Eliminating their primarymeans of support would help quell the Indian menace and open theNorthwest to American expansion. In a broader sense, the elimination ofBritish power from North America would enhance U.S. security

Persuaded by May that no settlement was likely, andwith the approaching election putting a premium on action of somekind, Madison submitted a war message to Congress.

he threat of Indian warfare on the frontier, which Americans alsoconveniently blamed on Britain, added to an already long list of griev-ances

nlike Adams a decade earlier, the president did not fan the martialspirit. He closed American ports to Royal Navy ships and demanded notmerely reparation but British abandonment of impressmen

The residue of Anglo-phobia left from the Revolution deepened as the crisis intensified. Out-raged by British insults to their honor, Americans insisted on demandsLondon could not possibly meet, placing the two nations on a collisioncourse

y this time, the resumption of war withEngland was imminent. Desperate for money and angry at Spain, he ig-nored the Treaty of San Ildefonso and sold the United States all ofLouisiana instead of simply New Orleans for funds to underwrite waragainst England.

A chance to do so to an extent he could not possibly have imaginedcame with the Louisiana crisis of 1802–3 and the acquisition of a vast newterritory.

efferson’s expansionism represents the fullest expression of his national-ism and republicanism

Eager toprove to North Africans—and Europeans—that the United States wouldmeet force with force, he dispatched four ships to the Mediterranean to“protect our commerce and chastise their insolence” by “sinking, burning,or destroying their ships and Vessels.

He was certain that appeasement encouraged more outra-geous demands.

Genuine political and economic freedom required a populationof independent landowners engaged in productive enterprises

A republican population de-manded, in turn, access to foreign markets to ensure continued outlets forAmerica’s agricultural surpluses and the availability of sufficient land toprovide an economic basis for freedom for a rapidly expanding people

is inaugural commit-ment to “peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations—entangling alliances with none” echoed in less qualified terms

hey secured release from theFrench alliance, making possible a truly independent foreign policy

The removal ofBritish troops from U.S. soil, along with Spanish recognition of the south-ern boundary and granting of access to the Mississippi, eased the foreignthreat to frontier communities, curbed secessionist impulses among west-erners, and facilitated incorporation of the West into the Union

Insisting on its rights to trade with both major belligerents, the UnitedStates suffered heavy losses in shipping but achieved major gains in for-eign trade. Exports increased from $20 million in 1792 to more than $94million in 1801, imports from $23 million in 1790 to $110 million in 1801,and the reexport trade jumped from $1 million in 1792 to nearly $50 mil-lion in 1800. This prosperity was based on unusual conditions, to be sure,but it provided a foundation for future economic growth

Despite their partisanship and occasional excess, the Federalists skill-fully guided the United States through a perilous era. Displaying oppor-tunism and pragmatism in time of crisis, they exploited the European warto America’s advantage while scrupulously avoiding the full-scale involve-ment that would have been disastrous at this stage of the nation’s growth

of that conflict until 1815 perpetuated the threat to the United States, butseverance of ties with France rendered its situation much less compli-cated. The nation would not be a party to another “entangling alliance”until the mid-twentieth century

nfluenced byexperience dating to the colonial period, he stressed the importance of anindependent course free of emotional attachments and wherever possiblebinding political commitments to other nations

His ref-erences to alliances set forth a view common among Americans that theirnation, founded on exceptional principles and favored by geography,could best achieve its destiny by preserving its freedom of action.

ally no restrictions and also gained access to the much-coveted West In-dian trade,

ut they served the national interest as well.Desperately in need of U.S. foodstuffs, France purchased large quantitiesof grain and permitted American ships to transport supplies from its WestIndian colonies to its home ports, a right generally denied under mercan-tilist doctrine. Hundreds of American ships swarmed into the Caribbeanand across the Atlantic to “fatten on the follies” of the Old World

fter long andsometimes bitter debates and frequently over Jefferson’s objections, thecabinet had hammered out a neutrality policy that construed Americanobligations under the French alliance as narrowly as possible

They also recognized that war would significantlyincrease demands for their products and might open ports previouslyclosed. As a neutral the United States could trade with all nations,

that to become too closely attached to either powercould result in a loss of freedom of action, even independence.

Americans had long agreed they must abstain from Europe’s wars, andthe new nation’s still fragile position in 1793 underscored the urgency ofneutrality.

Returning to Japan to search for a new way of life, Akira's professionalgoals suddenly seemed meaningless to him. Soon after his return he pickedup a book published by Aum Shinrikyo, and was impressed with the group'steachings on Armageddon. Akira stated that Aum Shinrikyo attracts manyyounger people like himself who have studied science and technology. "S

pendyears in Tokyo's meritocratic rat race, when overnight you can become amover-and-shaker in Om's Construction, Intelligence, or Health and WelfareMinistry. 1

"elect" religious elite.

Students of Japanese religion identify two surges of New Religions-thosethat grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s (shinshukyo), many of which haveprewar roots, and the New New Religions (shinshinshukyo) that haveemerged since the 1970s.

The ultimate objective behind the sarin production was to overthrow the presentJapanese government and establish the new government of Aum Shinrikyo.

he next generation, born in 1960-s, was much less idealistic in its aims: money for them was not anultimate goal, but just a way to provide their living; young people were seeking spiritual enlightenment more thaneconomical welfare.

hierarchic and strict: one must follow the necessary rules from the early childhood. Even in school, society beginsto control the individual, and being a collectivistic culture

n 10 years Aum Shinrikyo became apowerful cult owning a hospital, several restaurants and foreign offices.