The sepsis rate was 1.81 per 1000 pregnant women. Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen, followed by Group B Streptococcus.

Rarely, through infected blood In theory, the virus could be spread through a blood transfusion.  To date, there are no known reports of this happening.

UTIs are caused by microorganisms that typically infect the urinary tract of non-pregnant women, mainly Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

GAS,alsoknownasStreptococcuspyogenesEscherichiacoliStaphylococcusaureusStreptococcuspneumoniaemeticillin-resistantS.aureus(MRSA),ClostridiumsepticumandMorganellamorganii.

G. vaginalis was isolated from the vaginal sample by streaking the specimen on a selective human blood Tween (HBT) bilayer agar medium (Becton-Dickinson).

epithelial cells, biofilm production, surface hydrophobicity, phospholipase C and protease activity

Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis and various anaerobic bacteria including Mobiluncus sp., and Prevotella sp.

These are primarily anaerobic bacteria and an organism called Gardnerella vaginalis,

Bacterial Vaginosis Workup

Clindamyci

Metronidazole is the most common antibiotic for BV.

fishy smell, bacterial vaginosis is a better guess

The most common types of vaginitis are:

marcescensS flexneri

Table1.1:COLONY MORPHOLOGY OF SERRATIAMARCESCENS OF VARIOUS MEDIA

Ingestion of contaminated foods and direct contact

They are responsible for a variety of infections, including bacteremia, pneumonia, intravenous catheter-associated infections, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and, rarely, endogenous and exogenous endophthalmitis

Treatment in severe cases is electrolyte replacement (to provide electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium and chloride ions, lost through vomiting and diarrhoea) and rehydration.

Virulence Factors:

were recalled due to evidence of Salmonella contamination.[9]

Growth; red slant, yellow butt, gas positive, black butt (H 2 S produced)

Infection: occurs when live bacterial cells are ingested. These bacterial cells can then grow in the digestive tract and cause symptoms. An example of a bacterial infection is Salmonella infection.

nternalization into host cells

BIOCHEMICAL TESTS

Bismuth sulfite agar: Salmonellae produce black colonies. Blood Agar: S. typhi and S. paratyphi usually produce non-hemolytic smooth white colonies. MacConkey Agar: Non lactose fermenting smooth colonies i.e. pale colonies Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA): Salmonella appear as pale colonies.

Temperature range: 6-46 oC (43-115 oF) Optimum Temperature: 37oC (98.6oF) pH range: 4.1-9.0 Optimum pH: 6.5 - 7.5

Salmonella Enteritidis — the most common Salmonella serotype — accounted for 36 percent of infections resistant to nalidixic acid (resistance to nalidixic acid relates to decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, a widely used fluoroquinolone drug).

binds to the wall of the intestine, and through some special proteins that it makes in response to the particular conditions in the intestine it actually penetrates the barrier between us and the outside. Once it has gained access to our insides, it is taken to the liver or spleen.

Susceptible to chloramphenicol, ciproflaxin, amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole, trimethprim-sulfonamid, cephalosporins and norfloxacin

L pneumophila is responsible for approximately 1% to 3% of community-acquired pneumonias

The oxidase test is used to identify bacteria that produce cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme of the bacterial electron transport chain.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSIn

The IgA protease, showing its teeth in red!An Arms RaceSome bacteria have developed weapons that can cut our antibodies into small pieces so that they become unable to stick the invading bacteria into clumps. These anti-antibodies are called IgA proteases and are produced inside bacteria like the ones that cause meningitis and gonorrhoea

By blocking this protein enzyme it stops the release of viruses from the infected host cell and prevents new host cells from being infected.

Cephalosporins are bactericidal (kill bacteria) and work in a similar way to penicillins. They bind to and block the activity of enzymes responsible for making peptidoglycan, an important component of the bacterial cell wall. They are called broad-spectrum antibiotics because they are effective against a wide range of bacteria.

The third generation cephalosporins have a marked activity against gram-negative bacteria due to enhanced beta-lactamase stability and the ability to penetrate the gram-negative cell wall. They have more favorable pharmacologic properties than previous generations.

Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria can’t survive on surfaces or in the environment. The bacterium’s only known reservoir is humans, who may carry it without becoming ill.

Biochemical Tests

On Blood Agar: translucent, low, convex or flat pin point colonies, Satellitism. On Chocolate Agar: Grayish, Transparent, smooth, low, convex or flat with a slightly splayed out, entire edge, mucoid, pale

Slender, short, gram negative rods or coccobacillus 3-0.5 um X 0.5-1 um with rounded ends.

Laboratory testing Gram staining of body fluids from various sites of infection Bacterial culture (blood, other body fluids): The most confirmatory method of establishing the diagnosis; slide agglutination with type-specific antisera is used for serotyping H influenzae Immunologic studies: Detection of the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) polysaccharide capsule via countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, latex particle agglutination, co-agglutination, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; important adjuncts to culturing for rapid diagnosis Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies (eg, Gram stain, culture, glucose/protein levels) Blood cell counts: Assessment for anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and/or thrombocytopenia Acute phase reactants: Characteristic elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with septic arthritis

Haemophilus influenzae is a small (1 µm × 0.3 µm), pleomorphic, gram-negative coccobacillus.

blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from Ebola, coming in contact with contaminated objects like needles and touching infected animals, their blood or other body fluids, or bush meat.

