Yes, You're Racist [@YesYoureRacist]. UPDATE: Cole White, the first person I exposed, no longer has a job 💁‍♂️ #GoodNightColeWhite #ExposeTheAltRight #Charlottesville. August 2017. URL: https://twitter.com/YesYoureRacist/status/896713553666871296 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q21] German Lopez. The debate over punching white nationalist Richard Spencer in the face, explained. Vox, January 2017. URL: https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/1/26/14369388/richard-spencer-punched-alt-right-trump (visited on 2023-12-10). [q22] Christina Capecchi and Katie Rogers. Killer of Cecil the Lion Finds Out That He Is a Target Now, of Internet Vigilantism. The New York Times, July 2015. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/us/cecil-the-lion-walter-palmer.html (visited on 2023-12-10). [q23] Jane Dalton. Dentist who slaughtered Cecil the lion ‘hunts and kills protected wild ram’ just four years on. The Independent, July 2020. URL: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/walter-palmer-cecil-lion-hunt-ram-sheep-mongolia-a9613856.html (visited on 2023-12-10). [q24] Punch up. August 2023. Page Version ID: 75836594. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=punch_up&oldid=75836594 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q25] Index on Censorship. Interview with a troll. Index on Censorship, September 2011. URL: https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2011/09/interview-with-a-troll/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [q26] Gamergate (harassment campaign). December 2023. Page Version ID: 1189066559. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)&oldid=1189066559 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q27] Innuendo Studios. Why Are You So Angry? Part 1: A Short History of Anita Sarkeesian. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6y8XgGhXkTQ&list=PLJA_jUddXvY62dhVThbeegLPpvQlR4CjF&index=2 (visited on 2023-12-10). [q28] Devin Coldewey. Study finds Reddit's controversial ban of its most toxic subreddits actually worked. TechCrunch, September 2017. URL: https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/11/study-finds-reddits-controversial-ban-of-its-most-toxic-subreddits-actually-worked/ (visited on 2023-12-10). [q29] Casey Newton. Why social networks like Clubhouse need better blocking tools. The Verge, February 2021. URL: https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/10/22275568/blocking-clubhouse-block-party-social-networks (visited on 2023-12-10). [q30] Joshua Adams. Quote Tweets Have Turned Us All Into Jerks. OneZero, November 2020. URL: https://onezero.medium.com/quote-tweets-have-turned-us-all-into-jerks-d5776c807942 (visited on 2023-11-18). [q31] Heather Schwedel. “Dunking” Is Delicious Sport. Slate, December 2017. URL: https://slate.com/technology/2017/12/dunking-is-delicious-and-also-probably-making-twitter-terrible.html (visited on 2023-12-05). [q32] Katherine Alejandra Cross. It's Not Your Fault You're a Jerk on Twitter. Wired, February 2022. URL: https://www.wired.com/story/social-media-harassment-platforms/ (visited on 2023-11-18). [q33] Kurt Wagner. Inside Twitter’s ambitious plan to clean up its platform. Vox, March 2019. URL: https://www.vox.com/2019/3/8/18245536/exclusive-twitter-healthy-conversations-dunking-research-product-incentives (visited on 2023-11-18). [q34] Nick Statt. Twitter tests a warning message that tells users to rethink offensive replies. The Verge, May 2020. URL: https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/5/21248201/twitter-reply-warning-harmful-language-revise-tweet-moderation (visited on 2023-11-18). [q35] James Vincent. Twitter updates offensive tweet warnings, accepts that you like to swear at your friends. The Verge, May 2021. URL: https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/5/22420586/twitter-offensive-tweet-warning-prompt-updated-success-rate (visited on 2023-11-18). [q36] Eugen Rochko (@Gargron@mastodon.social). I've made a deliberate choice against a quoting feature because it inevitably adds toxicity to people's behaviours. you are ... March 2018. URL: {https://mastodon.social/@Gargron/99662106175542726} (visited on 2023-11-18). [q37] Hilda Bastian. Quote Tweeting: Over 30 Studies Dispel Some Myths. Absolutely Maybe, January 2023. URL: https://absolutelymaybe.plos.org/2023/01/12/quote-tweeting-over-30-studies-dispel-some-myths/ (visited on 2023-11-18). [q38] Jon Pincus. Mastodon: a partial history (DRAFT). The Nexus Of Privacy, November 2022. URL: https://privacy.thenexus.today/mastodon-a-partial-history/ (visited on 2023-12-01). [q39] Dr. Johnathan Flowers (@shengokai@zirk.us). The quote tweet function in conjunction with the hashtag are what allow users to align with communities, and communities with conversations…. November 2022. URL: https://zirk.us/@shengokai/109347027270208314 (visited on 2023-11-18). [q40] Okereke, Mekka (@mekkaokereke@mastodon.cloud). @Gabadabs@is.nota.live i know that we can have more pleasant interactions on mastodon than on twitter. i already feel it. what i'm unsure... November 2022. URL: https://mastodon.cloud/@mekkaokereke/109334079258663352 (visited on 2023-11-18). [q41] Mekka Okereke. Content warning: Graphic example of reply visibility abuse. September 2023. URL: https://hachyderm.io/@mekkaokereke/111010421955145872 (visited on 2023-12-06). [q42] Mekka Okereke. @zachnfine @JamesWidman @Sablebadger @staidwinnow @Jorsh From your screenshot above, and the scenario I listed below, imagine if:1) the…. September 2023. URL: https://hachyderm.io/@mekkaokereke/111012743709881062 (visited on 2023-12-06). [q43] this barbie is a cackling hag [@lesliezye]. Hung out in this space for a few hours yesterday. it got weird. since twitter is still up i am now going to do discourse about it https://t.co/dq61qpNaat. November 2022. URL: https://twitter.com/lesliezye/status/1593631667037638660 (visited on 2023-11-18). [q44] jrm4 (@jrm4@mastodon.social). Here's the thing: twitter's ability to rapidly spread objectionable and distressing content is (was?) the *best* thing about it, not the... January 2023. URL: https://mastodon.social/@jrm4/109702486481162255 (visited on 2023-11-18). [q45] This You? June 2020. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/this-you (visited on 2023-11-18). [q46] FBI [@FBI]. On this 40th anniversary of #MLKDay as a federal holiday, the #FBI honors one of the most prominent leaders of the Civil Rights movement and reaffirms its commitment to Dr. King’s legacy of fairness and equal justice for all. https://t.co/yXqVRyicTU. January 2023. URL: https://twitter.com/FBI/status/1614986534318493696 (visited on 2023-11-18). [q47] Marc Lamont Hill [@marclamonthill]. This you? https://t.co/v7qXFbkq2s. January 2023. URL: https://twitter.com/marclamonthill/status/1615156250735435782 (visited on 2023-11-18). [q48] Eugen Rochko (@Gargron@mastodon.social). I don't feel as strongly about quote posts as i did in 2018. personally, i am not a fan, but there is clearly a lot of demand for it. we're considering it. January 2023. URL: https://mastodon.social/@Gargron/109623891328707089 (visited on 2023-11-18). [q49] Mastodon (@Mastodon@mastodon.social). You asked for it, and it’s coming. quote posts, search, and groups are on their way. in the meantime, check out the new onboarding experience launching today. https://blog.joinmastodon.org/2023/05/a-new-onboarding-experience-on-mastodon/. May 2023. URL: https://mastodon.social/@Mastodon/110294411952997299 (visited on 2023-11-18). [q50] Eugen Rochko. A new onboarding experience on Mastodon. May 2023. URL: https://blog.joinmastodon.org/2023/05/a-new-onboarding-experience-on-mastodon/ (visited on 2023-11-21). [q51] Justin Hendrix. The Whiteness of Mastodon. November 2022. URL: https://techpolicy.press/the-whiteness-of-mastodon/ (visited on 2023-11-18). [q52] Jon Pincus. Black Twitter, quoting, and white views of toxicity on Mastodon. The Nexus Of Privacy, December 2022. URL: https://privacy.thenexus.today/black-twitter-quoting-and-white-toxicity-on-mastodon/ (visited on 2023-11-18). [q53] Ally Perry. Woman Cooks for Neighbors, Somehow Offends People on the Internet. November 2022. URL: https://cheezburger.com/18473221/woman-cooks-for-neighbors-somehow-offends-people-on-the-internet (visited on 2023-11-21). [q54] Emily Heil. A woman made chili for neighbors, and outrage ensued. Was she wrong? Washington Post, November 2022. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2022/11/18/chili-neighbors-twitter-etiquette/ (visited on 2023-11-21). { requestKernel: true, binderOptions: { repo: "binder-examples/jupyter-stacks-datascience", ref: "master", }, codeMirrorConfig: { theme: "abcdef", mode: "python" }, kernelOptions: { name: "python3", path: "./ch17_harassment" }, predefinedOutput: true } kernelName = 'python3'

