172 Matching Annotations
  1. Mar 2020
    1. To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of sup-port-to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective-to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak-and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.

      We can tell that JFK views the United Nations as a functional organization that will be effective at regulating and enforcing certain global policies as well as brining awareness to issues such as human rights violations. However, because the United Nations does not have governmental authority it only serves as a way for leaders to claim they will make changes and abide by their rules and regulations, while continuation to violate them once the meeting is over.

    2. To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required-not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.

      Here is another example of JFK injecting slight amounts of communist rhetoric into his views of Americans and the amount of external intervention we should extent on impoverished countries in terms of using government funds gained through taxes, instead of supporting individual contributions to private charities, which have shown to better manage and maximize resources.

    3. The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe-the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God

      From this statement we can conclude that President Kennedy intents to implement and support the creation of highly interventionist foreign policies and fight against those who attempt to unlawfully subjugate their populations or populations of other nearby groups on the basis of governmental intentions.

    Annotators

    1. Duringfourfutileyears,theadministrationwhich weshallreplacehasdistortedandlostthatfaith.Ithastalkedandtalkedandtalkedandtalkedthewordsoffreedom.Now,failurescementthewallofshameinBerlin.FailuresblotthesandsofshameattheBayofPigs.

      We can imply from this section that Barry Goldwater opposes not only those who disagree with his position and attempt to label him as a extremist, but he opposes the foreign and domestic policies established by the previous administration, which from the date, I can assume is John F. Kennedy, who was a strong self-proclaimed Democrat.

    2. n 1964, Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona accepted the Republican Party’snomination for the presidency. In his speech, Goldwater refused to apologize forhis strict conservative politics. “Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice,” hesaid, and “moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.”

      We can assume that this speech was created as the definitive response to opposition from clearly liberal politicians and individuals who suggest that retaining traditional policies and political positions is incorrect, and that the United States should embrace similar characteristics of Communist Countries.

    Annotators

    1. In each of the cases other than the Delaware case, a three-judge federal district court denied relief to the plaintiffs on the so-called “separate but equal” doctrine announced by this court in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537. Under that doctrine, equality of treatment is accorded when the races are provided substantially equal facilities, even though these facilities be separate. …

      The seperate but equal laws were flawed because they attempted to establish equality which cannot be established when individuals are forced to use seperate amenities and attend seperate educational institutions most of which were underfunded due as the educational system was focused on providing the best resources to the larger majority which consisted of whites.

    2. The plaintiffs contend that segregated public schools are not “equal” and cannot be made “equal,” and that hence they are deprived of the equal protection of the laws. Because of the obvious importance of the question presented, the court took jurisdiction. Argument was heard in the 1952 term, and reargument was heard this term on certain questions propounded by the court.

      Separation on the basis of race is fundamentally discriminatory and prevents any other following legislative action from achieving equality, therefore this doctrine represents an oxymoron because it represents a contradictory situation which existed just to partially appeal to the African Americans who did not understand that this argument is logically flawed.

    1. Ve cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a Larger one. We <·an never be satis:fie<l as long as our children are stripped of their adulthood and robbed of their dignity by s1gns ~tating ''For \'TJ1ites Only."

      This use of the word Ghetto is a reference to how the German Government lead by the Nazi Party moved Jewish Individuals as well as groups they hated to areas that were very low quality and offered little amenities and job opportunities as way of appealing to the crowd most of which were still alive and have a vivid memory of the reports that came back from Poland when the United States Invaded Germany.

    2. Five ~core years ago a great American in whose sym­holic shado·w we stand today signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momen:tous cleeree is a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slave·s who had been ~e.arrd in the flames o[ withering injushcc. It came as a joyous daybre,ak to end the long night of their captivity. But 100 years late<r the Negro still is no•t fre·e.

      Here we can see that MLK had no problem using the term Negro to describe African Americans, and considering that he himself was a member of the black community and was not known for having self-deprecating views. However, this term is considered to be highly offensive and is rarely used by the African American Community to describe themselves, even though the other word they use is even more offensive.

    1. Compulsion is the negation of freedom, except when it is used to enforce therights common to all. The resort to force, internally or externally, istherefore a last resort for a free society. The act is permissible only when oneindividual or groups of individuals within it threaten the basic rights of otherindividuals or when another society seeks to impose its will upon it. The freesociety cherishes and protects as fundamental the rights of the minorityagainst the will of a majority, because these rights are the inalienable rightsof each and every individual.

      Here the author describes how Communism far from being an altruistic ideology that treats all humans equally, is a system that forces those who who have abilities and capacities over others to relinquish their personal rights and freedoms to benefit other, which is the most factual and objective information.

    2. .. Thus unwillingly our free society finds itself mortally challenged by theSoviet system. No other value system is so wholly irreconcilable with ours, soimplacable in its purpose to destroy ours, so capable of turning to its ownuses the most dangerous and divisive trends in our own society, no other soskillfully and powerfully evokes the elements of irrationality in humannature everywhere, and no other has the support of a great and growingcenter of military power.

      The author goes to great lengths to communicate that Communism is diametrically apposed to the Systems and moral values and government that existed in the United States, by essentially repeating the same fear mongering argument but using different words and sentence structures to do so. He provides very little evidence to suggest that Communism, which he claims is completely opposed to all that the United States stands for, will be able to persuade wand influence people who embrace those opposing ideas.

    3. of the British and French Empires have interacted with the development ofthe United States and the Soviet Union in such a way that power increasinglygravitated to these two centers. Second, the Soviet Union, unlike previousaspirants to hegemony, is animated by a new fanatic faith, antithetical to ourown, and seeks to impose its absolute authority over the rest of the world.

      This statement fails to understand that Hitlers ultimate purpose for invading and conquering most of Europe was world domination, a feat that he wildly overestimated in terms of his ability to successfully defeat the combined forces of the United States and Great Britain. To state that the Soviet Unions is the only one to have a animated ideology that resembles a religion in terms of its blind dedication, is an attempt to over exaggerate Communism's immediate potential to destroy the nation, in order to rally people against a threat that had not yet entered into the United States through invoking fear and anxiety and paranoia.

    4. Inthenewpostwarworld,thereportargued,theUnited Statescouldnolongerretreattowardisolationismwithoutencouragingtheaggressiveexpansionofcommunismacrosstheglobe.TheUnited States,thereportsaid,hadtomobilizetoensurethesurvivalof“civilization itself.

      Based on what we learned about the impact of joining the second world war on Foreign Policy, does it surprise you that the government would go to great lengths to proclaim and exaggerate the supposed threat of Communism and the actions deemed necessary to combat this threat, leading up to the Entrance into the Korean War.

    Annotators

  2. Feb 2020
    1. A Senate committee was immediately ap-pointed to look into his startling claims. It was the first of five investigations, held by four different committees. They were concerned ex-clusively with the problem of whether Senator McCarthy was telling the truth about others or others were telling the truth about Senator McCarthy. In the spring of 1950, when Com-munist power in the Far East was being mo-bilized for the war in Korea, political life in the United States seemed largely a matter of determining whether American diplomacy was in the hands of traitors.

      The Senate committee called the HUAC was appointed to investigate the contents of the statements made by McCarthy in order to determine if his claim about the presence of possible communists who were known only to the state department.

    2. At the start of 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy was unknown to the general public outside Wisconsin. Then, on February 9, 1950, he made a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia. In it he said that the Department of State was full of Communists and that he and the Sec-retary of State knew their names. Later there was some dispute (there was always dispute whenever he said anything) as to whether he had stated that there were 205, 81, 57, or "a lot" of Communists.

      He gave a speech in which he did not give any names, in order to generate a sense of paranoia and fear mongering that allowed the act of being called a communist to be a sentence and a charge which could result in societal isolation. He also did not mention the exact number in order to allow the range of those who he labeled as communist to expand past those who are actually communist or have any relationship or acceptance of slight ideologies similar to communism.

    Annotators

    1. I have in my hand 57 cases of individuals who would appear to be either card-carryingmembers or certainly loyal to the Communist Party, but who nevertheless are stillhelping to shape our foreign policy.

      This statement begs the question, how does he know for certain that these individuals are actual identifying and claim to be full fledged communism.

    2. He has lighted the spark which is resulting in a moral uprising and will end only whenthe whole sorry mess of twisted warped thinkers are swept from the national scene sothat we may have a new birth of national honesty and decency in government.

      Here McCarty claims that the cloaked ideologies that have caused the sorry conglomerate of warped thinkers can only be will only be solved when those individuals are removed from office, and a new system of honesty is reestablished. However, throughout the course of this article he fails to provide any evidence to backup his claims.

    3. It is the result of an emotional hangover and a temporary moral lapse which followsevery war. It is the apathy to evil which people who have been subjected to thetremendous evils of war feel. As the people of the world see mass murder, thedestruction of defenseless and innocent people, and all of the crime and lack ofmorals which go with war, they become numb and apathetic. It has always been thusafter war. However, the morals of our people have not been destroyed. They still exist.This cloak of numbness and apathy has only needed a spark to rekindle them.Happily, this spark has finally been supplied

      Here McCarty claims that he post-traumatic emotions generated after large scale conflicts and the moral desensitization has prevented the people of the United States from understanding or recognizing the entrance of the political ideology of communism from entering into the minds of those who execute substantial influence over the legalization.

    4. .. In my opinion the State Department, which is one of the most importantgovernment departments, is thoroughly infested with communists.

      This sentence confirms my above hypothesis, which states that McCarty accuses legislators in the government of not just having perspectives and views that might be slightly closer to communism than capitalism or conservatism, but of being members of a thorough infestation of outright definitive communists, a claim that he neglects to substantiate in the following paragraphs.

