The intensity of this student’s emotional responses to the program (“post-trau-matic stress disorder,” “flashbacks,” “outrage”) and her description of the pro-gram as “useless” and “insensitive” to victims are disturbing. Unfortunately, this was not an isolated response. Nearly three quarters (70%, n = 16) of per-sonal survivors’ narratives in our subsample indicated that the education pro-gram was triggering to them in some way.
Victims with harsh disorders view of the programs.
[the education program] did answer some of my questions. I have a friend who thinks she might have been raped at a party because she was taken advantage of while drunk. The program helped me realize that she was assaulted.Clearly, this student found value in the education program and learned more about the relationships between alcohol and sexual assault as a result of it. Overall, half (50%, n = 7) of those who provided know survivor(s)’ narra-tives who were praiseworthy of the program indicated that they personally benefited from the program in some way
different aspects of the helpfulness of programs.
The man who committed the assault [against me] had commented earlier in the evening . . . that programs such as the sexual misconduct training program . . . basically told guys how many drinks they needed to give a girl in order to get away with raping her. I. . . never imagined that he himself was planning to take advantage of me . . . scenarios used in the online training can not only inspire potential rapists, but also make victims feel as though their situations “don’t count.”
The attitude a boy who sexual assaulted someone.
Overall, the purpose of the current study is to provide empirically driven sexual assault program implications that take into account survivors’ and those who know survivors’ experiences. This is particularly important because without recognizing students’ victimization experiences, we are left with an incomplete understanding of campus sexual assault and we are left without the proper tools to make changes on college campuses that address survivors’ and those who know survivors’ diverse needs. Thus, the current study’s intersectional approach centers college students’ unique lived experi-ences and personal histories with sexual assault; recognizes how gender, sexuality, race, and other structural forms of oppression and privilege shape student responses to education programming; and offers empirically driven program implications.
Main Idea!
Additional research about race/ethnicity and sexual assault program effectiveness is rather limited. A handful of studies have examined Black, Latino, and Asian college men, and such findings show that although the majority (72%) who participated in a rape prevention program agreed that their attitudes on rape had changed and also believed that their behaviors would change in the future,
When men participate in these programs, some are woke, while some already knew.
For example, in their stratified random sample of 1,285 undergraduate students from a large Northeastern university, Sorenson, Joshi, and Sivitz (2014) found that two out of three (65%) undergraduate students indicated knowing a woman sex-ual assault survivor (if the student was a woman, she could include herself and/or other women in her response). In addition, women were significantly more likely than men to report knowing a woman sexual assault survivor (72% of women indicated as such compared with 55% of men), and Black and Hispanic students were significantly more likely than Whites and Asians to report knowing a woman sexual assault survivor (80% of Blacks and 73% of Hispanics indicated as such compared with 68% of Whites and 52% of Asians). Furthermore, nearly all (90%) of Black women undergraduates reported knowing a woman sexual assault survivor whereas only 44% of Asian men indicated similarly (Sorenson et al., 2014).
Here are the statistics of knowing a sexual assault survivor and being able to include oneself into that percentage, and also how it is more common for women to know others and relate to sexual assault, race also plays a role where AA and MA know more survivors than whties and asians.
Asian American students experience nonconsensual sexual contact (7.7%) as compared with other racial/ethnic groups (e.g., 13.0% of White students report nonconsensual sexual contact) whereas American Indian/Alaskan Native students experience the most nonconsensual sexual contact (15.1%) among the racial/ethnic groups examined (Cantor et al., 2015). Other research finds marked differences between White and Black/African American undergraduate women. Indeed, in a study of 935 undergraduate women, a significantly higher percentage of African American women (36%) compared with White women (26%) reported unwanted sexual experiences (Gross, Winslett, Roberts, & Gohm, 2006). Additional explorations reveal mixed results related to Hispanic ethnicity. Some find that White non-His-panic women are significantly more likely than Hispanic women to experi-ence sexual victimization (Arellano, Kuhn, & Chavez, 1997), whereas others find no differences between these groups (Relyea & Ullman, 2017). Still other research with college students finds that compared with non-Hispanic undergraduate women, Hispanic undergraduate women are less likely to experience sexual coercion, more likely to experience attempted rape, but similarly likely to experience completed rape during college (Kalof, 2000)
Another piece of data that explains the role of race/ethnicity in sexual assault.