While anyone is vulnerable to harassment online (and offline as well), some people and groups are much more prone to harassment, particularly marginalized and oppressed people in a society. Historically of course, different demographic groups have been subject to harassment or violence, such as women, LGBTA+ people, and Black people (e.g., the FBI trying to convince Martin Luther King Jr. to commit suicide [q10]). On social media this is true as well. For example, the last section mentioned the (partially bot-driven) harassment campaign against Meghan Markle and Prince Henry was at least partially driven by Meghan Markle being Black (the same racism shown in the British Press [q11]). When Amnesty International looked at online harassment, they found that: Women of colour, (black, Asian, Latinx and mixed-race women) were 34% more likely to be mentioned in abusive or problematic tweets than white women. Black women were disproportionately targeted, being 84% more likely than white women to be mentioned in abusive or problematic tweets. Troll Patrol Findings [q12] 17.3.1. Intersectionality# As we look at the above examples we can see examples of intersectionality [q13], which means that not only are people treated differently based on their identities (e.g., race, gender, class, disability, weight, height, etc.), but combinations of those identities can compound unfair treatment in complicated ways. For example, you can test a resume filter and find that it isn’t biased against Black people, and it isn’t biased against women. But it might turn out that it is still biased against Black women. This could happen because the filter “fixed” the gender and race bias by over-selecting white women and Black men while under-selecting Black women. Key figures: [q14] Kimberlé Crenshaw, present USA [q15] bell hooks, present USA