    5. The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our onlypowerful, potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores, but rather because ofthe traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this nation. It has notbeen the less fortunate or members of minority groups who have been selling thisnation out, but rather those who have had all the benefits that the wealthiest nationon earth has had to oer — the finest homes, the finest college education, and thefinest jobs in government we can give

      Here McCarthy implies that those who have been at work rendering the United States powerless and corrupting the strength and power that it had gained and sustained after the Second World War, are members of the higher elites who reside in the offices that have control and influence over the laws and operation of the United States.

    6. Ladies and gentlemen, can there be anyone here tonight who is so blind as to say thatthe war is not on? Can there be anyone who fails to realize that the communist worldhas said, “The time is now” — that this is the time for the showdown between thedemocratic Christian world and the communist atheistic world?

      Here McCarthy implies that opposition to communism should occur in the form of a purely religious rejection of its atheistic characteristics. However, he neglects to mention that one does not need to be religious or have any religious association or alignment to be opposed to communism, and the arguments which are derived from a non-religious perspective are much stronger and damning as they are based on pure objective reasoning, and do not require one to have any understanding of religion.

    7. Today we can almost physicallyhear the mutterings and rumblings of an invigorated god of war. You can see it, feel it,and hear it all the way from the hills of Indochina, from the shores of Formosa rightover into the very heart of Europe itself. ...

      Here McCarthy uses an emotional and subjective statement and claim to either represent his feelings and views and impose them on a greater population in order to make it seem to the reader that this sentiment is a widespread perspective shared by a larger majority of the population.

    Annotators

    1. Who can doubt that our lives would be poi-soned every day by challenges and insults from Nazi politicians; that Nazi agents would stir up anti-American feeling in every country they controlled; that Nazi spies would overrun us here; that Hitler would produce a continual series of lightning diplomatic strokes-alli-ances and "nonaggressions pacts" to break_o'!!' will· in short, that a continuous war of nerves, if n~thing worse, would be waged against us?

      The author also proposes that once the Nazis defeated the British they would not immediately attack the united states using weapons of war but weapons of propaganda, by taking over countries around the united states in an attempt to threaten us into submission and cut off our access to the outside world one trade lane at a time.

    2. That conqueror does not need to attempt at once an invasion of the continental United States in order to place this country in deadly danger. We shall be in deadly danger the mo-ment British sea power fails; the moment we are compelled to divide our one-ocean Navy between two oceans simultaneously.

      The author intends to bring awareness to the fact that just because Germany has not yet attempted to make any actions that would directly harm the United States domestically, the power and force that it represents a greater ideological threat that will be soon to come after Britain has fallen.

    3. o man in his senses will say that we are arming against Canada or our Latin-American neighbors to the south, against Brit~in or the captive states of Europe. We are armmg solely for one reason. We are arming against Hitler's Germany-a great predatory [warlike] power in alliance with Japan

      The author argues that in a sense we have already joined the war by becoming a supplier of resources which we provide to Great Britain which remains the only formidable power remaining in Europe to resist the forces of Hitler and the Japanese Empire. The English Channel is the lone obstacle that remains in Hitlers plans to eventually execute an attack on the United States, and it remains this way only because of the determination of 45 million Brits, and the supplies that we have provided. To enter the war with physical force would not be as great of a step as the isolationist propose.

    4. Those who tell us now that the sea is still our certain bulwark [defense], and that the tre-mendous forces sweeping the Old World threaten no danger to the New, give the lie to their own words in the precautions they would have us take.

      This article takes the opposite position presented by the previous article, demanding that the assumption that the tremendous forces of Nazi Germany sweeping across Europe pose no threat to the new world. They oppose the isolated strengthening of the Domestic Forces along, however, if they believe that danger is not present why should they support increasing defenses.

    Annotators

    1. The United States is better situated from a military standpoint than any other nation in the world. Even in our present condition of unpreparedness, no foreign power is in a po-sition to invade us today. If we concentrate on our own defenses and build the strength that this nation should maintain, no foreign army will ever attempt to land on American shores.

      The author argues that by refraining from becoming an element in the conflict currently occurring in Europe we will have the ability to focus our resources upon preparing for an attack which no country in the world would be able to successfully execute against us. He also states that no one can persuade the United States to enter into a war unless we ourselves are willing to do so, however, no one will attempt to fight us if we remain armed as a great nation should be.

    2. [Accordmg to public opinion polls, by December 1941 only 20 percent of the Ameri-can people were in favor of declaring war on Germany.] I charge them with being the real defeatists, for their policy has led to the defeat of every country that followed their advice sine~ this war began.

      From these polls it seems like those who have something to gain from their promotion and support of entering in the Second World War, are not represented by the majority of the United States Populations, 80% of whom did not think that entering the War was a good and feasible idea.

    3. We have weakened ourselves for many months by dabbling in Europe's wars. While we should have been concentrating on Amer-ican defense, we have been forced to argue over foreign quarrels. We must turn our eyes and our faith back to our own country before it is too late. And when we do this, a different out-look opens before us. Practically every diffi-culty we would face in invading Europe be-comes an asset to us in defending America. Our enemy, and not we, would then have the problem of transporting millions of troops across the ocean and landing them on a hostile shore.

      The author argues that continuing to provide the allies with support in Europe is darning the United States of its power while they attempt to remain neutral as possible without actual becoming an element of the conflict. The author does not see any benefit in joining this European conflict until the situation has the possibility to be sucessfull.

    4. When these facts are stated, the interven-tionists shout that we are defeatists, that we are undermining the principles of democracy, and ~hat we are giving comfort to Germany by talkmg about our military weakness. But ~verything I mention here has been published m our newspapers, and in the reports of con-gressional hearings in Washington.

      The interventionist insist that we should attack Germany without taking into consideration or evaluating our Military Forces and ability to locate a weakness that we can exploit in order to reduce the number of casualties and increase the amount of gained territory. These emotions are understandable, but avoiding making illogical decisions is the most important aspect of this situation.

    5. I ask you to look at the map of Europe today and see if you can suggest any way in which we could win this war if we entered it. Suppose we had a large army in America, trained and equipped. Where would we send it to fight? The campaigns of the war show only too clearly how difficult it is to force a landing, or to main-tain an army, on a hostile coast.

      We can assume based on this information that Germany currently occupies a large portion of Europe, which makes it difficult for the United States to find an effective path of entrance without meeting the full force of the Germany Army, who lead by Hitler has access to seemingly endless supply of artillery, firearms and aircraft. Britain, due to its geographic characteristics as an island prevents Germany from invading via landmass connections, thus making it the most formidable opponent, but not for long.

    6. I do not blame England for this hope, or for asking for our assistance. But we now know that it declared a war under circumstances which led to the defeat of every nation that sided with it, from Poland to Greece. We know that in the desperation of war England prom-ised to all these nations armed assistance that it could not send. We know that it misinformed them as it has misinformed us about its mili-tary preparations, its military strength, and the progress of the war.

      Based on this information we can conclude that Great Britain requested our assistance very early in the Second World war, especially after Germany began to annex Poland and surrounding countries. We also know that the United States had already begun sending resources to Great Britain to defend themselves against Germany, but we withheld our official entrance based on our desire to retain our isolationist foreign policies in light of the recent unilateral ending of the First world War.

    7. I know I will be severely criticized by the in-terventionists in America when I say we should not enter a war unless we have a rea-sonable chance of winning. That, they will claim, is far too materialistic a view. But I do not believe that our American ideals and our way of life will gain through an unsuccessful war. And I know that the United States is not prepared to wage war fo Europe successfully at this time

      It is of course very illogical to enter into warfare with another country or entity without first determining of a chance of success is beyond reasonable doubt, regardless of the other side was responsible for the first attack. While this type of unprovoked attracted may generate strong negative emotions, it is important to resist the urge to enter into combat justified by the thirst to take revenge, which may result in long term consequences that may worsen the situation.

    Annotators

  3. Jan 2020
    1. In order to be in command of Aristotle’s three modes of proof, an advocate “must be able (1) to reason logically, (2) to understand human character and goodness in their various forms, and (3) to understand the emotions-that is, to name them and describe them, to know their causes and the way in which they are excited.”27 While the value of these skills to an orator, politician, or lobbyist may seem obvious, their value, as well as their applicability, has been the topic of much debate among theorists when applied to persuasion in the courtroom.

      Not only are these skills important for court room persuasion but they are often used by politicians, lobbyist or activists on a daily basis to manipulate individuals into believing their claims or even supporting and defending their cause.

    2. “Revealing how rhetorical knowledge operates in legal practice is particularly difficult since legal practice is marked by a vehement denial of its rhetorical nature.

      It is true that Legal practices attempt to isolate themselves from the world of rhetoric which they erroneously believe is detrimental to their ability to persuade and influence. This belief is often times reinforced by stating that legal practice involves only the use of pure logical and reasoning with established objective concepts. However, it is still possible to incorporate the other less rational modes of persuasion while maintaining its objective tendencies, according to the idea that an advocate must be able to logically, to understand how to recognize in which circumstances each of the modes should be used.

    3. Likely, the rationality and fairness of audiences will most often fall somewhere between where Aristotle and modern theorists have placed them. However, the acknowledgement that every audience is unique,22

      This article belies that the most beneficial assumptions falls in the middle ground between assuming complete rationality and assuming ignorance, and care must be taken to ensuring that each audience is analyzed as a unique instance. One must change their use of each of these three modes of persuasion in proportion to the uniqueness of the audience and the context of the case in the courtroom.

    4. On the other hand, one could argue modern theorists have a far more limited depth and breadth of analyses.16 Where modern theorists17 often base their notions on the assumption that a persuader’s audience will be largely rational

      The modern persuader wrongly assumes that their audience is widely rational and capable of logical analysis, however this understanding was not an element of Aristotle who operated on the notion that it is better to assume your audience is uneducated and have them demonstrate their intelligence than the inverse.