in three (27.8%) experienced nonconsensual sexual contact during college. Among heterosexual and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) students, about one in four bisexual students (25.3%) and one in seven gay/lesbian students (13.7%) experienced nonconsensual sexual contact since entering college, whereas heterosexual college students were less likely to report nonconsen-sual sexual contact (10.8%). Moreover, bisexual women were significantly more likely than any other group to experience nonconsensual sexual contact during college (31.7%) whereas heterosexual men were least likely to have these types of experiences (3.6%; Cantor et al., 2015). Overall, there is strong evidence that college students are at risk of sexual assault (Fisher et al., 2009), and this risk is especially high for heterosexual women, LGB, and TGQN college students (Cantor et al., 2015; Martin, Fisher, Warner, Krebs, & Lindquist, 2011)
This data explains that people among to LGBTQ community are also very exposed to sexual assault.
Data piece of evidence that explains that women are more likely to be sexually assaulted than men.
Abraham Lincoln, who, with an open heart and a clarity of purpose, calls on us today across the ages to unite as one people when he said: With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in [the] right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds...to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.4
Big name strategy
The Confederacy was on the wrong side of history and humanity. It sought to tear apart our nation and subjugate our fellow Americans to slavery. This is a history we should never forget and one that we should never, ever again put on a pedestal to be revered.
Summarizing or meta strategy to emphasize argument.
Nelson Mandela and what he said after apartheid:
Big name strategy
manifestation
An event/action that embodies something
United States of America, because we are one nation, not two; indivisible with liberty and justice for all, not some. We all are part of one nation and pledge allegiance to one flag, the flag of the United States of America.
References to the pledge of allegiance to remind what the United States stands for.
righting the wrong image these monuments represent and crafting a better, more complete future for all of our children, and for future generations.
benefits and reaching out to audience, whether they agree or not, to see what the meaning is behind this.
because now -- see, now -- is the time for choosing. Now is the time to actually make this city the city we should have always been had we gotten it right the first time.
Repeats "now" for emphasis.
If we take down these statu[es] and don’t change to become a more open and inclusive society, then all of this would have all been in vain.
Almost like saying, "Lets make this worth it".
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. said, “wait has almost always meant never.”2
Big name stragety
many excuses to not do the right thing. President Bush’s words once again: “A great nation does not hide its history. It faces its flaws and corrects them.”
Big name strategy
All we hold dear is created by throwing everything in the pot -- creating, producing something better; everything, everything a product of our historic diversity
Logic perspective
healed right in the first place
Things weren't taken care of when they should have been.
perverse
unreasonable/unacceptable
making straight what has been crooked and making right what was wrong.
parallelism
do the right thing, not the easy thing
Builds credibility
Robert E. Lee sat atop of our city. Can you do it? Can you do it? Can you look into the eyes of this young girl and convince her that Robert E. Lee is there to encourage her? Do you think she feels inspired and hopeful by that story? Do these monuments help her see her future with limitless potential? Have you ever thought, have you every thought that if her potential is limited, yours and my potential [is limited] as well?
A lot of pathos to make those who were for the monuments to stay up feel guilty and look at the situation from a different perspective.
So I'm not judging anybody. I am not judging people. We all take our own journey on race. I just hope people listen like I did when my dear friend Wynton Marsalis helped me see the truth.
Is stating that not knowing about race is something to judge someone on but to inform them and teach.
A piece of stone -- one stone. Both stories, history. One story told, one story forgotten -- or maybe even purposefully ignored.
Connects back to the fact that some do not acknowledge the dark history of the United States.
last year President Barack Obama echoed these sentiments about the need to contextualize and to remember all of our history.
Big name method, how he wants to rewrite how we view history.
ringing in your ears, I want to try to gently peel your hands from the grip on this false narrative of our history that I think weakens us and make straight a wrong turn that we made many years ago, so we can more closely connect with the integrity to the founding principles of our nation and forge a clearer, straighter path towards a better city and towards a more perfect union.
A lot of descriptiveness and imagery, personification, and ethos to show how wrong the words presented in the passage above was and how they affect our culture now.
Confederate cause was about maintaining slavery and white supremacy.
Clearly defines goals of Confederacy.
terrorism
stong diction to compare how heinous acts in history.