[p1] Patreon. URL: https://www.patreon.com/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p2] Kickstarter. URL: https://www.kickstarter.com/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p3] GoFundMe: #1 Fundraising Platform for Crowdfunding. URL: https://www.gofundme.com/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p4] Crowdsourcing. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188348631. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crowdsourcing&oldid=1188348631#Historical_examples (visited on 2023-12-08). [p5] WIRED. How to Not Embarrass Yourself in Front of the Robot at Work. September 2015. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ho1RDiZ5Xew (visited on 2023-12-08). [p6] Jim Hollan and Scott Stornetta. Beyond being there. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '92, 119–125. New York, NY, USA, June 1992. Association for Computing Machinery. URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/142750.142769 (visited on 2023-12-08), doi:10.1145/142750.142769. [p7] Jim Hollan and Scott Stornetta. Beyond being there. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '92, 119–125. Monterey, California, United States, 1992. ACM Press. URL: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=142750.142769 (visited on 2023-12-08), doi:10.1145/142750.142769. [p8] CSCW 2023: The 26th ACM Conference On Computer-Supported Cooperative Work And Social Computing. URL: https://cscw.acm.org/2023/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p9] CSCW '22 Awards. 2022. URL: https://programs.sigchi.org/cscw/2022/awards/best-papers (visited on 2023-12-08). [p10] CSCW '21 Awards. 2021. URL: https://programs.sigchi.org/cscw/2021/awards/best-papers (visited on 2023-12-08). [p11] CSCW '20 Awards. 2020. URL: https://programs.sigchi.org/cscw/2020/awards/best-papers (visited on 2023-12-08). [p12] Wikipedia. URL: https://www.wikipedia.org/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p13] United States congressional staff edits to Wikipedia. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188215095. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia&oldid=1188215095 (visited on 2023-12-08). [p14] Quora. URL: https://www.quora.com/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p15] Stack Overflow - Where Developers Learn, Share, & Build Careers. URL: https://stackoverflow.com/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p16] Amazon Mechanical Turk. URL: https://www.mturk.com/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p17] Upwork - The World’s Work Marketplace. 2023. URL: https://www.upwork.com/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p18] Makeability Lab. Project Sidewalk. 2012. URL: https://sidewalk-chicago.cs.washington.edu/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p19] Foldit. September 2023. Page Version ID: 1175905648. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foldit&oldid=1175905648 (visited on 2023-12-08). [p20] Greg Little. TurKit: Tools for Iterative Tasks on Mechanical Turk. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC), VLHCC '09, 252–253. USA, September 2009. IEEE Computer Society. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/VLHCC.2009.5295247 (visited on 2023-12-08), doi:10.1109/VLHCC.2009.5295247. [p21] Merriam-Webster. Definition of ad hoc. December 2023. URL: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ad+hoc (visited on 2023-12-08). [p22] Jon M. Chu. Crazy Rich Asians. August 2018. [p23] Jeremy Gray. Missing hiker rescued after Twitter user tracks him down using his last-sent photo. DPReview, April 2021. URL: https://www.dpreview.com/news/0703531833/missing-hiker-rescued-after-twitter-user-tracks-him-down-using-a-photo (visited on 2023-12-08). [p24] Mike Gavin. Canucks' staffer uses social media to find fan who saved his life. NBC Sports Philadelphia, January 2022. URL: https://www.nbcsportsphiladelphia.com/nhl/philadelphia-flyers/canucks-staffer-uses-social-media-to-find-fan-who-saved-his-life/196044/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p25] Adriana Diaz. Twitter tracks down mystery couple in viral proposal photos. New York Post, June 2021. URL: https://nypost.com/2021/06/24/twitter-tracks-down-mystery-couple-in-viral-proposal-photos/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p26] Alexander Abad-Santos. Reddit's 'Find Boston Bombers' Founder Says 'It Was a Disaster' but 'Incredible'. The Atlantic, April 2013. URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/reddit-find-boston-bombers-founder-interview/315987/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p27] BBC. Reddit apologises for online Boston 'witch hunt'. BBC News, April 2013. URL: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-22263020 (visited on 2023-12-08). [p28] Heather Brown, Emily Guskin, and Amy Mitchell. The Role of Social Media in the Arab Uprisings. Pew Research Center's Journalism Project, November 2012. URL: https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2012/11/28/role-social-media-arab-uprisings/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p29] MeToo movement. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188872853. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MeToo_movement&oldid=1188872853 (visited on 2023-12-08). [p30] Catherine M. Vera-Burgos and Donyale R. Griffin Padgett. Using Twitter for crisis communications in a natural disaster: Hurricane Harvey. Heliyon, 6(9):e04804, September 2020. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020316479 (visited on 2023-12-08), doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04804. [p31] Kate Starbird, Ahmer Arif, and Tom Wilson. Disinformation as Collaborative Work: Surfacing the Participatory Nature of Strategic Information Operations. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., 3(CSCW):127:1–127:26, November 2019. URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359229 (visited on 2023-12-08), doi:10.1145/3359229. [p32] Kate Starbird, Ahmer Arif, and Tom Wilson. Disinformation as Collaborative Work: Surfacing the Participatory Nature of Strategic Information Operations. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., 3(CSCW):1–26, November 2019. URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3359229 (visited on 2023-12-09), doi:10.1145/3359229. [p33] Daniel Oberhaus. Nearly All of Wikipedia Is Written By Just 1 Percent of Its Editors. Vice, November 2017. URL: https://www.vice.com/en/article/7x47bb/wikipedia-editors-elite-diversity-foundation (visited on 2023-12-08). [p34] Stack Overflow. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188966848. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stack_Overflow&oldid=1188966848 (visited on 2023-12-08). [p35] Adam Wojcik, Stefan and Hughes. Sizing Up Twitter Users. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, April 2019. URL: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [p36] Obsidian. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188764876. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obsidian&oldid=1188764876#Prehistoric_and_historical_use (visited on 2023-12-08). [p37] Melanie Walsh and Quinn Dombrowski. Chapter 6: network Analysis. August 2021. URL: https://melaniewalsh.github.io/Intro-Cultural-Analytics/06-Network-Analysis/00-Network-Analysis.html (visited on 2023-12-08). [p38] Melanie Walsh and Quinn Dombrowski. Intro to Cultural & Analytics: Version 1.1.0. August 2021. URL: https://zenodo.org/record/4411250 (visited on 2023-12-08), doi:10.5281/ZENODO.4411250.

Crowdsourcing isn’t always pre-planned or designed for. Sometimes a crowd stumbles into crowd tasks in an unplanned, ad hoc [p21] manner. Like identifying someone and sharing the news in this scene from the movie Crazy Rich Asians [p22]: 16.3.1. “Solving” a “Problem”# When social media users work together, we can consider what problem they are solving. For example, for some of the Tiktok Duet videos from the virality chapter, the “problem” would be something like “how do we create music out of this source video” and the different musicians contribute their own piece to the solution. For some other examples: In the case of a missing hiker rescued after Twitter user tracks him down using his last-sent photo [p23], the “problem” was “Where did the hiker disappear?” and the crowd investigated whatever they could to find the solution of the hiker’s location. In the case of Canucks’ staffer uses social media to find fan who saved his life [p24], the “problem” was “Who is the fan who saved the Canucks’ staffer’s life?” and the solution was basically to try to identify and dox the fan (though hopefully in a positive way). In the case of Twitter tracks down mystery couple in viral proposal photos [p25], the problem was “Who is the couple in the photo?” and the solution was again to basically dox them, though in the article they seemed ok with it. 16.3.2. Well-Intentioned Harm# Sometimes even well-intentioned efforts can do significant harm. For example, in the immediate aftermath of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, FBI released a security photo of one of the bombers and asked for tips. A group of Reddit users decided to try to identify the bomber(s) themselves. They quickly settled on a missing man (Sunil Tripathi) as the culprit (it turned out had died by suicide and was in no way related to the case), and flooded the Facebook page set up to search for Sunil Tripathi, causing his family unnecessary pain and difficulty. The person who set up the “Find Boston Bomber” Reddit board said “It Was a Disaster” but “Incredible” [p26], and Reddit apologized for online Boston ‘witch hunt’ [p27]. 16.3.3. Social and political movements# Some ad hoc crowdsourcing can be part of a social or political movement. For example, Social media organizing [p28] played a role in the Arab Spring revolutions in the 2010s, and Social Media platforms were a large part of the #MeToo movement [p29], where victims of sexual abuse/harassment spoke up and stood together. 16.3.4. Crowd harassment# Social media crowdsoucing can also be used for harassment, which we’ll look at more in the next couple chapters. But for some examples: the case of Justine Sacco involved crowdsourcing to identify and track her flight, and even get a photo of her turning on her phone. 16.3.5. Spreading rumors and disinformation# Crowds on social media can also share rumors, and can be an essential (if unreliable) way of spreading information during a crises [p30]. Disinformation campaigns also make use of crowdsoucing. An academic research paper Disinformation as Collaborative Work [p31] (pdf [p32]) lays out a range of disinformation campaigns: Orchestrated: Entirely fake and astroturfed, no genuine users contributing. Cultivated: Intentionally created misinformation that is planted in a community. It is then spread by real users not aware they are part of a disinformation campaign. Emergent and self-sustaining: Communities creating and spreading their own rumors or own conspiracy narratives. { requestKernel: true, binderOptions: { repo: "binder-examples/jupyter-stacks-datascience", ref: "master", }, codeMirrorConfig: { theme: "abcdef", mode: "python" }, kernelOptions: { name: "python3", path: "./ch16_crowdsourcing" }, predefinedOutput: true } kernelName = 'python3'