    5. While some theorists have argued classical rhetoric in the courtroom has largely died off in favor of what some have called an “inferior” brand of persuasion

      Why has the classical system of rhetoric died off, and might it be the result of the introduction of the acceptance of witness testimony based entirely on emotional justification and not logically analysis for political and ideological reasons rather then to serve the purposes of those involved or who have been wronged by an individual.

    6. 131 ETHOS, PATHOS, AND LOGOS:THE BENEFITS OF ARISTOTELIAN RHETORIC IN THE COURTROOM

      From this title I have concluded that the author of this article is going to discuss the use of rhetoric, specially the type developed by Aristotle and the benefits of applying in the courtroom, when the utmost care must be taken when analyzing the facts, evidence and judgement can determine the future of those involved.

    Annotators

    1. "I forget," she said. "Something real sad on television."

      Average intelligence is considerably lower than that which is desired for most of the population to contain, as it prevented Hazel from fully understanding that she had just seen her son and a ballerina murdered for the crime of wanting freedom from the oppression of the government which they is the path to true equality, when in reality it just serves to ensure that the citizens are unable to fight back no matter how strict and unreasonable the rules become.

    2. It was then that Diana Moon Glampers, the Handicapper General, came into the studio with a double-barreled ten-gauge shotgun. She fired twice, and the Emperor and the Empress were dead before they hit the floor.

      We now know that even so much as taking your handicaps off or taking them off someone else in order to grant them freedom even if temporarily is a crime which is punishable by death. The handicapper general must be a position that can cause a person to become overwhelmed with power, as they can literal kill people who try to regain their god given rights to not be subjected to such oppression.

    3. Harrison carried three hundred pounds.

      Harrison was the only person who had both the strength and the intelligence to overcome all of the handicaps that had been placed on him to the point where he was even able to escape from prison wearing 300 pounds of scrap metal and other weights. I now understand the true reason why these handicaps are required for only citizens who are not government employees. They use devices on the strong and the intelligent to keep them from thinking, and they do nothing about the average, because the average thinking person cannot conceive a plan to overthrow the government that is oppressing its people, under they guise of establishing equality.

    4. The rest of Harrison's appearance was Halloween and hardware. Nobody had ever born heavier handicaps. He had outgrown hindrances faster than the H-G men could think them up. Instead of a little ear radio for a mental handicap, he wore a tremendous pair of earphones, and spectacles with thick wavy lenses.

      As I concluded, the HG men along with all the other totalitarian government officials are not required to wear these handicaps, because they would not be able to design the handicapping devices in the first place if they were forced to wear concentration and focus breaking devices, those are only for the scummy general population the stinky common people who must allow their rights to be violated in every aspect or face the consequences of death

    5. "Ladies and Gentlemen," said the ballerina, reading the bulletin. She must have been extraordinarily beautiful, because the mask she wore was hideous. And it was easy to see that she was the strongest and most graceful of all the dancers, for her handicap bags were as big as those worn by two-hundred pound men.

      When a person pursued a profession that they enjoyed, they were required to wear weight when doing so. This makes it difficult for me to understand how any buildings were constructed in the first place, when the person required to carry heavy loads, was already so weighted down they had the equal strength of an average person. They even placed ugly masks on people who couldn't help being beautiful having warm luminous voices, by requiring them to intentionally make it sound horrible and almost hard to comprehend. I just realized that the government and all who work for them, are the only ones free from these attached handicaps, which makes me wonder, what makes them privileged and unequal enough from anybody else to receive this status. It would be impossible for the police or military to be efficient if they were handicapped so they are exempt from this equality which is hypocritical to say the least.

    6. "Two years in prison and two thousand dollars fine for every ball I took out," said George. "I don't call that a bargain." "If you could just take a few out when

      Not only did they use mental restrictions such as high frequency noises that were designed to interrupt the thinking processes of those who were more intelligent, they also place physical handicaps weights designed to make them just as strong as the average person, even when their strength is not something they can avoid. The government has also instituted excessive punishments and fines for removing any of the weights that a stronger person is required to carry, two thousand dollars, and 2 years in prison, for not wanting to carry around lead weights for so called equality.

    7. Diana Moon Glampers. "If I was Diana Moon Glampers," said Hazel, "I'd have chimes on Sunday-just chimes. Kind of in honor of religion."

      It is clear by this statement made by Hazel that religion has been completely prohibited as it requires a person to believe in a certain set of system and methodologies, which makes a person have attributes that are not equal to others who may believe in another set of theological concepts. Therefore in order to establish this so called equality, the government eliminated religion and made it illegal, when in reality they have made equality their religion, even though they will not admit it.

    8. THE YEAR WAS 2081, and everybody was finally equal. They weren't only equal before God and the law. They were equal every which way. Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else. All this equality was due to the 211th, 212th, and 213th Amendments to the Constitution, and to the unceasing vigilance of agents of the United States Handicapper General.

      From the terminology used in this first paragraph, the United States has taken totalitarian actions against its own people to ensure equality by any means necessary not by offering equal opportunity, but hiding, and reducing the abilities and attributes of those who are skilled and highly intelligent, attractive, strong, or otherwise. The only ones immune to this equality are those who work for the government, which makes no sense, as they themselves are in a position that violates the foundations tenants of their goal. It is clear from the fact that their have been 200 amendments that the rights of the individuals no longer matter, as they have been essential written away.

    9. She said nothing, but it was as if a light came from her, more light and far less shadow than ever the practiced moon could cast. Among the many things it meant was that even to loneliness there is an end, for those who are lonely enough, long enough.

      I conclude that this decrease in the overall loneliness of the story is an indication that the woman has lost a bit of her rejection for company especially the company of this man who saved her not because he wanted to know the message the saucer told her, but because he to was ugly and no one wanted to hire him. She has found the solution to her loneliness, the message that was given to her has united two alone individuals by a common experience.

    10. The moon was setting and the surf was hushed. We looked up and out to the stars. She said, "We don't know what loneliness is like. People thought the saucer was a saucer, but it wasn't. It was a bottle with a message inside. It had a bigger ocean to cross -- all of space -- and not much chance of finding anybody. Loneliness? We don't know loneliness."

      The saucer was as I predicted merely a message container that had the ability to implant the information directly into their mind of the person with whom it interfaced, allowing them to understand it in their own language. It was a highly advanced message in a bottle.

    11. "No. They wouldn't have believed me. What they wanted was a new weapon. Super-science from a super-race, to slap the hell out of the super-race if they ever got a chance, or out of our own if they don't. All those brains," she breathes, with more wonder than scorn, "all that brass. They think 'super-race' and it comes out 'super-science'. Don't they ever imagine a super-race has super-feelings, too -- super-laughter, maybe, or super-hunger?" She paused. "Isn't it time you asked me what the saucer said?

      It is clear that since she is the only one who knows the truth of what was said by the flying saucer, that the fact that the message does not contain anything regarding weapons, super races, or threats against the earth, would make it hard for the FBI to believe what she said, as they had no way to determine if what she was saying was true. Her refusal to tell them made her look even more like a spy.

    12. He was nice. He was the one who warned her about the trial. "I have no business saying this, but they're going to give you the full dress treatment. Judge and jury and all. You just say what you want to say, no less and no more, hear? And don't let 'em get your goat. You have a right to own something."

      I fail to understand exactly why they are holding a trial against this woman for not telling them exactly what the flying saucer told her. Even if it is a message of great importance given by some extraterrestrial race to mankind, how will we know if we can even understand it.

    13. She had a bedroom to herself then for the first time in her life. Whenever the door opened, she could see a policeman outside. It opened very often to admit the kind of civilians who were very polite to military people, and the kind of military people who were even more polite to certain civilians. She did not know what they all did nor what they wanted. Every single day they asked her four million five hundred thousand questions. Apparently they never talked to each other, because each of them asked her the same questions over and over.

      The FBI is clearly attempting to cover up this occurance and point to something other than aliens or extra terrestrial activity in order to avoid causing mass panic within the population. They are attempting to extract as much information as possible from the woman, and I can understand why they keep asking her the same questions. Not because they do are not exchanging information, but because they want to test and see if her recollection changes over time to determine authenticity.

    14. The flash of a brown leather wallet, a face so close behind that its chin was pressed into the gaverdine shoulder. The face said, awed; "FBI" and that rippled outward too. The policeman nodded -- the entire policeman nodded in one single bobbing genuflection.

      I am very interested in how the FBI agent happened to arrive so quickly after the incident, and I find it difficult to believe that he just happened to be in the area very close to the woman when it attacked her. Something tells me that the FBI had been tracking this device for a long time, and he was actually tracking it when it attacked.

    15. The saucer dropped beside her, rolled once in a small circle, once just around its edge, and lay still. It lay still and dull and metallic, different and dead.

      This saucer could not contain any living creatures, as it is clearly smaller than a car tire, which can be implied by the fact that it was able to attach to her head quite easily and not cause permanent damage to her skull or brain, which would occur if it was any larger.

    16. She opened her mouth to scream, fell to her knees, and the saucer struck. It dropped against her forehead and clung there. It seemed almost to lift her. She came erect on her knees, made on effort to raise her hands against it, and then her arms stiffened down and back, her hands not reaching the ground. For perhaps a second and a half the saucer held her rigid, and then it passed a single ecstatic quiver to her body and dropped it. She plumped to the ground, the backs of her thighs heavy and painful on her heels and ankles.

      I consider the possibility that the flying saucer might not be attacking her, which seems strange as there are many other people in the area that it could have attacked, but for some reason it choose her. It also could be applying the only method available to it for communication, as it is clearly an extraterrestrial object that came from a civilization that may have developed highly advanced technology.