These monuments celebrate a fictional, sanitized Confederacy: ignoring the death, ignoring the enslavement, ignoring the terror that it actually stood for
What these statues really stood for, which as not ideal of the United States.
these monuments that we took down were meant to rebrand the history of our city and the ideals of the Confederacy.
Reason why, for the wrongdoing to make up for it
As President George W. Bush said at the -- at the dedication ceremony for the National Museum of African American History and Culture (and I quote): “A great nation does not hide its history. It faces its flaws and" it "corrects them.”
Big name strategy to add credibility
malfeasance
Wrongdoing
why there are no slave ship monuments, no prominent markers on public land to remember the lynchings or the slave blocks; nothing to remember this long chapter of our lives of the pain, of sacrifice, of shame -- all of it happening on the soil of New Orleans.
Is trying to prove the point that we wouldn't have something so graphic to commemorate the dark history of the United States of New Orleans?
4,000 of our fellow American citizens were lynched, 540 in Louisiana alone; where our courts enshrined "separate but equal,"
Statistics that go into logos about unfairness and cruelty that "American citizens" went through also includes pathos because these people were not seen as people at all but as property or different in their entirety.
souls
Diction "souls" gives more meaning than just using "people" which gives audience "oof" factor.
"Well chief," she said, "they called you everything but a child of God."
Creates ethos with audience to make comfortable, almost like laughing with friend.
city of many nations, a melting pot, a bubbling cauldron of many cultures
imagery and description of what the city of new orleans looks like.
've simply come to tell you to keep your eyes on the prize, hold on.
Reconnects this idea of holding onto the prize and holding on to get where we must in this injustice system.
"I came into this courtroom to tell this young man, 'Keep your eyes on the prize, hold on.'"
The audience would hear this and again understand what one in the African American community have to go through.
r and started walking up to the courthouse. 18:49And as I was walking up the steps, there was an older Black man who was the janitor in this courthouse. When this man saw me, he came over and said, "Who are you?" I said, "I'm a lawyer." He said, "You're a lawyer?" I said, "Yes, sir." And this man came over to me, and he hugged me. And he whispered in my ear. He said, "I'm so proud of you."
This story adds a lot of pathos because for a Black man to get as far to be a lawyer can be very difficult because of their limitations so to add this, the audience can start to understand what the Black community have to go through to be as successful as they are.
And I started working on this motion, and the head of the motion was: "Motion to try my poor, 14-year-old Black male client like a privileged, white, 75-year-old corporate executive."
Stevenson knows that white and black are treated differently and was testing his limits.
well, if the judge can turn you into something you're not, the judge must have magic power.
Adds humor to criticize how people look when they change someone into something they are not.
13 and 14, and he's been certified to stand trial as an adult. I start thinking, well, how did that happen? How can a judge turn you into something that you're not? And the judge has certified him as an adult, but I see this kid.
Calling out the biased behind a trial.
16:25And finally, I believe that, despite the fact that it is so dramatic and so beautiful and so inspiring and so stimulating, we will ultimately not be judged by our technology, we won't be judged by our design, we won't be judged by our intellect and reason. Ultimately, you judge the character of a society not by how they treat their rich and the powerful and the privileged, but by how they treat the poor, the condemned, the incarcerated.
The identity of the United States is not represented by how fancy and cool our tech is but by looking at how it treats those who don't have much and this helps the audience see the importance of our identity.
And because of that, there's this basic human dignity that must be respected by law. I also believe that in many parts of this country, and certainly in many parts of this globe, that the opposite of poverty is not wealth. I don't believe that. I actually think, in too many places, the opposite of poverty is justice.
People are more than they are sought out to be and the justice system needs to recognize that no matter who it is.
And sometimes when it comes through TED, it has meaning and power that it doesn't have when it doesn't.
What he has to say IS important since it is on TED
15:17And I actually believe that the TED community needs to be more courageous. We need to find ways to embrace these challenges, these problems, the suffering. Because ultimately, our humanity depends on everyone's humanity. I've learned very simple things doing the work that I do. It's just taught me very simple things.
Call out TED and everyone to do something about the injustice so that everyone may have their "humanity" which you would think everyone has, but he makes it seem like this community hasn't had the chance to.
13:50I had the great privilege, when I was a young lawyer, of meeting Rosa Parks.
A lot of credibility here due to the fact that he MET ROSA PARKS.