Sarah T. Roberts. Behind the Screen. Yale University Press, September 2021. URL: https://yalebooks.yale.edu/9780300261479/behind-the-screen (visited on 2023-12-08). [o2] Tarleton Gillespie. Custodians of the Internet. Yale University Press, August 2021. URL: https://yalebooks.yale.edu/9780300261431/custodians-of-the-internet (visited on 2023-12-08). [o3] Reddit. URL: https://www.reddit.com/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [o4] ShiningConcepts. r/TheoryOfReddit: reddit is valued at more than ten billion dollars, yet it is extremely dependent on mods who work for absolutely nothing. Should they be paid, and does this lead to power-tripping mods? November 2021. URL: www.reddit.com/r/TheoryOfReddit/comments/qrjwjw/reddit_is_valued_at_more_than_ten_billion_dollars/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [o5] Wikipedia. URL: https://www.wikipedia.org/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [o6] Wikipedia:Administrators. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187624916. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators&oldid=1187624916 (visited on 2023-12-08). [o7] Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184161032. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure&oldid=1184161032 (visited on 2023-12-08). [o8] Wikipedia:Wikipedians. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184672006. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Wikipedians&oldid=1184672006 (visited on 2023-12-08). [o9] Brian Resnick. The 2018 Nobel Prize reminds us that women scientists too often go unrecognized. Vox, October 2018. URL: https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/10/2/17929366/nobel-prize-physics-donna-strickland (visited on 2023-12-08). [o10] Maggie Fick and Paresh Dave. Facebook's flood of languages leaves it struggling to monitor content. Reuters, April 2019. URL: https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1RZ0DL/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [o11] David Gilbert. Facebook Is Ignoring Moderators’ Trauma: ‘They Suggest Karaoke and Painting’. Vice, May 2021. URL: https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7eva4/traumatized-facebook-moderators-told-to-suck-it-up-and-try-karaoke (visited on 2023-12-08). [o12] Billy Perrigo. TikTok's Subcontractor in Colombia Under Investigation. Time, November 2022. URL: https://time.com/6231625/tiktok-teleperformance-colombia-investigation/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [o13] Mike Masnick, Randy Lubin, and Leigh Beadon. Moderator Mayhem: A Content Moderation Game. URL: https://moderatormayhem.engine.is/ (visited on 2023-12-17).

Let’s look in more detail at some specific examples of moderator set-ups: 15.2.1. Reddit# Reddit [o3] is divided into subreddits which are often about a specific topic. Each subreddit is moderated by volunteers who have special permissions, who Reddit forbids from making any money: Reddit is valued at more than ten billion dollars, yet it is extremely dependent on mods who work for absolutely nothing. Should they be paid, and does this lead to power-tripping mods? A post starting a discussion thread on reddit about reddit [o4] In addition to the subreddit moderators, all Reddit users can upvote or downvote comments and posts. The reddit recommendation algorithm promotes posts based on the upvotes and downvotes, and comments that get too many downvotes get automatically hidden. Finally, Reddit itself does some moderation as a platform in determining which subreddits can exist and has on occasion shut down some. Reflection Question:# What is your take on the ethical trade-offs of unpaid Reddit moderators? What do you think Reddit should do? 15.2.2. Wikipedia# Wikipedia [o5] is an online encyclopedia that is crowdsourced by volunteer editors. You can go right now and change a Wikipedia page’s content if you want (as long as the page isn’t locked)! You can edit anonymously, or you can create an account. The Wikipedia community gives some editors administrator access [o6], so they can perform more moderation tasks like blocking users or locking pages. Editors and administrators are generally not, paid, though they can be paid by other groups if they disclose and fill out forms [o7] Wikipedia exists in multiple languages (each governed somewhat independently). When looking at the demographics of who writes the English Wikipedia articles, editors of Wikipedia skew heavily male [o8] (around 80% or 90%), and presumably administrators skew heavily male as well. This can produce bias in how things are moderated. For example, Donna Strickland had no Wikipedia page before her Nobel. Her male collaborator did [o9]: “Articles on Strickland had been drafted on the online encyclopedia before in May 2018 — but the draft was rejected by moderators. ‘This submission’s references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article,’ the moderators wrote, despite the fact that the original author linked to a page that showed Strickland was once president of the Optical Society, a major physics professional organization and publisher of some of the field’s top journals.” Reflection Question:# How should Wikipedia handle their editor/administrator demographics? 15.2.3. Facebook# While Facebook groups and individual pages can be moderated by users, for the platform as a while, Facebook has paid moderation teams to make moderation decisions (whether on content flagged by bots, or content flagged by users). As Facebook has grown, it has sought users from all over the globe, but as of 2019 [o10]: Facebook had menus and prompts in 111 different languages, which were deemed to be “officially supported” Facebook’s “Community standards” rules were only translated into 41 of those languages Facebook’s content moderators know about 50 languages (though they say they hire professional translators when needed) Automated tools for identifying hate speech only work in about 30 languages Reflection Questions:# What dangers are posed with languages that have limited or no content moderation? What do you think Facebook should do about this? { requestKernel: true, binderOptions: { repo: "binder-examples/jupyter-stacks-datascience", ref: "master", }, codeMirrorConfig: { theme: "abcdef", mode: "python" }, kernelOptions: { name: "python3", path: "./ch15_moderators" }, predefinedOutput: true } kernelName = 'python3'