    17. So she raised her eyes, and there above her was the saucer. It was beautiful. It was golden, with a dusty finish like that of an unripe Concord grape. It made a faint sound, a chord composed of two tones and a blunted hiss like the wind in tall wheat. It was darting about like a swallow, soaring and dropping. It circled and dropped and hovered like a fish, shimmering. It was like all these living things, but with that beauty it had all the loveliness of things turned and burnished, measured, machined, and metrical.

      I am wondering exactly why the sounds and sights of the city suddenly disappeared and if it is a result of the flying saucer that is mentioned in the paragraph below, or the fact that her attention has been drawn to another object, which prevents her from noticing those background noises,

    18. I rose and stepped back. Invisible in the shadows, she breathed, "Don't go away. " I waited, then saw her hand press out of the clean-cut shadows. "There," she said, "over there. In the dark. Just be a...stay away from me now...be a -- voice."

      This girl has clearly gone through a serious traumatic experience that has rendered her perspective of all people to be entirely negative. No one understands her, everyone wants something from her. This explains the severe rejection of all the kindhearted help that the man offered her, and the fact that she desperately attempted to stop him from saving her life.

    19. "Why couldn't you leave me alone?" she asked at last. She opened her eyes and looked at me. She had so much misery that there was no room for fear. She shut her eyes again and said, "You know who I am."

      She is so determined to kill herself that she insults the man who has saved her by asking why he couldn't leave her alone. We are informed that their is a legitimate reason for the suffering that had caused this attempt by stating that she had no longer had the capacity to feel fear.

    20. She hit my ear, wet, hard, and a huge, pointed pain lanced into my head. She pulled, she lunged away from me, and all the while my hand was caught in her hair. I couldn't have freed her if I had wanted to. She spun to me with the next wave, battered and clawed at me, and we went into deeper water.

      Why is this girl so determined to kill herself that when someone who is clearly trying to help, she attacks them violently and tells them to go away and to let her die alone.

    21. If she's dead, I thought, I'll never find her in this white flood of moonlight on the white sea, with the surf seething in and over the pale, pale sand like a great shampoo. Almost always, suicides who stab themselves or shoot themselves in the heart carefully bare their chests; the same strange impulse generally makes the sea-suicide go naked.

      Why exactly is this person near the edge of the beach where a girl has most likely attempted or is currently attempting to vomit suicide and has removed her clothes to eliminate suspicion if anyone finds her or any remnants of her personal belongings.

    22. Her white shoulders were a taller curve in the sloping foam. She must have sensed me -- perhaps I yelled -- for she turned and saw me kneeling there. She put her fists to her temples and her face twisted, and she uttered a piercing wail of despair and fury, and then plunged seaward and sank.

      Why do you think this girl had decided to kill herself, and in the most painful way possible, which requires you to submerge yourself in the ocean or any suitable depth water until you become unconscious due to a lack of oxygen and then die from asphyxiation. Their are many other less painful and drawn out methods to commit suicide, the easiest being hanging, which does not require any special resources which might cause suspicion, such as using a firearm.

    Annotators

    1. $26 billion

      This number represents a very substantial loss even our modern era where over 80 years of inflation have decreased the value of the dollar. This means that around $26 billion dollars during the time of the Great Depression, in the 1930's is equal to around $470 billion dollars, which is an excessively large loss for any time period regardless of inflation. Now consider the fact that Amazon is worth about 107.9 Billion as of November of 2019.

    Annotators

  4. Dec 2019
    1. It is a sin to write this. It is a sin to think words no others think and to put them down upon a paper no others are to see. It is base and evil.

      If the author considers it a sin to even begin writing why does she continue to do so, and why does she think that writing what no one else has written is such an unforgivable crime, while she her self continues to comit the very sin she describes. What soceity is the author describing in which using her ability to write and dictate her thoughts and experience illegal to the point where it is considered more than just a crime against men but a crime against God.

  5. Nov 2019
    1. The instruments of darkness tell us truths,

      This idea refers back to the fact that Satan often times used the Holy Scriptures to lead people into sin, which is one of the central themes in the Bible. The greatest example of this, is when Satan temps Jesus to jump from the top of the temple, because "If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his angels charge concerning thee; and in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone." Jesus replies, "It is written again/Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God."

    2. Or have we eaten on the insane root

      This reference to an insane root, is used to imply that Banquo is questioning whether both of them had been poisoned by some herb or plant that causes a person to hallucinate and see things that do not exist, which seems reasonable after the witches suddenly vanish into thin air.

    3. All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Glamis!

      The witches begin to use their magic and boldly proclaim that Macbeth shall be king over Glamis as well as Cawdor, to which he is surely surprise, and Banque confused. They begin to chant Hail Hail Hail, and Macbeth interested in what the witches have to say begs them to continue.

    4. So foul and fair a day I have not seen.

      Here Macbeth has been attracted by the witches magic to the region of the Forres where they have been conducting their magic, and is closely followed by Banquo who is of equal rank and position to the former. They come across the witches and Banquo is quick to ask whether they are even human, for their shriveled and sunken features give them a monsterous inhuman appearance.

    5. The weird sisters, hand in hand,

      Now here is something I find very intriguing, and is another example of Shakespeare's abilities as a playwright and literary expert. The primary sources that Shakespeare used to create Macbeth was the Holinshed Chronicles, where the weird sisters were known as the beautiful goddesses of destiny, but they are give a far more sinister and ugly nature in Macbeth.

    6. Here I have a pilot's thumb,

      It sounds as if the witches are using their demonic magic to collect the items that would be used to produce a potion or spell that most likely has the power to cause severe damage to whom every the spell is cast against.

    7. Weary se'n nights nine times nine

      Here we have direct references to the numbers 7 and 9 which were considered mystical to almost every civilization in history, but 9 is particularly interesting in terms of its relation with evil. The witches who are followers and worshipers of satan would delight using 9 upside down which when repeated 3 times is the number of the beast.

    8. 'Aroint thee, witch!' the rump-fed ronyon cries.   Her husband's to Aleppo gone, master o' the Tiger:   But in a sieve I'll thither sail,

      Here the witches are in the process of collaborating to generate a forces that will tear the ship on which the sailor has departed to Allepo Syria, one creating the wind the other making a hole big enough to sink it.

    1. From Fife, great king;

      The man name Lennox has not entered the scene, after the sergeant has been attended to. Lennox has traveled to this location from a county that is located on the east coast of Scotland, which was known as the Kingdom of Fife to the natives of Scotland. He then goes on to describe how the norwegian rebel has made a mockery of the people of that area, as well as providing many praises to Macbeth's unsurpassed skills on the battlefield as one of two captains under the King.

    2. Our captains, Macbeth and Banquo?

      Here we are given further information about Macbeth's position in the Kings Army, which provides us with information regarding his military experience and status as a veteran of many battles. Below this section, the sergeant describes how he was unable to understand exactly why the followers of the rebel fought back so hard against the Kings Army.

    3. For brave Macbeth--well he deserves that name-

      Here we can see the first time Macbeth enters into the scene, he is already demonstrating the power of his positive attributes and strength, wielding a sword ready to give everything to smite Macdonwald with all his will and might. The term smoked with bloody execution is used to describe the way in which he entered the battle with an expression of bloody murder. He even stated that he was not willing to leave until the rebel had been decapitated and had his head impaled on a stake outside their camp.

    4. And choke their art. The merciless Macdonwald-

      Here we are given the name of a person who we can imply is the enemy against which the Sergeant was fighting, when he suffered defeat but avoided capture and enslavement. He is described as being a merciless villain who is worth of being called a rebell, and the fact that all the evil in the world is attracted to him like flies to rotting meat.

    5. Say to the king the knowledge of the broil

      It is very interesting that Shakespeare choose to use a word that we known in the modern era as a word that refers to a type of cooking that only uses the heating element above the food, where in this context he is clearly asking the Sergeant about the state of the battle, and when his injuries forced him to leave

    6. As seemeth by his plight, of the revolt The newest state.

      I am interested to discover exactly what newest state Duncan is describing in this statement regarding the bleeding Sergeant, who has clearly been engaged in some wartime task. As it turns out this newest state is a reference to a latest condition, maybe of the battle in which he was previous engaged or the status of the enemy or his army.

    1. I come, graymalkin!

      I am also very interested in the definition of the word Padock, which I am implying is a creature or entity that lives in areas that are filled with air and fog, which may indicate it lives in a swamp. I looked up the definition and the work Padock means toad, as it was believed during this time period that Satan sent witches as evil spirits to help them carry out their deeds. These spirits would disguise themselves as animals according to the following, the first witch would become a cat, called Graymalkin, the second witch would become a toad, which was called a Padock. The third witch was not mentioned in the first act as having a form, but is later becoming a Harpy, which is a very nasty and vicious creature in Greek Mythology.

    2. When the hurlyburly's done,

      I am very interested in the contents of this exchange between these three witches, but need to know the definitions of the worlds Hurley Burley, as it will provide more context as to the intentions and purpose for which these witches exist and what they intend to do.

    1. All. Padock calls anon: faire is foule, and foule is faire, Houer through the fogge and filthie ayre.

      I am also very interested in the definition of the word Padock, which I am implying is a creature or entity that lives in areas that are filled with air and fog, which may indicate it lives in a swamp. I looked up the definition and the work Padock means toad, as it was believed during this time period that Satan sent witches as evil spirits to help them carry out their deeds. These spirits would disguise themselves as animals according to the following, the first witch would become a cat, called Graymalkin, the second witch would become a toad, which was called a Padock. The third witch was not mentioned in the first act as having a form, but is later becoming a Harpy, which is a very nasty and vicious creature in Greek Mythology.

