At the time the head of state was Paul Biya. He is the second longest ruling president in Africa, the longest ruling leader in the world who wasn't royal, and the oldest head of state in Africa. He has detained citizens for speaking out against his rule and extravagant lifestyle.

The word "Jawohl" is a German word used as a strong affirmative. While it doesn't have a specific Nazi background, its main use has been in the military including Wehrmacht. It has a slightly outdated touch, and if often not used in normal conversation.

Annotation #2 (a comment or question). As I was doing this reading, I often found it hard to keep the idea of these exhibits being staged rather hard. I kept looking at pictures and thinking, this was a picture that someone took, but then I had to remind myself that these were all staged. Maybe it's the fact that they're in black and white. But I just found it interesting how easy it is to perceiving something a certain way based on presentation. It reminded me how important it is to be mindful of what your looking at, and how much preconceived notions impact our understanding of what we see. It says earlier in the text that these exhibitions were racist and a way of making other cultures familiar. This obsession with familiarity mentioned throughout the text makes for an interesting conversation about how closed minded many colonial powers were during periods of colonization.

Annotation #1 page 320. I looked up the Gujarati Bird dance, and I couldn't find a specific reference to it. But what I did find, was other various traditional forms of Gujarat dance. These dances are colorful, and very elaborate. These folk dances are a staple for their culture and they are a form of celebration. I was looking at pictures on this website (https://www.gujaratexpert.com/traditional-dances-of-gujarat/) and I found them very fascinating.

Wiki defines tabula rasa as a theory that people are born without inherent knowledge, and that all knowledge therefore must come from experience or perception. I think this idea is interesting given the context. The Nazi's spent a lot of time using science to prove their racist ideas. The idea that knowledge can come from perception implies that knowledge is similar to opinion because opinions are often formed by ones perception of events.

I find this idea particularly interesting because it emphasizes how little the settlers though of the people indigenous to the land they took. It's similar the the 3/5 compromise that deemed African Americans to be only 3/5 of a person. This seems quite generous when comparing it to how Germans saw indigenous people. They were simply not human, and this idea is seen clearly in their inhumane treatment of these people.

Ius sanguinis, which translates to "right of blood" is defined by oxford reference as "The right to claim citizenship based on race or nationality, as when a person acquires the nationality of a state because one or both parents have the nationality of the state." I think this push for citizenship to be defined like this links back to Germany historical idea of there being a superior group. During Nazi Germany it was being white, with blue eyes and blond hair (Aryan). Now we've moved away from that and one must possess German blood. In theory this would give citizens rights to those outside Germany and deny it to some of those who are already there (even if they were born there, but not of German blood). This then makes citizenship scientific in a sense.

I found it interesting how Samudzi talks about how these archives are an attempt to, as she said, “mediate civilizational collapse”. It seems that these colonial archives are people’s way of holding on to what they lost. They’re looking for a way to hold onto the power they lost which is disturbing. It’s particularly disturbing because that means there must be a desire to do so in someone or some institution. I mean, who else would be getting in the way of these objects being returned? This all means that there are people still out there who harbor such racist views, and these people are even in our academic fields. Their ideas may not widely be accepted or even much attention, but they’re out there.

Question: Samudzi talks about how museums' survival needs to be based on how well they return objects and transform their practices. I think this raises questions about what a museum would be without the items that don’t belong to them. Obviously, this article is talking in reference to the remains of people, but what about everything else people have taken from others over the years? I know many items are gifted to museums, but do those items belong to the donors in the first place? And who gave them the authority to donate them? I think this article brings up an interesting discussion on possession. What does it mean to own something that you didn’t create? This is when context becomes important and origins come into play.

The May 13, 1985 police bombing of the MOVE complex in West Philadelphia was a bombing allegedly done to target a black liberation group. A helicopter was flown over a home in West Philadelphia and a bomb was dropped to end a standoff with radical black activists from the MOVE organization. The bombing killed 11 people and burned down many homes in the primarily black neighborhood.