absinthe

It is not a coincidence that the trials were conducted in Puerto Rico within a larger context of colonialism and imperialism, and that poor women of color were forcibly sterilized to further the development of a pharmaceutical geared towards white, American women.

The woman’s internal organs are exposed and her face is covered, but there is a curve in her hips and her breasts are in full view, as if waiting patiently to be examined.

… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

With the institution of the Lex Julia, the pater familias’s patria potestas was reduced (although it may not appear so) and transferred to the courts. However, under the new laws, the father was allowed to kill his daughter and her lover under very specific circumstances, whereas the court punished adulterers primarily by relegation to various remote island combined with some loss of property[4]. The complete Lex Julia no longer remains, but sections as well as case law reference the Lex were recorded in the Justinian Digest, a very large 6th century compilation of different parts of Roman law. These are excerpts of the digest that refer specifically to a section of the Lex Julia that primarily focuses on who her family can kill the female adulterer and under what circumstances. The husband was not permitted to kill his wife because it was feared that husbands would murder their wives, claim adultery, and try to take her dowry. It was thought that a father would make a sounder decision, because he would be influenced by his love for his daughter, and would therefore only kill her if it was absolutely necessary.

Fair warning – a lot of the sources in this topic are appalling. The Romans were not known for being wonderfully tolerant people. In Classics, it is common to see horrifying subject matter discussed as ‘satire’ or just how things were, but just because it was in abundance does not make the extreme violence and bigotry of the Romans acceptable – in our age or theirs .

62 BCE

Tit. 16. Concerning those who harbour criminals. Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book II.

Ulpianus, On the Office of Proconsul, Book VII. It is proper for every good and worthy Governor to take care that the province over which he presides is peaceable and quiet. This he will accomplish without difficulty if he exerts himself to expel bad men, and diligently seek for them, as he must apprehend all sacrilegious persons, robbers, kidnappers, and thieves, and punish each one in proportion to his crime; he should also restrain those who harbour them, as without their assistance a robber cannot long remain hidden.

Enemies (hostes) are those who have declared war on us or on whom we have declared war; all the rest are bandits (latrones) or plunderers (praedones). Digest 50.16.11, De verborum significatione/on the meaning of [legal] terms

Julius Caesar

Strabo

st leave their father and their instructors, and go with the women and their playmates to the women’s quarters, or to the leather shop, or to the fuller’s shop, that they may become perfect, and by words like these they seduce them.” Chap. 59 This statement also is untrue, that it is “only foolish and low class individuals, and persons devoid of perception, slaves,

Jews

BOOK 128 …[Celsus] accuses [Jesus] of having “invented his birth from a virgin,” and insults Him with being “born in

Celsus was a second century CE philosopher who wrote a diatribe against the Christians. That work does not survive intact, but we had substantial portions of the text from a work called Against Celsus written by the Christian bishop Origen of Alexandria in 248 CE. It gives you a sense for the various ways that the Romans attacked Christianity, even if one may doubt Origen’s honesty:

155 How then did he [Augustus] look upon the great division of Rome which is on the other side of the river Tiber, which he

Of all the immigrant groups in Rome, the Jewish people seem to have had the strongest group identity. They were always also under constant threat because of their monotheism and how that conflicted with emperor worship. In the following the Jewish author Philo addresses the Emperor Caligula, reminding him of how Augustus had treated his people:  

quarters, or to the leather shop, or to the fuller’s shop, that they may become perfect, and by words like these they seduce them.” Chap. 59 This statement also is untrue, that it is “only

The senate then passed the following decree:

tells all

If you are wondering what the comment about Bacchus in the previous section is referring to,

Virgil’s

Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BCE – 17/18 CE), more commonly known as

other passages:

3 After encountering grievous storms in mountainous regions, he was asked by the Barbarians to pay them tribute and purchase his passage. His companions were indignant, and considered it a terrible thing for a Roman pro-consul to render tribute to pestilent Barbarians;

[source??? is this Plutarch’s Life of Lucullus?]

SELF EXILE (should this be subtitled?)

**idea: insert here a map showing places where Romans were commonly exiled/escaped in an act of self-exile?

(Tullia; Tulliola is a diminutive)

(Terentia)

[link/refer to previous section on Roman masculinity??]. 

Cicero [insert footnote/gloss on Cicero?]

rites [rights??]

.

;

H

Just like the above, tales of elite women becoming prostitutes due their boundless appetite for sex have to be taken with an enormous grain of salt, as these stories all sound the same are all brought up for the same reasons, which is usually to point out how terribly unchaste women are now (whenever now was) compared to the mythical women of the past, and especially elite women, who were problematic because they could wield enormous power sometimes – that is especially true with Empresses:

In the following invective against the historian Sallust attributed to Cicero, he accuses him also of prostituting himself. (It is not by Cicero, however, and it should be noted that in the Invective against Cicero attributed to Sallust, he accuses Cicero of incest with his daughter. Invective had basically no boundaries in Rome.)

If you look at the poetry of the elegiac poets of the late 1st century BCE and first century CE, Ovid, Tibullus, and Propertius, their girlfriends seem to have been courtesans, but for whose company they did not wish to pay and whom they complained about when they took on paying clients

1st century BCE and first century CE

Cinaedi

Most of those who were castrated were altered to make them more desirable as slaves, and their consent was not sought.