    2. done,

      The word hurley-burley means uproar or tumultuous, which makes since in the context of the previous sentence which mentions the thunder, lightning, and rain which are all natural entities that produce violent sounds.

    3. Hurley-burley'

      I am very interested in the contents of this exchange between these three witches, but need to know the definitions of the worlds Hurley Burley, as it will provide more context as to the intentions and purpose for which these witches exist and what they intend to do.

    1. Tr~aty of Versailles

      Contents Of Treaty Of Versailles: Territory Of Germany Taken Back Colonies Of Germany Are Taken Away Germany had severe military restrictions Germany was required to stay under quotes They didn't follow the requirements Hitler. Germany is going to have to pay reparations. Creation of the League Of Nations

    2. America will live its own life. The indepen-dence of this Republic will have its defenders. Thousands have suffered and died for it, and their sons and daughters will not be betrayed into the hands of foreigners. The noble

      American has a desire to operate on its own, with its citizens making the decisions regarding its complete operation and who they elect to lead them and oversee their protection, without the influence and power of another larger body.

    3. But the tender, loving Lincoln, bending under the fearful weight of almost certain civil war, an apostle of peace, refused to pay the price. A united country will praise his name forever-more-bless it because he refused peace at the price of national honor and national integrity. P~ace upon any other basis than national in-dependence, peace bought at the cost of any part of our national integrity, is fit only for slaves.

      Here the author quotes and brings up the character of former President Lincoln who became the leader of the country during a very tumultuous period of history in the United States. He was a person who refused to pay the price of allowing slavery to continue even though it would have settled a large amount of the conflict between the north and south. This determination and resistance to external government or peace at the price of slavery is exact the type of resistance the author intends to instill in his readers.

    4. Look upon the scene as it is now presented. Behold the task we are to take on. Then think of the method by which we are to deal with this task. When this League is formed, four great powers representing the dominant peo-ple will rule half of the inhabitants of the globe as subject peoples-rule them by force, and we shall be a party to the rule of force. There is no other way by which you can keep people in subjection. You must either give them inde-pendence, recognize their rights as nations to live their own life and set up their own form of government. Or you must deny them these things by force. That is the scheme, the method proposed by the League

      The term League is an shorthand form for the intent of the nations who gathered after World War 1 to ensure that a battle of this scale would not repeat itself, called the League of Nations, which would soon dissolve at the beginning of the Second World War, and reemerge as the United Nations. The author sees this League as the formation of a World Government that would have the ability to subject countries to its rules and legislation none of which was voted on by the citizens of those countries.

    5. There is another and even more pressing reason why I shall vote against this treat;y. It endangers what I believe to b~ the und~rlym~, the very first principles of this Republic.

      He labels this Treaty Of Versailles as a foolish agreement that will endanger the underlying democratic principles of the Republic of the United States. He claims that it is in conflict and opposition to the right of the peoples to govern themselves free from any restraint, legal, moral, to the foreign powers and influence of the European countries. He intends to be faithful to the ideals that founded and established the United States of america, against which this Treaty stands.

    6. We have entangled ourselves with all European concerns. We have joined in alliance with all the European nations which have thus far joined the League, and all nations '_Vh~ch may be admitted to the League.

      The author of this document argues that the United States should not be deeply involved with the political and legislative actions of European countries, the high diversity and cultural differences might cause more conflict that it resolves.Also the author mentions how it is impossible to meddle and influence the affairs of the Europeans without the Europeans meddling and influencing the affairs of the United States.

    Annotators

    1. n the fir~t place, my fellow Americans, it seeks to pumsh one of the greatest wrongs in history, the wrong which Germany sought to do to the world and to civilization. Germany attempted an intolerable thing, and it must be punished for the attempt. The terms of the treaty are ~evere, but they are not unjust.

      We can see that President Woodrow wilson intended to make it plain that Germany was responsible for a large majority of the death and destruction brought about during the First World War, regardless of the fact that they were not directly responsible for its beginning. And that all of the European countries should come together and form an alliance that would serve to solve problems and conflict peacefully.

    Annotators

    1. The Government of the United States will continue to contend for that freedom, from whatever quarter violated,without compromise and at any cost. It invites the practical cooperation of the Imperial German Government at this time, when cooperation may accomplish most and this great common object be most strikingly and effectively achieved....

      President Wilson does not intend for the United States to take military act against Germany in retribution for the attack on the Lusitania, but rather to have a civilized discussion and negotiate to come to a more peaceful resolution that does not cause massive loss of life.

    2. United States can not believe that the Imperial Government will longer refrain from disavowing the wanton act of its naval commander in sinking the "Lusitania" or from offering reparation for the American lives lost, so far as reparation can be made for a needless destruction of human life by an illegal act

      We can assume that the Lusitania might have been either a military or civilian vessel that happened to enter into to German waters, and was subsequently shot down. This strict and violent use of force against any vessel that approaches Germany provides plenty of evidence to suggest they are war hungry.

    3. The events of the past two months have clearly indicated that it is possible and practicable to conduct such submarine operations as have characterized the activity of the Imperial German Navy within the so-called war zone in substantial accord with the accepted practices of regulated warfare.

      This information provided by President Wilson, was obtained through an intercepted German communication between Zimmermann and the Mexican Government, which provided enough evidence to suggest that Imperial Germany was building up their armies and running practice drills in anticipation of War in Europe that could involve the United States.

    Annotators

    1. Ten days later Secretary Lansing, ... wrote in his diary, "I hope those blundering Germans will blunder soon." He did not know it, but the blunder had just passed through his hands

      Do you think the interception of this message provided the Americans with the strategic, political advantage they needed to organize the Allied forces against the Germans in the case that War broke out among the European countries, and prevented Mexico from gaining the element of surprise needed to take over the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

    2. gestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves.

      Here we can see the first indications of possible Japanese involvement in the First World War. However, Japan did not appear to the United States to be a threat until their attack on Pearl Harbour made it plain that they intended to follow through with a plan similar to that of Hitler, but using soldiers who were willing to kill themselves to defeat their enemies, also known as kamikaze fighters.

    3. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a pro-posal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, generous financial support, and an under-standing on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you.

      According to this proposal Zimmerman indicates that he has a desire to form an alliance with the Mexican Government, and that Mexico has substantial resources and military power that they could use against the United States quite easily due to the direct contact with Texas and other southern states. How does the stability and integrity of the Mexican government and population during the early 1900's, compare to its current drug infested state of death and destruction and fear on all sides.

    4. immermann did not know that Room 40 had broken the German code, but had the Germans been less given to underestimating the enemy he might have thought twice before using the American cable route to propose a military alliance against America-just in case someone might be lis-tening

      What type of code or encryption system did the Germans use prior to and during the First World War, and how did it compare to the later development of the Enigma machine that enabled them to change the encryption methods every single day to ensure that even if the Allies broke their code, they would not be able to use it on the next days transmissions. Why do you think the Germans thought that they had the advantage.

    Annotators

    1. The fields, the lakes, the forests, and the streams, Ocean, and all the living things that dwell Within the daedal earth; lightning, and rain, Earthquake, and fiery flood, and hurricane, The torpor of the year when feeble dreams Visit the hidden buds, or dreamless sleep Holds every future leaf and flower; the bound

      The term daedel is used in this context to describe something that is powerful, sizable and has the ability to exert its forces over others.

    2. One legion of wild thoughts, whose wandering wings Now float above thy darkness, and now rest Where that or thou art no unbidden guest, In the still cave of the witch Poesy,

      A legion of thoughts is more than 60,00 indicating that the author is using this word to state that these wild thoughts are numerous.

    3. hine earthly rainbows stretch'd across the sweep Of the aethereal waterfall, whose veil Robes some unsculptur'd image; the strange sleep Which when the voices of the desert fail Wraps all in its own deep eternity; Thy caverns echoing to the Arve's commotion,

      I have determined that the Arve is actually the name of a river in france that stretches over 100 miles, and is well known for its length and depth. Here the author uses references the river and mentions its strength and power as a medium to communicate with the reader and better explain.

    4. Where Power in likeness of the Arve comes down From the ice-gulfs that gird his secret throne, Bursting through these dark mountains like the flame Of lightning through the tempest;—thou dost lie, Thy giant brood of pines around thee clinging, Children of elder time, in whose devotion

      Here the word power is capitalized to intentionally draw attention to the way in which this word is used to describe the Arve, which is a word I have never heard and will the find the definition of by the end of my annotations to help me understand what entity the author is referring to.

    5. Such as a feeble brook will oft assume, In the wild woods, among the mountains lone, Where waterfalls around it leap for ever, Where woods and winds contend, and a vast river Over its rocks ceaselessly bursts and raves.

      The author uses figurative language to compare the human mind and its vast functions to the way in which the water flows over the rocks in a river, the way the sounds of nature travel through the forest and the way the wind blows across the mountains.

    6. That after many wanderings, many years Of absence, these steep woods and lofty cliffs, And this green pastoral landscape, were to me More dear, both for themselves and for thy sake

      Here the author goes back and reiterates a statement he had made previous a the beginning of the poem, describing how nature has always and will always have a positive impact on his life and how his absence has not affected his view of nature

    7. Shall be a mansion for all lovely forms, Thy memory be as a dwelling-place For all sweet sounds and harmonies; oh! then, If solitude, or fear, or pain, or grief, Should be thy portion, with what healing thoughts Of tender joy wilt thou remember me, And these my exhortations! Nor, perchance

      The author describes how our mind should a safehouse for positive thoughts, about nature and beauty and the good things in life, without fear, pain, or grief, with nothing but the healing thoughts of joy and tenderness.