Well, that orientation of the spirit is very much at the core of what I believe even TED communities have to be engaged in. There is no disconnect around technology and design that will allow us to be fully human until we pay attention to suffering, to poverty, to exclusion, to unfairness, to injustice. Now, I will warn you that this kind of identity is a much more challenging identity than ones that don't pay attention to this. It will get to you.
Ties back to identity and how deep the United States had gotten about its "suffering, to poverty, to exclusion, to unfairness, to injustice."
t becomes necessary to integrate the two, because ultimately, we are talking about a need to be more hopeful, more committed, more dedicated to the basic challenges of living in a complex world. And for me, that means spending time thinking and talking about the poor, the disadvantaged, those who will never get to TED, but thinking about them in a way that is integrated in our own lives.
We need to create this balance between caring about innovation and the poor instead of just focusing on one for the United States convenience.
shadowed by suffering, abuse, degradation, marginalization.
Strong diction and metaphor of what the United States tends to ignore instead of solving.
disproportionately Jewish? I couldn't bear it. It would be unconscionable. 11:05And yet, in this country, in the states of the Old South, we execute people -- where you're 11 times more likely to get the death penalty if the victim is white than if the victim is Black, 22 times more likely to get it if the defendant is Black and the victim is white
Directly compares how Germany were targeting a single race and how United States targets the Black race.
"We don't have the death penalty in Germany, and of course, we can never have the death penalty in Germany." And the room got very quiet, and this woman said, "There's no way, with our history, we could ever engage in the systematic killing of human beings. It would be unconscionable for us to, in an intentional and deliberate way, set about executing people." And I thought about that. What would it feel like to be living in a world where the nation-state of Germany was executing people, especially if they were disproportionately Jewish? I couldn't bear it. It would be unconscionable.
Stevenson puts the death penalty into perspective, if Germany were have death penalty the rest of the world would be angry and it wouldn't seem right, this makes the audience look at our system and question it.
We have a hard time talking about race, and I believe it's because we are unwilling to commit ourselves to a process of truth and reconciliation. In South Africa, people understood that we couldn't overcome apartheid without a commitment to truth and reconciliation. In Rwanda, even after the genocide, there was this commitment. But in this country, we haven't done that.
Goes more into the root of the issue and compares the U.S.A to other countries who had to face the truth to get better.
"Mr. Stevenson, you give talks, you make speeches, you tell people to stop saying we're dealing with terrorism for the first time in our nation's history after 9/11." They tell me to say, "No, tell them that we grew up with that." And that era of terrorism, of course, was followed by segregation and decades of racial subordination and apartheid.
This would pull at the heart strings of Americans who might think, "its not my issue". When he compares how the African American community not dealing with terrorism for the first time since before 9/11, the audience would rationalize what this community went through.
But somehow, we can insulate ourselves from this problem. It's not our problem. It's not our burden. It's not our struggle.
Call the people out in America that push the issue to the side.
one out of nine people, innocent. I mean, it's fascinating. In aviation, we would never let people fly on airplanes if, for every nine planes that took off, one would crash.
Compares number of innocent people on death row to plane crashes to put reason to his argument almost saying, "it doesn't make any sense".
. But there's another way of thinking about where we are in our identity. The other way of thinking about it is not: Do people deserve to die for the crimes they commit?, but: Do we deserve to kill? I mean, it's fascinating.
Saying, "who are we to kill"
We have life imprisonment without parole for kids in this country. And we're actually doing some litigation. The only country in the world.
Here he says bluntly how things are for criminal kids in America, but then states, "The only country in the world" which would get one to think, "why?".
34 percent of the Black male population has permanently lost the right to vote. We're actually projecting that in another 10 years, the level of disenfranchisement will be as high as it's been since prior to the passage of the Voting Rights Act. And there is this stunning silence.
He is comparing statistics in modern time and comparing it to a time when African Americans could not giving the audience this "woah" factore that would persuade them to see this as a problem.
We have a system of justice in this country that treats you much better if you're rich and guilty than if you're poor and innocent. Wealth, not culpability, shapes outcomes.
The main issue he is targeting.
in communities of color, there is this despair, there is this hopelessness that is being shaped by these outcomes.
The use of his diction would made the audience feel bad for those in the community.
05:02I don't say that because I think that's virtuous; I say that because there is power in identity. When we create the right kind of identity, we can say things to the world around us that they don't actually believe make sense.
Bryan Stevenson builds up an identity about himself to persuade his argument of how our injustice our jail systems are later on.