 FURTHER CONTENT WARNING:

Ovid (43BCE – 17CE)

Plutarch, Life of Pompey 47:5-6      However, by his subsequent acts he made it clear that he had now wholly given himself up to do Julius Caesar’s bidding. For to everybody’s surprise he married Julia, the daughter of Caesar, although she was betrothed to Caepio and was going to be married to him within a few days; and to appease the wrath of Caepio, Pompey promised him his own daughter in marriage, although she was already engaged to Faustus the son of [the Dictator] Sulla. Caesar himself married Calpurnia, the daughter of Piso[2]

Triumvirate

Catullus, Pompey and Sulla

Catullus’ poems seem so surprising and immediate. While some are learned and erudite, some are mischievous, goatish and direct…one of the reasons Catullus’ poems are still so readable… is that they show that the people of this world were not always so very different from us. Daisy Dunn, Catullus’ Bedspread, The life of Rome’s Most Erotic Poet (pg.4)

–

Sulla [138-78 BCE], Pompey the Great [146-48 BCE] and Catullus [84-54 BCE],

tribads

The tribas

Because, Bassa, I never saw You with a man, and gossip never said that that had a lover[25] and for each ritual[26] crowds of your gender surround you, so you couldn’t be seen by any man who came along,

Works Cited

When the pains grew, and her burden pushed its own way into the world, and a girl was born, the mother ordered it to be reared, deceitfully, as a boy, without the father realising. She had all that she needed, and no one but the nurse knew of the fraud. The father made good his vows, and gave it the name of the grandfather: he was Iphis. The mother was delighted with the name, since it was appropriate for either gender, and no one was cheated by it. From that moment, the deception, begun with a sacred lie, went undetected. The child was dressed as a boy, and its features would have been beautiful whether they were given to a girl or a boy. (lines 683-713)

Introduction

pathic

‘

when he had made them individually over an entire day, he was soon able to fit each one to its own body, when he was suddenly invited by Bacchus [Libero] [4] to a feast. He came back home late and drunk, veins full of nectar and on unsteady feet. Then, half-asleep[5] and with drunken confusion he fitted the virginal [part?][6] to the masculine type and added masculine members[7] to women. So now desire is enjoyed with depraved[8] joy.

Specific content warning in the following section: sexual violence.

m, for munus and officium are synonyms[2]. People in the past thought they were performing a duty to the dead with this form of spectacle after they moderated its nature with a more refined form of cruelty. Long ago, since they believed that the souls of the dead are appeased by human blood, they purchased captives or slaves of poor quality and sacrificed them at funerals. Afterward

 1. Tertullian, On Spectacles 12

Mimes and the Great Mime Riots

Like gladiators and charioteers – and all those who were perceived as selling their bodies – actors were infamis (except for those who acted in Atellan farce) and while they might acquire great fame and wealth, had a very low status in the Roman hierarchy.

 1. Pliny the Elder, Encyclopaedia 7.54

We find it stated in the Annals, that when Felix, a

Cassius Dio adds a little more information, which suggests that the riots started when one of the stars refused to enter the theatre until he was paid more:

There were a number of forms of mime; the mime that inspired rioting in 14/15 and 23 CE was pantomime, a spectacular form of mime that was a form of solo ballet often retelling classical myths, with a star mime who danced and did spectacular acrobatics, a chorus, and an orchestra – you need to think about something akin to Cirque du Soleil, rather than Marcel Marceau.

(Translated by A. S. Kline)

However, all this criticism was ignored by most. Some wealthy Romans kept troops of actors in their house for private entertainment – and also rented them out for various ludi. One such was Numidia Quadratilla, a very wealthy lady of the late 1st century CE:

How grossly Tiberius was in the habit of abusing women even of high birth is very clearly shown by the death of a certain Mallonia. When she was brought to his bed and refused most vigorously to submit to his lust, he turned her over to the informers, and even when she was on trial he did not cease to call out and ask her “whether she was sorry”; so that finally she left the court and went home, where she stabbed herself, openly upbraiding the ugly old man for his obscenity. Hence a stigma put upon him at the next plays in an Atellan farce was received with great applause and became a saying, that “the old goat[5] was licking the does.”

There was also the chance that some lines might suddenly be turned against the emperor:

Like gladiators and charioteers – and all those who were perceived as selling their bodies – actors were infamis (except for those who acted in Atellan farce) and while they might acquire great fame and wealth, had a very low status in the Roman hierarchy

3. Martial, Epigrams 14.203

, however,

Mime: pantomime

This link takes you to an inscription for a female performer who died at 14; it gives you some idea of the training and skill of these female performers.

There were other female performers including dancers. Martial wrote the following on an unnamed dancer from Cadiz:

Apuleius, The Golden Ass Book 10, (Translation A.S. Kline)

the

Suetonius, Augustus 14

gladiators and charioteers

Rather, it even seems to deserve the highest respect, if those who are engaged in it, satiated, or rather, I should say, satisfied with the fortunes they have made, make their way from the port to a country estate, as they have often made it from the sea into port.

even

Late Republic

(who authored almost all of our literature from Rome)

(See the section on infamia.)

many people

THE TOGA AND HOW TO WEAR IT

[8]

Because this day is no different,

Reflect

Cicero

Augustus

Learning

12

gens togata