    8. Therefore let the moon Shine on thee in thy solitary walk; And let the misty mountain-winds be free To blow against thee: and, in after years, When these wild ecstasies shall be matured Into a sober pleasure; when thy mind

      Here the author describes how we should allow nature to be a motivation to use, allow the moon to strenghthing us, the mounting winds to assist us, and to blow against you fowards toward your destiny.

    9. The mind that is within us, so impress With quietness and beauty, and so feed With lofty thoughts, that neither evil tongues, Rash judgments, nor the sneers of selfish men, Nor greetings where no kindness is, nor all

      Here the author describes how the world and the people within it do not appreciate the environments of nature and how their minds are filed with lofty thoughts, evil tongues, and rash judgements, and selfish men.

    10. For thou art with me here upon the banks Of this fair river; thou my dearest Friend, My dear, dear Friend; and in thy voice I catch The language of my former heart, and read My former pleasures in the shooting lights

      Here the author uses personification to describe nature by giving it the qualities of a human being, calling it his friend and describing how he understands the language that it speaks, and the former pleasure that he would feel when surrounded by it.

    11. herefore am I still A lover of the meadows and the woods And mountains; and of all that we behold From this green earth; of all the mighty world Of eye, and ear,—both what they half create, And what perceive; well pleased to recognise

      The author explains how his age has not affected his views of nature and his enjoyment of the meadows and woods, and mountains and all that exists upon the green earth.

    12. And the round ocean and the living air, And the blue sky, and in the mind of man: A motion and a spirit, that impels All thinking things, all objects of all thought,

      Here the author compares the sky and the ocean to the way in which the mind operates, a vast expanse of thoughts and feelings that flow sometimes calmly and sometimes violently depending on the day the time and the circumstances.

    13. That time is past, And all its aching joys are now no more, And all its dizzy raptures. Not for this Faint I, nor mourn nor murmur; other gifts Have followed; for such loss, I would believe, Abundant recompense. For I have learned To look on nature, not as in the hour Of thoughtless youth; but hearing oftentimes The still sad music of humanity,

      The author describes how the charm and happiness that used to belong to his youthfulness has been taken by age, and he no longer looks at nature for what it can do for him, but for what he can do to enjoy it the best he can.

    14. (The coarser pleasures of my boyish days And their glad animal movements all gone by) To me was all in all

      We can imply that since the author mentions that he has lost his boyish days, that he is either middle aged or a senior. Because of this he can no longer bound through the woods and leap over the rivers as hs used to be able to.

    15. Though changed, no doubt, from what I was when first I came among these hills; when like a roe I bounded o'er the mountains, by the sides Of the deep rivers, and the lonely streams, Wherever nature led: more like a man

      Here the author describes how he first behaved when he was able to experience the joys of nature, how he would go bounding over the hills like an animal, and walked over the mountains also the place where he became a man.

    16. The picture of the mind revives again: While here I stand, not only with the sense Of present pleasure, but with pleasing thoughts That in this moment there is life and food

      The author now returns to his current feelings by mentioning how he stands here under the tree of life, and is filled with the thoughts of what provides light and happiness in the world.

    17. Of joyless daylight; when the fretful stir Unprofitable, and the fever of the world, Have hung upon the beatings of my heart— How oft, in spirit, have I turned to thee, O sylvan Wye! thou wanderer thro' the woods, How often has my spirit turned to thee!

      Here the author describes how the world without nature primarily in the city seems to be joyless and lacks happiness in the day time as well as the night, and how these feelings are heavy upon the heart of the author.

    18. And even the motion of our human blood Almost suspended, we are laid asleep In body, and become a living soul:

      In a way the peace provided by surrounding yourself in nature can naturally slow our heartbeat which allows us to feel calm and relaxed as if we are sleeping internally and become a living soul.

    19. In which the heavy and the weary weight Of all this unintelligible world, Is lightened:—that serene and blessed mood,

      The author explains here how the pleasure and comfort that nature provides is able to combat and cure the heavy and stressful responsibilities and the weight of the unintelligible world around is and invoke a serene and blessed mood.

    20. such, perhaps, As have no slight or trivial influence On that best portion of a good man's life, His little, nameless, unremembered, acts Of kindness and of love

      This collection of verses is rather difficult for me to understand as it uses a very interesting literary device to compare the restoration provided by nature, to the slight or trivial influence on the best parts of a good man's life, and the his good and nameless unremembered acts of kindness and love.

    21. As is a landscape to a blind man's eye: But oft, in lonely rooms, and 'mid the din Of towns and cities,

      As it turns out my prediction that the author has been living for these past five years in a city have been confirmed in this stanza, as he directly describes the lonely rooms and loud and distracting noises of the town and city in which he had resided.

    22. With some uncertain notice, as might seem Of vagrant dwellers in the houseless woods, Or of some Hermit's cave, where by his fire The Hermit sits alone.

      Once again the author uses a metaphor in which the experience and lifestyles of a vagrant living in the woods, and a hermit living in a cave are compared to the uncertainty that is noticed

    23. Five years have past; five summers, with the length Of five long winters! and again I hear These waters, rolling from their mountain-springs With a soft inland murmur.—

      This section leaves me wondering where the author has been for these past 5 years, and what prevented him from experiencing the elements of nature and the calm that it provides. From the other term used in the following lines I have concluded that the author has been in the city or in a place that is seperate and isolated from authentic natural environments.

    Annotators

    1. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it.

      At this time their were little to no regulations on meat and food processing facilities, which resulted in the spread of many infectious and deadly illnesses from the contaminated food that came into contact with the water from the leaks as well as the rats who carried pathogens that are extremely dangerous. Not only were the rats in contact with the meat, they were killed with poisoned bread, and would then be sweeped into the machine to be processed together. Things entered into the processing machines that made a poisoned rat seem like just a small problem. Meat would be left in barrels and the rust and old water would further contaminate the meat.

    Annotators

    1. The assessor pads the list with the names of dead dogs, children, and non-existent persons.

      The purpose of this metaphor hyperbole is to express the lengths that the assessor would go to find names that he could use to increase the list of voters in support of a particular party, consulting even the deceases persons, lost children's records and going as far as making up names of people who are non-existent just to ensure that enough votes are counted words.

    2. This is no figure of speech. The honest citizens of Philadelphia have no more rights at the polls than the Negroes down South.

      What has happened to corrupt the political systems of Philadelphia to the point where the votes of the citizens no longer determine who will be elected for leadership positions in the city and who is personally responsible for igniting this massive scheme to control the financial resources of the city for their own personal gain.

    Annotators

    1. Boys twelveyears of age may be legally employed in the mines of West Virginia, by day or by night, and for as many hours as the employers care to make them toil or their bodies will stand the strain. Where the disregard of child life is such that this may be done openly and with legal sanction, it is easy to believe what miners have again and again told me—that there are hundreds of little boys of nine and ten years of age employed in the coal mines of this state.

      The fact that boys as young as nine and ten could be legally employed in such dangerous work for so little compensation was the primary purpose for writing this article and doing investigations to determine first hand the extent of the employee abuse and how they were at risk of death everyday, not a situation in which a child should be placed ever.

    2. From the breakers the boysgraduate to the mine depths, where they become door tenders, switch boys, or mule drivers. Here, far below the surface, work is still more dangerous. At fourteen or fifteen the boys assume the same risks as the men, and are surrounded by the same perils.

      The dangers that the boys were faced with were the same faced by the older men who had the maturity and development nesssiary to deal with these difficult situations, even though even an adult could not properly operate in these risky and unsafe environment where injury and fatality were common and dismemberment was a regular occurance due to the lack of protection against the forces of nature especially in the cold and oxygen deprived areas of the coal mines where gasses released from the ground could cause asphyxiation. These poor working conditions were not unique to this particular coal mine and processing plant, rather it could be seen and observed in almost all of the factories that produced coal in the united states. The most dangerous and life endangering job was that of the trap boy who would be forced to wait fourteen hours alone in the dark coal mines until dawn.

    3. As I stood in that breaker I thought of the reply of the small boy to Robert Owen. Visiting an English coal mine one day, Owen asked a twelve-year-old lad if he knew God. The boy stared vacantly at his questioner: “God?” he said, “God? No, I don’t. He must work in some other mine.”

      These boys did not have the ability to receive any schooling and were often times very undereducated and ignorant of the world around them. It was clearly a shock to the author to hear that the boys had not been introduced to the concept of God, which implies that this is a matter that is very important and should be provided to all young children. He was also surprised that they continued to persist in such traumatizing and dangerous environments without such thing as a belief in a great and all-good God.

    4. I once stood in a breaker for half an hour and tried to do the work a twelve-year-old boy was doing day after day, for ten hours at a stretch, for sixty cents a day.

      These boys worked longer hours than anyone should legally be required to work, as the human body especially the young and fragile body of a child cannot be subjected to these kinds of conditions for long until they start to have a detrimental impact on physical, mental and cognitive health that is often times permanent or irreversible. The amount of coal dust in the air which by the way does not dissolve in the lungs and absorbed by the body, rather it collects and can cause black lung and asthma.

    5. Sometimes there is a worse accident: a terrified shriek isheard, and a boy is mangled and torn in the machinery, or disappears in the chute to be picked out later smothered and dead.

      During this time period their were no safey precautions or protective measure taken by companies to ensure that their employees were protected against workplace accidents. They were not given any protection against the unforgiving metal machines that ground the coal into chunks, which was the cause of many deep cuts, and lost fingers. Their is also the irreversible psychological trauma that occurs when a young child who has not yet developed witnesses a fellow child being torn into pieces by a machine. Many of the regulatory bodies such as OSHA exist as a result of the progressive actions taken during this time period to provide suitable and safe working conditions as well as make it illegal to employ children for adult jobs.