[m1] Anya Kamenetz. Facebook's own data is not as conclusive as you think about teens and mental health. NPR, October 2021. URL: https://www.npr.org/2021/10/06/1043138622/facebook-instagram-teens-mental-health (visited on 2023-12-08). [m2] Anya Kamenetz. Selfies, Filters, and Snapchat Dysmorphia: How Photo-Editing Harms Body Image. Psychology Today, February 2020. URL: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/202002/selfies-filters-and-snapchat-dysmorphia-how-photo-editing-harms-body-image (visited on 2023-12-08). [m3] Terry Gross. Director Bo Burnham On Growing Up With Anxiety — And An Audience. NPR, July 2018. URL: https://www.npr.org/2018/07/18/630069876/director-bo-burnham-on-growing-up-with-anxiety-and-an-audience (visited on 2023-12-08). [m4] Sarah McQuate. 'I don't even remember what I read': People enter a 'dissociative state' when using social media. ScienceDaily, May 2022. URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220523135018.htm (visited on 2023-12-08). [m5] Robinson Meyer. Everything We Know About Facebook’s Secret Mood-Manipulation Experiment. The Atlantic, June 2014. URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/everything-we-know-about-facebooks-secret-mood-manipulation-experiment/373648/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [m6] Digital detox. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187412856. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_detox&oldid=1187412856 (visited on 2023-12-08). [m7] Lauren Collee. The Great Offline. Real Life, December 2021. URL: https://reallifemag.com/the-great-offline/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [m8] Merriam-Webster. On ‘Doomsurfing’ and ‘Doomscrolling’. 2023. URL: https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/doomsurfing-doomscrolling-words-were-watching (visited on 2023-12-08). [m9] Ethan Jacobs [@ethanjacobslaw]. OK doomscrolling is bad but have you SEEN the quality of the doom this week? January 2021. URL: https://twitter.com/ethanjacobslaw/status/1347434641540538368 (visited on 2023-12-08). [m10] 24-hour news cycle. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184581615. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=24-hour_news_cycle&oldid=1184581615 (visited on 2023-12-08). [m11] Trauma Dumping. August 2021. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/trauma-dumping (visited on 2023-12-08). [m12] Pamela B. Rutledge. How to Overcome Social Media Trauma Dumping. Psychology Today, September 2021. URL: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/positively-media/202109/how-overcome-social-media-trauma-dumping (visited on 2023-12-08). [m13] Factitious disorder imposed on self. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184183450. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&oldid=1184183450 (visited on 2023-12-08). [m14] Róisín Lanigan. The Internet Has a Cancer-Faking Problem. The Atlantic, May 2019. URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/05/faking-cancer-online/588334/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [m15] Jules Montague. Münchausen by internet: the sickness bloggers who fake it online. The Guardian, April 2015. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/apr/29/jules-gibson-munchausen-by-internet-sickness-bloggers-fake-it-whole-pantry (visited on 2023-12-08). [m16] What is self-harm? URL: https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/self-harm/about-self-harm/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [m17] Juli Fraga. When Teens Cyberbully Themselves. NPR, April 2018. URL: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/21/604073315/when-teens-cyberbully-themselves (visited on 2023-12-08). [m18] ContraPoints. Contrapoints. URL: https://www.youtube.com/c/ContraPoints (visited on 2023-12-08). [m19] Incel. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188569777. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incel&oldid=1188569777 (visited on 2023-12-08). [m20] Chad. March 2012. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/chad (visited on 2023-12-08). [m21] Incel. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188569777. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incel&oldid=1188569777#Mass_murders_and_violence (visited on 2023-12-08). [m22] Rhitu Chatterjee. The new 988 mental health hotline is live. Here's what to know. NPR, July 2022. URL: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/07/15/1111316589/988-suicide-hotline-number (visited on 2023-12-08). [m23] Amanda Baughan. Make Peace with Social Media. Medium, May 2022. URL: https://amandabaughan.medium.com/make-peace-with-social-media-113877582006 (visited on 2023-12-08). [m24] Yim Register. Yim Register. URL: http://students.washington.edu/yreg/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [m25] MLEducation and YimRegister. Art/socialmediatips at main MLEducation/Art. 2021. URL: MLEducation/Art (visited on 2023-12-08). [m26] Casey Fiesler. What I Learned About the Internet From The Baby-Sitters Club. Slate, February 2017. URL: https://slate.com/technology/2017/02/what-i-learned-about-the-internet-from-the-baby-sitters-club.html (visited on 2023-12-08). [m27] Emily St. James. Trans Twitter and the beauty of online anonymity. Vox, September 2020. URL: https://www.vox.com/culture/21432987/trans-twitter-reddit-online-anonymity (visited on 2023-12-08). [m28] Jen Tribbet. Social Media Has Become A Place To Talk About Mental Illness. But Is That Helpful? NPR, November 2019. URL: https://www.npr.org/2019/11/13/779015105/social-media-has-become-a-place-to-talk-about-mental-illness-but-is-that-helpful (visited on 2023-12-08). [m29] Raisedbynarcissists: for the children of abusive parents. 2023. URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/raisedbynarcissists/?rdt=50656 (visited on 2023-12-08). [m30] Benjamin Goggin. Inside Facebook's suicide algorithm: Here's how the company uses artificial intelligence to predict your mental state from your posts. Business Insider, January 2019. URL: https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-is-using-ai-to-try-to-predict-if-youre-suicidal-2018-12 (visited on 2023-12-08). [m31] Unalive. March 2022. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/unalive (visited on 2023-12-08). [m32] Christina Farr. Apple and UCLA kick off a three-year depression study. CNBC, August 2020. URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/04/apple-ucla-to-study-depression.html (visited on 2023-12-08). [m33] Kate Crawford. Time to regulate AI that interprets human emotions. Nature, 592(7853):167–167, April 2021. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00868-5 (visited on 2023-12-08), doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00868-5. [m34] Cheryl Teh. 'Every smile you fake' — an AI emotion-recognition system can assess how 'happy' China's workers are in the office. Insider, June 2021. URL: https://www.insider.com/ai-emotion-recognition-system-tracks-how-happy-chinas-workers-are-2021-6 (visited on 2023-12-08). [m35] C. L. Lynch. Invisible Abuse: ABA and the things only autistic people can see. NeuroClastic, March 2019. URL: https://neuroclastic.com/invisible-abuse-aba-and-the-things-only-autistic-people-can-see/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [m36] Gary Shkedy, Dalia Shkedy, and Aileen H. Sandoval-Norton. Long-term ABA Therapy Is Abusive: A Response to Gorycki, Ruppel, and Zane. Adv Neurodev Disord, 5(2):126–134, June 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-021-00201-1 (visited on 2023-12-08), doi:10.1007/s41252-021-00201-1. [m37] Neurodiversity. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187185735. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurodiversity&oldid=1187185735 (visited on 2023-12-08). [m38] C. L. Lynch. “Autism is a Spectrum” Doesn’t Mean What You Think. NeuroClastic, May 2019. URL: https://neuroclastic.com/its-a-spectrum-doesnt-mean-what-you-think/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [m39] Alannah Oleson. Beyond “Average” Users: Building Inclusive Design Skills with the CIDER Technique. Bits and Behavior, October 2022. URL: https://medium.com/bits-and-behavior/beyond-average-users-building-inclusive-design-skills-with-the-cider-technique-413969544e6d (visited on 2023-12-08).