Regarding the current EBOV outbreak, it is hypothesized that the index case most likely originated via animal — human contact (e.g., ingestion of undercooked ‘bush meat’, animal bite, or inadvertent contact with body fluids or blood from an animal)

moxicillin/clavulanic acid for 14 days

Amoxicillin acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Lack of bacterial cell wall results in death due to lysis of bacteria. So amoxicillin is useful only for actively growing and cell wall synthesizing bacteria.

necrobacillosis,

10-20% Mortality

Metronidazole is reduced to disrupt energy metabolism of anaerobes by hindering the replication, transcription and repair process of DNA results in cell death. Presence of oxygen prevents reduction of metronidazole and so reduces its cytotoxicity.

collagenase, neuraminidase, deoxyribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease [DNase], heparinase, and proteinases)

rare emergence of penicillin-resistant strains with β-lactamase activity

penicillins remain the treatment of choice in most cases of LS, cephalosporins (such as cefoxitin and cefotetan), metronidazole, or clindamycin monotherapy can sometimes be used as first-line drugs

Fusobacterium is ubiquitous in the normal flora of the oropharyngeal, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts of healthy humans.

Additional physical findings included a temperature of 38.6°C,

chills and sweats

-/- Other Enzymes: Esculinase -, lipase -, Tryptophanase + (= indole +).

Smells like rancid butter (or boiled cabbage).

RECOMMENDED MEDIA For culture: Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Agar, Chocolate Agar, Brucella with H & K Agar, Cooked Meat Medium, Thioglycollate Broth with Supplements, and complex media containing peptone promotes optimum growth. For selective isolation: LKV Agar or BBE Agar. For maintenance: Cooked Meat Medium, Thioglycollate Broth with Supplements, Brucella Agar with H & K, or Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Agar. Skim Milk Media may be used for long-term storage at -70 degrees C. INCUBATION Temperature: 35 degrees C. Time: 48 hours. Atmosphere: Anaerobic with 5% CO 2 . pH: Near 7.

Catalase-variable. Lipase-negative. Indole-variable. Esculin-hydrolysis-negative. Mannose, Lactose, Fructose, and Glucose production from fermentation positive for F. mortiferum . Mannose production from fermentation positive for F. varium . Mannose, Lactose, Fructose, and Glucose production from fermentation negative for F. necrophorum and F. nucleatum . Metronidazole-sensitive.

Disease

250 to 500 mg orally 3 times a day for 7 to 10 days; alternatively, 500 to 875 mg orally twice a day may be administered

Vancomycin resistance among enterococci is attributed to change in the d-alanyl-d-alanine portion of peptide precursor units, transmitted as Van genes, thus rendering it incapable of inhibiting peptidoglycan polymerase and transpeptidation reactions.

Vancomycin is a tricyclic glycopeptide (Figure 1) that consists of seven membered peptide chains forming the tricyclic structure and attached disaccharide composed of vancosamine and glucose.

whereas Streptococcus and Enterococcus spp. are catalase negative.

whereas Streptococcus species and many other organisms are inhibited by high concentrations of NaCl.

The attachment of S. pyogenes to the pharyngeal and skin epithelial cell surfaces represents a critical first step in establishing such infections.

human infections that involve the upper respiratory tract and skin, including acute pharyngitis and impetigo.

Occasionally, however, these bacteria can cause much more severe and even life threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (occasionally described as "the flesh-eating bacteria") and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS).

The skin may be warm with red or purplish areas of swelling that spread rapidly. There may be ulcers, blisters, or black spots on the skin.

Presumptive identification of a strain as a group A streptococcus can also be made on the basis of production of the enzyme L-pyrrolidonyl-beta-naphthylamide (PYRase). Among the beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from throat culture, only group A isolates produce PYRase, which can be identified on the basis of the characteristic color change (red) after inoculation of a disk on an agar plate followed by overnight incubation.

group A organisms can be identified more cost effectively by numerous latex agglutination, coagglutination, or enzyme immunoassay procedures.

n addition, infection with S pyogenes has reemerged as an important cause of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and of life-threatening skin and soft-tissue infections, especially necrotizing fasciitis

penicillin

suppurative complications such as pharyngitis, impetigo, and non-suppurative immune syndromes such as acute rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, and acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

General symptoms of brucellosis are often vague and similar to the flu. They may include: Fever (the most common symptom, with high "spikes" that usually occur in the afternoon) Back pain Body-wide aches and pains Poor appetite and weight loss Headache Night sweats Weakness Abdominal pain Cough

Bacteria can also enter wounds in the skin/mucous membranes through contact with infected animals.

Breathing in the bacteria that causes brucellosis may also lead to infection. This risk is generally greater for people in laboratories that work with the bacteria.

has the highest age/sex-related incidence in males in their mid-20s.

B abortus and B suis species

Many scientists and public health officials are loath to identify those patients and avoid the term "patient zero" altogether,