    6. Progressive reformers

      Progressive reformers were people who supported implementing laws to protect workers, namely child labours from the manipulative and often abusive tendencies of the companies for whom they worked. The reform adjective is used to describe the intent to make significant changes that would be beneficial to the common person, by exposing the public to the wrong doings of the guilty parties, in order to generate enough support and resources to overcome the financially armoured opposition.

    7. conservative wing of the American Socialist Party

      I find this description to be very interesting. and would seem a very strange political ideology to us living in the modern era where politics is primarily dominated by the conflict between radical leftists and the conservative party. However, I understand the addition of the conservative in front of the world socialist means that the author does not support heavy government interference in our daily lives, finances and economical systems. However, the increased support for socialism, is only directed towards the radical leftist views on the theory of socialized income, healthcare and economics, in which the government is involved almost 100 percent, a governmental system that has not succeeded at any time in history, regardless of the "lack of proper implementation" argument used to defend it.

    8. child labor

      While it might have been a priority of progressives to implement laws that would protect children from abuse and misuse in the workplace, they have clearly lost this empathy and care for children altogether which can be seen clearly by the increasingly radical push by modern progressives for abortion on demand, for any reason without restriction.

    9. social justice

      What characterised the focus of progressives during this times compared to the focus of progressives in this modern age, in the context of the term Social Justice. How has the term Social Justice been turned into nothing more than a euphemism used to blanket and disguise harmful and destructive doctrines with a more altruistic and appealing facade.

    Annotators

  6. Oct 2019
    1. It is a glorious history our God has given His chosen people. Its keynote was struck by the Liberty Bell, and is heroic with faith in our mission and our future. It is a history of leaders who expanded the boundaries of the republic into unexplored lands and savage wil-dernesses. It is a history of soldiers who carried the flag across blazing deserts and through hostile mountains. It is a history of a multi-plying people who overran a continent in half a century. It is a history of prophets who saw the consequences of evils inherited from the past, and of martyrs who died to save us from them

      In this section the author uses the claim that we must follow in the footsteps of the prophets and martyrs who died to save us from the evils of the past, by expanding the boundaries of the republic, into the lands unexplored and the savage wilderness. This argument is purely derived from a perceived directive that is not contextually sound in terms of the foundational principles of the United States, and reveals itself as more of a desire for other lands over which to tule and dictate, in the same manner the English had conducted themselves towards the US only 150 years earlier.

    2. We cannot escape our world duties. We must carry out the purpose of a fate that has driven us to be greater than our small inten-tions. We cannot retreat from any soil where Providence has placed our flag. It is up to us to save that soil for liberty and civilization. For liberty and civilization and God's promise fullfilled, the flag must from now on be the symbol to all humankind

      The author once again uses arguments derived from some sort of divine instruction, the so called world duties that have been given into the hands of the United States, to go forth and disturb areas around the world, that we deem inferior and subjecting them to our standards and morality without their consent or agreement beforehand.

    3. essions. I answer: Out of local conditions and necessity. If England can govern foreign lands, so can America. If Germany can govern foreign lands, so can America. If those nations can supervise protectorates, so can America. Why is it more difficult to govern Hawaii than New Mexico or California? Both had a foreign population. Both were more distant from the seat of government when they came under our control than Hawaii is today

      He then processes to justify the acquisition and governing of other external non-connected lands, by using the relative fact that France, England, and Germany all have governed and owned lands, past, present, and future. This is a very weak argument, and can be easily defeated by stating that America was built on a democracy where the people have the power to decide the elected leader, while the countries that still have colonies at this time were still Monarchies, and Dictatorships, and Empires. Justifying the invasion of other lesser countries, by stating that Monarchies have done so is very feeble and fragile. He also previously mentioned that we are supposed to spread our morality into foreign areas, so why would we allow much less justify doing so because of others.

    4. The opposition tells us that we ought not to govern a people without their consent. I answer: The rule of liberty, that all just gov-ernment takes its authority from the consent of the governed, applies only to those who are capable of self-government. I answer: We gov-ern the Indians without their consent, we gov-ern our territories without their consent, we govern our children without their consent. I answer: How do you assume that our govern-ment would be without their consent? Would not the people of the Philippines prefer the just, humane, civilizing government of this re-public to the savage, bloody rule of plundering from which we have rescued them?

      He then proceeded to factually state that a government must have the consent to govern granted to it by the citizens, which is in all contexts accurate. He then goes as far as to claim that the peoples of those countries that he desires America to invade and correct, would prefer our governing.

    5. Shall we be as the man who had one piece of gold and hid it, or as he who had ten pieces of gold and used them until they grew to riches? And shall we gather the reward for carrying out our high duty as the sovereign power of earth? Shall we occupy new markets for what our farmers raise, new markets for what our factories make, new markets for what our merchants sell? Shall we take ad-vantage of new sources of supply for what we do not raise or make, so that what are luxuries today will be necessities tomorrow? Shall our commerce be encouraged until American trade is the imperial trade of the entire globe?

      Here the author makes a direct reference to one of the parables of Jesus, as documented in the New Testiment. In this parable, Jesus describes a rich man, who needed to go away for a while, so he gave his gold into the hands of his most trusted advisors. All but one of them took their gold and invested it and received in return more than they had been given. The last man was cowardly and instead buried it in the ground. When the rich man returned he gave the men who had gone out and multiplied his wealth, much riches, while scorning the man who had not even the discretion to put it in the back so even if he did nothing, it would still increase in value. Another example of a direct appeal to Heaven or a higher authority to justify his position.

    6. Have we no mission to perform, no duty to discharge to our fellow humans? Has the Al-mighty Father given us gifts and marked us with His favor, only to rot in our own selfish-ness? This happens to people and nations who are cowardly and self-absorbed-China, India, and Egypt.

      Here the author of this document is using an argument from Heaven or essentially, justifying the invasion of countries that he claims are inferior in terms of society, culture and morality, by stating that God has given us a mission to do so, and we are not to question this divine instruction.

    Annotators

    1. hat, then, shall we do with such peoples? Shall we organize those countries as territories with a view to their eventual admission as ~tates? If they become states on an equal foot-mg with the other states, they not only will gov~rn themselves, but will take part in gov-ernmg the whole Republic. They will share in governing us, by sending Senators and Rep-resentatives into our Congress to help make our laws, and by voting for President and Vice-President. The prospect of such consequences is so alarming that you may well pause before taking the step.

      The author is even more worried about the prospect of allowing these external territories to be granted the same powers of governing and influence in the Senate, and Congress as any other contiguous state, due to the fact that the connected landmasses directly affect and relate to eachter, while external areas would remain highly isolated and unique.

    2. The scheme of Americanizing our "new pos-sessions" in that way is therefore absolutely hopeless. The forces of nature are against it. Whatever we may do for their improvement, the people of the Spanish islands will outnum-ber us. The vast majority are completely alien to us, not only in origin and language, but in habi~s_, tradi~ions, ways of thinking, principles, amb1t10ns-m short, in most things tp.at are of the greatest importance in human and politi-cal cooperation.

      The author does not want the United States to focus on obtaining any more land, as the contiguous states have already been purchased and acquired from the Countries that had originally colonized them. This practice is no longer necessary and should be avoided, so that the Government can focus on more pressing matters.

    3. If we do, we shall change the government of the people, for the people, and by the people into a government of one part of the people, the strong, over another part, the weak. Aban-doning such a basic principle may at first seem to involve only distant lands, but it can hardly fail to affect democratic government at home. And I warn the American people that a de-mocracy cannot deny its faith in a vital prin-ciple-it cannot long play the role of king over subject populations without creating in itself ways of thinking and habits of action most dangerous to its 9wn vitality.

      The author of this document encourages the United States to abandon this practice that in many ways is similar to the colonization methods used by the Country that they had declared independence from, and the fact that it will create divisions in status between citizens of the contiguous and non-contiguous territories of American.

    4. If we adopt such a system then we shall, for the first time since the abolition of slavery, again have two kinds of Americans. There will be Americans of the first class, who enjoy the privilege of taking part in the government in accordance with our Consitutional principles. And there will be Americans of the second class, who are to be ruled by the Americans of the first class.

      The author of this document compares the acquisition of Alaska, to the colonization processes used by the British, im which the natives are considered to be lesser in status than a citizen of the mainland government.

    5. 1. All the former acquisitions were on this continent and, except(oi Alaska, on our borders. . 2. They were located not in the tropical but m the temperate zone, where democratic in-stituti?ns do well, and where our people could move m great numbers. 3. They were very thinly settled-in fact without any population that would have bee~ in the way of new settlements. 4. They could be organized as territories in the usual manner. It was expected that they would presently come into the Union as self-governing states with populations much like our own. 5. They did not require an increase in our army and navy, either to subject them to our rule or to protect them from foreign attack.

      The author of this document, created a list of the characteristics of all of the territorial acquisitions made by the United States, except for Alaska, the fact that they were contiguous with the mainland, and were not located in a tundra zone, where the institutions of democracy can operate properly/

    6. This will be a difference no better-rather somewhat worse-than that which existed 125 years ago between English people of the first class and English people of the second class. The first were represented by King George and the British Parliament. The second group con-sisted of the American colonists. This differ-ence led to the American Declaration of Inde-pendence-a document which, I regret to say, seems to have lost much of its charms among some of our citizens. Its basic principle was that "governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed;'

      The author of this document wants the reader to understand the original purpose of acquiring the other states in territories purchased by the United States, had 5 characteristics as mentioned in the previous paragraph.

    7. Why not? was the cry. Has not the career of the Republic almost from its very beginning been one of territorial expansion? Has it not acquired Louisiana, Florida, Texas, the vast areas that came to us through the Mexican War, and Alaska? Has it not digested them well? Were not those acquisitions much larger than those now thought of? If the Republic could digest the old, why not the new? What is the difference?