Now let’s look at some of the more healthy sides of social media use. First let’s consider that, while social media use is often talked of as an “addiction” or as “junk food,” there might be better ways to think about social media use [m23], as a place where you might enjoy, connect with others, learn new things, and express yourself. Fig. 13.2 Healing your social media tip #24 from Yim Register [m24]. See more of their tips here [m25].# One of the ways social media can be beneficial to mental health is in finding community (at least if it is a healthy one, and not toxic like in the last section). For example, if you are bullied at school (and by classmates on some social media platform), you might find a different online community online that supports you. Or take the example of Professor Casey Fiesler finding a community that shared her interests (see also her article [m26]): So you might find a safe space online to explore part of yourself that isn’t safe in public (e.g., Trans Twitter and the beauty of online anonymity [m27]). Or you might find places to share or learn about mental health [m28] (in fact, from seeing social media posts, Kyle realized that ADHD was causing many more problems in his life than just having trouble sitting still, and he sought diagnosis and treatment). There are also support groups for various issues people might be struggling with, like ADHD, or having been raised by narcissistic parents [m29]. { requestKernel: true, binderOptions: { repo: "binder-examples/jupyter-stacks-datascience", ref: "master", }, codeMirrorConfig: { theme: "abcdef", mode: "python" }, kernelOptions: { name: "python3", path: "./ch13_mental_health" }, predefinedOutput: true } kernelName = 'python3'

Evolution of cetaceans. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1186568602. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_cetaceans&oldid=1186568602 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l2] Nobu Tamura. Spinops. 2023. URL: http://spinops.blogspot.com/ (visited on 2023-12-13). [l3] The Selfish Gene. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188207750. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Selfish_Gene&oldid=1188207750 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l4] Meme. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1187840093. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meme&oldid=1187840093#Etymology (visited on 2023-12-08). [l5] Oliver Tearle. Who Said, ‘A Lie Is Halfway Round the World Before the Truth Has Got Its Boots On’? June 2021. URL: https://interestingliterature.com/2021/06/lie-halfway-round-world-before-truth-boots-on-quote-origin-meaning/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [l6] Tom Standage. Writing on the Wall: Social Media - The First 2,000 Years. Bloomsbury USA, New York, 1st edition edition, October 2013. ISBN 978-1-62040-283-2. [l7] Chain letter. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188532303. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&oldid=1188532303 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l8] Pyramid scheme. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188350070. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_scheme&oldid=1188350070 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l9] Chain Letters. November 1999. URL: https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~mli/chain.html (visited on 2023-12-08). [l10] Janus Sandsgaard. Sourdough starter. April 2014. URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sourdough.jpg (visited on 2023-12-08). [l11] Nutrition Health, Food Safety &. Dutch Oven sourdough bread. September 2020. URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dutch_Oven_Sourdough_Bread_2.jpg (visited on 2023-12-08). [l12] Carl Griffith's sourdough starter. November 2022. Page Version ID: 1120864146. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Griffith%27s_sourdough_starter&oldid=1120864146 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l13] Monica Lewinsky. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1187944516. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monica_Lewinsky&oldid=1187944516 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l14] Monica Lewinsky (she/her) [@MonicaLewinsky]. 👀. May 2021. URL: https://twitter.com/MonicaLewinsky/status/1395734868407984136 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l15] Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187645037. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal&oldid=1187645037 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l16] Matt Stopera. Monica Lewinsky Has Been Making Jokes About The Clinton Impeachment For Years, And It Really Is Funny Every Single Time. BuzzFeed, September 2021. URL: https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/monica-lewinsky-twitter-comebacks (visited on 2023-12-08). [l17] Aja Romano. This is why there are jokes about plums all over your Twitter feed. Vox, December 2017. URL: https://www.vox.com/2017/12/1/16723210/this-is-just-to-say-plums-twitter-baby-shoes (visited on 2023-12-08). [l18] Ecological niche. October 2023. Page Version ID: 1182139023. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecological_niche&oldid=1182139023 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l19] Tanya Chen. A 27-Year-Old Composer Has Inspired One Of The Most Epic And Delightful Duet Chains On TikTok. BuzzFeed News, October 2020. URL: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tanyachen/epic-tiktok-chain-musical-fighting-in-a-grocery-store (visited on 2023-12-08). [l20] Natalie [@historyadjunct]. Without downloading any new pics, what’s your energy going into 2022? January 2022. URL: https://twitter.com/historyadjunct/status/1477282737430147073 (visited on 2023-12-09). [l21] Star Wars Kid. December 2008. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/star-wars-kid (visited on 2023-12-08). [l22] Rebecca Black - Friday. March 2011. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/rebecca-black-friday (visited on 2023-12-08). [l23] Bean Dad. January 2021. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/events/bean-dad (visited on 2023-12-08). [l24] Twitter's Main Character. September 2020. URL: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/twitters-main-character (visited on 2023-12-08). [l25] Dennis Lee. I made that viral Spaghettio pie that everyone is crapping themselves over. January 2021. URL: https://foodisstupid.substack.com/p/i-made-that-viral-spaghettio-pie (visited on 2023-12-08). [l26] Gina Vaynshteyn. I Made The Viral SpaghettiO And Milk Pie So That You Don’t Have To. February 2021. URL: https://www.scarymommy.com/spotted/spaghettio-pie (visited on 2023-12-08). [l27] Ryan Broderick. Your Least Favorite Gross Viral Food Videos Are All Connected to This Guy. Eater, May 2021. URL: https://www.eater.com/2021/5/11/22430383/why-are-gross-viral-food-videos-popular-rick-lax-facebook-watch (visited on 2023-12-08). [l28] Rowland Manthorpe. It's the attention economy, stupid: why Trump represents the future whether we like it or not. Wired UK, 2016. URL: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/us-president-donald-trump-attention-economy (visited on 2023-12-08). [l29] Nat King Cole. Nature Boy. March 1948. URL: https://genius.com/Nat-king-cole-nature-boy-lyrics (visited on 2023-12-08). [l30] This Looks Like A Cavalcade Of Beggars Sin And Wine Lyrics. November 2021. URL: https://thegeniuslyrics.com/this-looks-like-a-cavalcade-of-beggars-sin-and-wine-lyrics/ (visited on 2023-12-08). [l31] Morgan Sung. Their children went viral. Now they wish they could wipe them from the internet. NBC News, November 2022. URL: https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/influencers-parents-posting-kids-online-privacy-security-concerns-rcna55318 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l32] The Onion. ‘Do You Mind If I Put You In My TikTok?’ Asks Younger Cousin About To Ruin Your Life. The Onion, November 2019. URL: https://www.theonion.com/do-you-mind-if-i-put-you-in-my-tiktok-asks-younger-c-1840052744 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l33] Central Park birdwatching incident. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188867291. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Park_birdwatching_incident&oldid=1188867291 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l34] Murder of George Floyd. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188546892. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder_of_George_Floyd&oldid=1188546892 (visited on 2023-12-08). [l35] Taylor Lorenz. Elon Musk: Memelord or Meme Lifter? The New York Times, May 2021. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/style/elon-musk-memes.html (visited on 2023-12-08). [l36] Miles Klee. Tesla CEO Elon Musk stole my meme. SFGATE, April 2021. URL: https://www.sfgate.com/tech/article/2021-04-elon-musk-twitter-covid-19-meme-tesla-ceo-16118139.php (visited on 2023-12-08). [l37] Matt Novak. 18 Jokes Elon Musk Stole From His Fans On Twitter. URL: https://www.forbes.co

Much of the internet has developed a culture of copying without necessarily giving attribution to where it came from. Often, unlike with Elon Musk, this copying also involves modifying the content, recontextualizing the content to give it new meaning, or combining it with other content

