Can you state what you know so far about the relationship between NADH/NAD+ and ATP?
NAD+ becomes reduced, accepting electrons to become NADH. It then transports these electrons to the electron transport chain that changes ADP to ATP.
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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There are three large, negative ΔG drops in the cell in the process of glycolysis. We consider these reactions irreversible and are often subject to regulation
Even though there are some steps in glycolysis that require energy (have a positive delta G), the overall pathway is exergonic because of the several very exergonic steps.
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The phosphorylation (or condensation of phosphate groups onto AMP) is an endergonic process. By contrast, the hydrolysis of one or two phosphate groups from ATP, a process called dephosphorylation, is exergonic.
So phosphorylation removes H2O while adding a phosphate group and dephosphorylation requires H2O to remove a phosphate group.
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- Jan 2026
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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oxidation as: the loss of electrons. Reduction is defined as: the gain of electrons.
Another way to identify what gains electrons and what loses electrons is looking at whether the compounds loses oxygen/gains hydrogen (in which case it would be reduced) or if it gains oxygen/loses hydrogen (in which case it would be oxidized). #ithink
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small E0’ on top and larger E0’ on the bottom) transfers of electrons from donors higher on the table to acceptors lower on the table will be spontaneous.
So a positive change in reduction potential indicates a spontaneous reaction while a negative change in reduction potential indicates a non-spontaneous reaction. #important
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How do you describe or think about the difference between the concept of electronegativity and red/ox potential?
Electronegativity is the strength an atom has to pull electrons towards itself in a bond while red/ox potential is the tendency for a compound/element to gain or lose electrons in a reaction. The main differences are that electronegativity refers to a specific atom/element while red/ox potential can refer to a compound and electronegativity deals with affinity to electrons in a bond while red/ox potential deals with affinity to electrons in a reaction. #ithink
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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Mitochondria also possess a small genome that encodes genes whose functions are typically restricted to the mitochondrion.
Mitochondria having its own genome supports the theory that they were once aerobic bacteria that got engulfed by a host cell. #ithink
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Microtubules help the cell resist compression, provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell, pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell,
So microfilaments aid in cell movement, intermediate filaments aid in structural support, and microtubules aid in both cell movement and structural support. #ithink
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To solve this problem, those cells often have significantly more mitochondria than cells that do not require such a large constant energy supply.
So cells are able to create more mitochondria according to energy needs? I thought that the number of mitochondria is dictated by the cell's DNA.
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