      The author of this document argues that at the very conception of the United States, a large amount of focus was placed on expanding its territory to the contiguous areas connected to the original 13 colonies, besides the regions of Mexico, and Canada.

    Annotators

    1. But they have accepted Christianity in sub-stance. I know ofno people who have developed a tenderer Christian conscience, or who have shown themselves more ready to obey its com-mands. And where else in the world's history have savage people, pagan for ages, with fixed customs and beliefs, made equal progress in civilization and Christianity in the same amount of time

      This section describes how these Hawaiian people were very responsive and accepting of the Christian Religion, and they became even more dedicated to God, and righteously aligned to his word than some native and Christian born Americans and European.

    2. It has been said that the Hawaiian people un-der the rule of the chiefs were harshly ruled. Under the monarchy, it was held, their condi-tion greatly improved, but the native govern-ment in any form finally became intolerable to the better informed part of the community.

      This section describes how the established tribal governments in Hawaii, regardless of the improvements they put in place, still ruled their people with an oppressive dictatorship that took advantage of the lower class and impoverished, as was characteristic of many unrighteous and self centered European Monarchs.

    Annotators

    1. 98th Drink not nor talk with your mouth full neither Gaze about you while you are a Drinking.

      The purpose of this instruction was to make sure that you do not show your partial broken down food to those around the table, as this was widely considered highly offensive. Looking around during drinking, was also perceived as a sign of deceit or the fact that you were untrustworthy or did not trust those around you .

    2. 73d Think before you Speak pronounce not imperfectly nor bring out your Words too hastily but orderly & distinctly.

      The purpose of this statement is to make sure that people speak cleary and with boldness and authority, as using the proper and corrrect english language was one of the signs of education, intellect, and ability among other things. They also used language that we would consider highly technical in our modern era, to the point where a normal language conversation was almost a scientific exchange.

    3. 71 st Gaze not on the marks or blemishes of Others and ask not how they came. What you may Speak in Secret to your Friend deliver not before others.

      The purpose of this instruction is to ensure that a persons unavoidable birth characteristics are not a cause of embrarrasement in front of other expecially if it was gained through another persons attack or violence agianst them, a memory they might be trying to forgett.

    4. 63d A Man ought not to value himself of his Atchievements, or rare Qualities of wit; much less of his riches Virtue or Kindred.

      This instruction is to make sure that people do not find purpose and value in themselves based on their achievements, but rather the content of their character, their integrity or those other beneficial behaviors and personality and character traits.

    5. 47th Mock not nor Jest at any thing of Importance break no Jest that are Sharp Biting and if you Deliver any thing witty and Pleasent abstain from Laughing there at yourself.

      The purpose of this instruction is to ensure that you treat the subject or context with the same seriousness as the person who has started the discussion or contributed a piece of information. Also laughing at your own wit, is a sign that you intend for your spoken word to increase your own popularity rather than to show your intelligence.

    6. 43d Do not express Joy before one sick or in pain for that contrary Passion will aggravate his Misery.

      THe purpose of this instruction is so that you will be able to empathize with the person who is suffering to make them more comfortable, for you are as serious as they are they will feel better due to the fact that you understand and are able to feel their pain with them.

    7. 37th In Speaking to men of Quality do not lean nor Look them full in the Face, nor approach too near them at lest Keep a full Pace from them

      The purpose of this instruction is to make sure that you become acquainted with a person at a distances so that you do not accidentally offend them or give them a bad impression. This is done to ensure that their personal space is respected in every situation, especially when speaking, since mouthwash and tooth paste had not yet been effectively invented, bad breath was a very common problem.

    8. 30th In walking the highest Place in most Countrys Seems to be on the right hand therefore Place yourself on the left of him whom you desire to Honour: but if three walk together the middest Place is the most Honourable the wall is usually given to the most worthy if two walk together.

      I am having a bit of trouble understanding exactly the importance of placing such significance upon allowing the man of higher position take the right hand position when walking together, especially since the english road system had been established so people drove their horsedrawn carriages down the left hand side, compared to the right hand side which is used by the United States.

    9. 28th If any one come to Speak to you while you are are Sitting Stand up tho he be your lnferiour, and when you Present Seats let it be to every one according to his Degree.

      The purpose for this instruction is to ensure that men stand at equal height when speaking, if they are of the same intellectual or authoritative stature, and also to make sure that everyone is treated with respect regardless, but especially when they are of higher power and position.

    10. 25th Superfluous Complements and all Affectation of Ceremonie are to be avoided, yet where due they are not to be Neglected.

      This instruction is given so that people respect the higher positions and authority of those who are in their current environment, to ensure that they understand that they are perceived by their acquaintances as being treated as having the authority and power they have gained not only in conversation but in passing as well.

    11. 23d When you see a Crime punished, you may be inwardly Pleased; but always shew Pity to the Suffering Offender.

      The purpose of this instruction is to ensure that one does not become desensitised to the pain and suffering that the offender is going through to the point where we become non-confrontation when people are punished and abused and we ignore their anguish due to our inability to feel compassion even on the guilty.

    12. 20th The Gestures of the Body must be Suited to the discourse you are upon.

      This statement means that you should use the body language that is appropriate to the circumstances, so that their is no chance of misunderstanding due to conflicting or opposing signals, which can generate confusion and result in argument or conflict.

    13. 15th Keep your Nails clean and Short, also your Hands and Teeth Clean yet without Shewing any great Concern for them.

      What George means by take care of your nails, but do not show great concern for them, is that you should not speak or make it known how much time you spend treating them, or purposely place your hands in a way that reveals how good you take care of them compared to others.

    14. 14th Turn not your Back to others especially in Speaking, Jog not the Table or Desk on which Another reads or writes, lean not upon any one.

      Even though I can immerse myself in my work to the point where noises around me such as people talking do not affect my concentration, but when someone moves the table continually by bumping their leg against it or jogging it with their body, I cannot concentrate to save my life.

    15. 4th In the Presence of Others Sing not to yourself with a humming Noise, nor Drum with your Fingers or Feet.

      This is one of the very few things that annoys me to no end, people humming or making noise with their fingers or pen, or anything else they by tapping it on a table. I notice that many of the things that we in the modern era teach to our younger students to establish control of their bodies was common knowledge in a person younger than me during the time this book was written.

    16. 2d When in Company, put not your Hands to any Part of the Body, not usualy Discovered.

      This instruction means that you should not use your hands and have them contact any parts of your body that are not usually touched during normal social interaction, which does not include your arms, hands and shoulders which are the basic components body language.

    17. George Washington, sometime before the age of 16, transcribed Rules of Civility & Decent Behaviour In Company and Conversation . (Original errors in numbering have been corrected; original spelling is unchanged.)

      I find it rather astounding that this very detailed and comprehensive etiquette and social behavior guide was written by George Washington when he was only 16 years old, as I had originally assumed that this document was written later in his life as a summary of all of the concepts and effective behavior methods he had learned throughout his life.

    Annotators

  7. Sep 2019
    1. Third. I advise a liberal appropriation for the support of Indian schools, because of my confident belief that such a course is consistent with the wisest economy. … They are doubtless much more potent for good than the day schools upon the reservation, as the pupils are altogether separated from the surroundings of savage life, and brought into constant contact with civilization.

      This is another example of how individuals in places of power such as the Presidency were coming to the realization that the Natives were humans, and therefore protected by the same document under which the white men who benefited from the Constitution. The establishment of indian schools would bring them into the modern age, while providing them with the same rights as their white neighbors and counterparts

    2. The Indian should receive the protection of the law. He should be allowed to maintain in court his rights of person and property. He has repeatedly begged for this privilege. Its exercise would be very valuable to him in his progress toward civilization.

      This is the basis of establishing an orderly and equal civilization, when an unbiased, unpartisian law is used as a means of protecting and securing the rights of an individuals regardless of culture, race or ethnicity.

    3. As the white settlements have crowded the borders of the reservations, the Indians, sometimes contentedly and sometimes against their will, have been transferred to other hunting grounds, from which they have again been dislodged whenever their new-found homes have been desired by the adventurous settlers

      The law that dictates the relationship between Native Americans and the White settlers, has been purposely biased to the point where a white man can gain possession of Indian land merely by asking for it, and the indian without compensation is removed without question

    1. Strangely, when the Natives were in the process of counting the dead they came upon the officer who had fought back with nothing more than a knife, and instead of stealing his belongings they were instructed to leave him, as he was dubbed the bravest man of all the white men they had killed.

    2. The Indian strategie of surrounding the detail of soldiers in a circular rotating fashion which made mobile and almost impossible to hit from such as short distance. This prevented the deaths of all but a few of the horseback natives. The remaining officer was taken out as he attempted to lead the remaining survivors away from the attack but failed.

    3. This story is a stark contrast between the previous record made by John, in terms of the subject the attackers the battle and the result. The major difference being that the victims of the Native American attack were armed soldiers on horseback, instead of the innocent women and children who were massacred by the white men and their bodies multilated beyond recognition.

    4. I noticed that this is a documented record from the perspective of a Native American, which I derived from they way in which the author described the weapons used by the white men as well as they specific names of the tribes and the methods they used to ambush and overwhelm the soliders.

    1. SInce the Native Americans did not have any written language, there are no existing original records of the experiences of these peoples as they were subjected to a new environment brought upon by the industrial development of the white man.

    2. This is an example of how the Native Americans viewed their new and strict treatment while living on land that had once been uncontaminated by the houses and buildings of the white man. It documents how the natural and habitual ways of the native have been oppressed by the slow and sluggish traditions of the white man.