10.6. Bibliography# [j1] Social model of disability. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184222120. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_model_of_disability&oldid=1184222120#Social_construction_of_disability (visited on 2023-12-07). [j2] Color blindness. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188749829. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_blindness&oldid=1188749829 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j3] David Robson. The women with superhuman vision. BBC, February 2022. URL: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140905-the-women-with-super-human-vision (visited on 2023-12-07). [j4] Mayo Clinic Staff. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) - Symptoms and causes. 2023. URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360490 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j5] Ableism. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188412565. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ableism&oldid=1188412565 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j6] Ash. Autism is NOT A Disability. July 2022. URL: https://www.autism360.com/autism-is-not-a-disability/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j7] Neurodiversity. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187185735. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurodiversity&oldid=1187185735#Neurotypical (visited on 2023-12-07). [j8] Mayo Clinic Staff. Generalized anxiety disorder - Symptoms and causes. 2017. URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20360803 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j9] Mayo Clinic Staff. Depression (major depressive disorder) - Symptoms and causes. 2022. URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j10] Myopia. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188263181. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myopia&oldid=1188263181 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j11] How to ADHD. What is ADHD? July 2020. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMWtGozn5jU (visited on 2023-12-07). [j12] How to ADHD. What is Executive Function and Why Do We Need it? March 2021. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4YIHrEu-TU (visited on 2023-12-07). [j13] Assistive technology. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188353371. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive_technology&oldid=1188353371 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j14] Liftware - Eat with confidence. URL: https://www.liftware.com/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j15] C. L. Lynch. Invisible Abuse: ABA and the things only autistic people can see. NeuroClastic, March 2019. URL: https://neuroclastic.com/invisible-abuse-aba-and-the-things-only-autistic-people-can-see/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j16] The Lies and Dangers of "Conversion Therapy". URL: https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-lies-and-dangers-of-reparative-therapy (visited on 2023-12-07). [j17] Universal design. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188054790. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&oldid=1188054790 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j18] Jacob O. Wobbrock, Shaun K. Kane, Krzysztof Z. Gajos, Susumu Harada, and Jon Froehlich. Ability-Based Design: Concept, Principles and Examples. ACM Trans. Access. Comput., 3(3):9:1–9:27, April 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1145/1952383.1952384 (visited on 2023-12-07), doi:10.1145/1952383.1952384. [j19] Inclusive design. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188074097. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inclusive_design&oldid=1188074097 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j20] Rumman Chowdhury. Sharing learnings about our image cropping algorithm. May 2021. URL: https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/topics/insights/2021/sharing-learnings-about-our-image-cropping-algorithm (visited on 2023-12-07). [j21] Cynthia Bennett. Cynthia Bennett – Human-Computer Interaction Researcher. 2022. URL: https://www.bennettc.com/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j22] Sasha Costanza-Chock. Design Justice : Community-Led Practices to Build the Worlds We Need. The MIT Press, 2020. ISBN 978-0-262-35686-2 978-0-262-04345-8. URL: https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/78577 (visited on 2023-12-15), doi:10.7551/mitpress/12255.001.0001. [j23] Meg Miller and Ilaria Parogni. The Hidden Image Descriptions Making the Internet Accessible. The New York Times, February 2022. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/02/18/arts/alt-text-images-descriptions.html (visited on 2023-12-07). [j24] Alannah Oleson. Beyond “Average” Users: Building Inclusive Design Skills with the CIDER Technique. Bits and Behavior, October 2022. URL: https://medium.com/bits-and-behavior/beyond-average-users-building-inclusive-design-skills-with-the-cider-technique-413969544e6d (visited on 2023-12-07).

10.3. Why It Matters Who Designs# 10.3.1. Who gets designed for# When designers and programmers don’t think to take into account different groups of people, then they might make designs that don’t work for everyone. This problem often shows up in how designs do or do not work for people with disabilities. But it also shows up in other areas as well. The following tweet has a video of a soap dispenser that apparently was only designed to work for people with light-colored skin.[1] If you have ever had a problem grasping the importance of diversity in tech and its impact on society, watch this video pic.twitter.com/ZJ1Je1C4NW— Chukwuemeka Afigbo (@nke_ise) August 16, 2017 Similarly, Twitter looked into bias in how their automatic image cropping algorithm worked [j20]. 10.3.2. Who gets to be designers# In how we’ve been talking about accessible design, the way we’ve been phrasing things has implied a separation between designers who make things, and the disabled people who things are made for. And unfortunately, as researcher Dr. Cynthia Bennett [j21] points out, disabled people are often excluded from designing for themselves, or even when they do participate in the design, they aren’t considered to be the “real designers.” You can see Dr. Bennet’s research talk on this in the following Youtube Video: 10.3.3. Design Justice# We mentioned Design Justice [j22] earlier, but it is worth reiterating again here that design justice includes considering which groups get to be part of the design process itself. [1] If you can’t see the video, it shows someone with light skin putting their hand under a soap dispenser, and soap comes out. Then a person with dark skin puts their hand under a soap dispenser, and nothing happens. The person with dark skin then puts a white paper towel on their hand and then when they put their hand under the soap dispenser, soap comes out. When the person with dark skin takes off the white paper towel, the soap dispenser won’t work for them anymore.

8.9. Bibliography# [h1] Web tracking. October 2023. Page Version ID: 1181294364. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web_tracking&oldid=1181294364 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h2] Kurt Wagner. This is how Facebook collects data on you even if you don’t have an account. Vox, April 2018. URL: https://www.vox.com/2018/4/20/17254312/facebook-shadow-profiles-data-collection-non-users-mark-zuckerberg (visited on 2023-12-05). [h3] API. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187436026. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=API&oldid=1187436026 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h4] Ilya (Marshal) Siamionau. Getting Started: The AT Protocol SDK. 2024. URL: https://atproto.blue/readme.html (visited on 2025-04-03). [h5] Ilya (Marshal) Siamionau. Client - atproto. 2024. URL: https://atproto.blue/atproto_client/client.html (visited on 2025-04-03). [h6] Atproto/examples at main · MarshalX/atproto. 2025. URL: MarshalX/atproto (visited on 2025-04-03). [h7] AT Protocol. 2025. URL: https://atproto.com/ (visited on 2025-04-03). [h8] Everything Everywhere All at Once. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188074672. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everything_Everywhere_All_at_Once&oldid=1188074672 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h9] Jordan Pearson. Your Friends’ Online Connections Can Reveal Your Sexual Orientation. Vice, September 2014. URL: https://www.vice.com/en/article/gvydky/your-friends-online-connections-can-reveal-your-sexual-orientation (visited on 2023-12-05). [h10] Catherine Stinson. The Dark Past of Algorithms That Associate Appearance and Criminality. American Scientist, January 2021. URL: https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-dark-past-of-algorithms-that-associate-appearance-and-criminality (visited on 2023-12-05). [h11] Greg Miller. Researchers are tracking another pandemic, too—of coronavirus misinformation. Science, March 2020. URL: https://www.science.org/content/article/researchers-are-tracking-another-epidemic-too-misinformation (visited on 2023-12-05). [h12] eleanor [@zornsllama]. Blue line: daily COVID cases in the USA red line: bad reviews of Yankee Candles on Amazon saying "they don't have any scent" sources: google and https://t.co/oZm6ro0E1S. December 2021. URL: https://twitter.com/zornsllama/status/1473575508784955394 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h13] Spurious relationship. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184161183. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spurious_relationship&oldid=1184161183 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h14] Tyler Vigen. Spurious correlations. November 2023. URL: http://tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations (visited on 2023-12-05). [h15] ABC News: 538. 2023. URL: https://abcnews.go.com/538 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h16] FiveThirtyEight. 2023. URL: https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/p-hacking/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h17] Christie Aschwanden. Science Isn’t Broken. FiveThirtyEight, August 2015. URL: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/science-isnt-broken/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h18] Dan Sabbagh. Trump 2016 campaign 'targeted 3.5m black Americans to deter them from voting'. The Guardian, September 2020. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/28/trump-2016-campaign-targeted-35m-black-americans-to-deter-them-from-voting (visited on 2023-12-05). [h19] Marie C. Baca. Housing companies used Facebook’s ad system to discriminate against older people, according to new human rights complaints. Washington Post, September 2020. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/18/housing-companies-used-facebooks-ad-system-discriminate-against-older-people-according-new-human-rights-charges/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h20] Nicole Nguyen. Here's Who Facebook Thinks You Really Are. September 2016. Section: Tech. URL: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/nicolenguyen/facebook-ad-preferences-pretty-accurate-tbh (visited on 2024-01-30). [h21] Lindsey Murray. Here's How to Find Out Everything Facebook Knows About You. May 2017. Section: Life. URL: https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/news/a44016/facebook-privacy-ad-settings/ (visited on 2024-01-30). [h22] Rafi Letzter. A teenager on TikTok disrupted thousands of scientific studies with a single video. The Verge, September 2021. URL: https://www.theverge.com/2021/9/24/22688278/tiktok-science-study-survey-prolific (visited on 2023-12-05). [h23] Lauren Leffer. CNET Is Reviewing the Accuracy of All Its AI-Written Articles After Multiple Major Corrections. Gizmodo, January 2023. URL: https://gizmodo.com/cnet-ai-chatgpt-news-robot-1849996151 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h24] Why can't I use Artificial Intelligence tools to generate answers? - Help Center. 2023. URL: https://stackoverflow.com/help/ai-policy (visited on 2023-12-08). [h25] Samantha Cole. People Are Spamming Kellogg’s Job Applications in Solidarity with Striking Workers. Vice, December 2021. URL: https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7dvy9/spamming-kelloggs-job-applications-strike (visited on 2023-12-05). [h26] Antiwork: Unemployment for all, not just the rich! 2023. URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/antiwork/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h27] Karen Hao. How to poison the data that Big Tech uses to surveil you. MIT Technology Review, March 2021. URL: https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/03/05/1020376/resist-big-tech-surveillance-data/ (visited on 2023-12-05).

Social Media platforms use the data they collect on users and infer about users to increase their power and increase their profits. One of the main goals of social media sites is to increase the time users are spending on their social media sites. The more time users spend, the more money the site can get from ads, and also the more power and influence those social media sites have over those users. So social media sites use the data they collect to try and figure out what keeps people using their site, and what can they do to convince those users they need to open it again later. Social media sites then make their money by selling targeted advertising, meaning selling ads to specific groups of people with specific interests. So, for example, if you are selling spider stuffed animal toys, most people might not be interested, but if you could find the people who want those toys and only show your ads to them, your advertising campaign might be successful, and those users might be happy to find out about your stuffed animal toys. But targeting advertising can be used in less ethical ways, such as targeting gambling ads at children, or at users who are addicted to gambling, or the 2016 Trump campaign ‘target[ing] 3.5m black Americans to deter them from voting’ [h18].

Sasha Costanza-Chock. Design Justice : Community-Led Practices to Build the Worlds We Need. The MIT Press, 2020. ISBN 978-0-262-35686-2 978-0-262-04345-8. URL: https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/78577 (visited on 2023-12-15), doi:10.7551/mitpress/12255.001.0001.

Think for a minute about consequentialism. On this view, we should do whatever results in the best outcomes for the most people. One of the classic forms of this approach is utilitarianism, which says we should do whatever maximizes ‘utility’ for most people. Confusingly, ‘utility’ in this case does not refer to usefulness, but to a sort of combo of happiness and wellbeing. When a utilitarian tries to decide how to act, they take stock of all the probable outcomes, and what sort of ‘utility’ or happiness will be brought about for all parties involved. This process is sometimes referred to by philosophers as ‘utility calculus’. When I am trying to calculate the expected net utility gain from a projected set of actions, I am engaging in ‘utility calculus’ (or, in normal words, utility calculations).

Sean Cole. Inside the weird, shady world of click farms. January 2024. URL: https://www.huckmag.com/article/inside-the-weird-shady-world-of-click-farms (visited on 2024-03-07).

As a final example, we wanted to tell you about Microsoft Tay a bot that got corrupted. In 2016, Microsft launched a Twitter bot that was intended to learn to speak from other Twitter users and have conversations. Twitter users quickly started tweeting racist comments at Tay, which Tay learned from and started tweeting out within one day. Read more about what went wrong from Vice How to Make a Bot That Isn’t Racist [c14]

As a social media user, we hope you learn how social media sites influence you, from how your data gets used or abused, to how harassment and spam bots operate, to how platforms manipulate your emotions and mental state. We hope you could then be a more knowledgeable consumer and participant on social media sites. As a member of a society that is influenced by social media, we hope you learn about the societal impact of automated social media systems, and how those systems are designed under different economic, social, and governmental pressures. We hope you could then be more knowledgeable in what you might advocate for or vote for in how social media sites operate.

Confucianism# Sources [b13] [b14] [b15] [b16] Being and becoming an exemplary person (e.g., benevolent; sincere; honoring and sacrificing to ancestors; respectful to parents, elders and authorities, taking care of children and the young; generous to family and others). These traits are often performed and achieved through ceremonies and rituals (including sacrificing to ancestors, music, and tea drinking), resulting in a harmonious society. Key figures: Confucius [b13]~500, China Mencius [b17] ~350, China Xunzi [b18] ~300 BCE, China