human monoclonal antibodies that target Nipah G glycoprotein

To date, there are no known vaccines.

typically fever and  a headache

Currently, there is no vaccine for the Marburg viru

tissue, body fluids, and secretions

The Marburg virus is zoonotic,

Recovery of Mycoplasma hominis from blood culture media.

Candida albicans

The single most important lab test is urinalysis.

Deaths have occurred in neonates with bloodstream invasion by Ureaplasma species and meningitis caused by M hominis;

xam Overview

herpes simplex virus–1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2

Escherichia (E.) coli is responsible for most uncomplicated cystitis cases in women, especially in younger women. E. coli is generally a harmless microorganism originating in the intestines. If it spreads to the vaginal opening, it may invade and colonize the bladder, causing an infection. The spread of E. coli to the vaginal opening most commonly occurs when women or girls wipe themselves from back to front after urinating, or after sexual activity.Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounts for 5 - 15% of UTIs, mostly in younger women.Klebsiella, Enterococci, and Proteus mirabilis account for most of remaining bacterial organisms that cause UTIs. They are generally found in UTIs in older women.Rare bacterial causes of UTIs include Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis, which are typically harmless organisms.

multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (mostly Escherichia coli) that produce extended-spectrum β lactamases (ESBLs), such as the CTX-M enzymes, have emerged within the community setting as an important cause of UTIs.

Enterobacter spp. are commonly found in intensive care units and are responsible for 8.6 % of nosocomial infections according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Glucose fermentation and acid production Lactose and/or sucrose fermenta-tion and acid production GYellow with bubbles or cracksGas production from glucos

38°C or below 36°C

a painful red eye

poor final visual outcome

urease-variable.[2][3]

RECOMMENDED MEDIA

16-18 hours.

KEY BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS

Facultatively anaerobic

20-30 degrees C

Spores: No.

CASE REPORTContact-lens-related corneal ulcer caused byklebsiella pneumoniae

are susceptible to cefepime(7), aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(8). Tigecycline has been shown effective in vitro

Gram-negative bacilli, 0.6-1 μm in diameter and 1.2-3 μm long, motile by means of peritrichous flagella and have class 1 fimbriae

Enterobacter spp. are resistant to ampicillin; first- and second- generation cephalosporins(7); and cephalothin

Person to person transmission can occur through the fecal-oral route

Enterobacter spp. are commonly found in soil and water;

ability of this pathogen to survive in different environments is further investigated to provide rational measures to prevent or decrease associated disease risks.

The disease is spread worldwide although it is less common in tropical areas

Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, which causes the walls to break down and eventually the bacteria die.

work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50s subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth

The combination antibiotic TMP-SMZ inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid.

regimen includes doxycycline in combination with an aminoglycoside.

Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Yersinia enterocolitica.

Yst, included on the genes ystA and ystB, is a membrane-acting virulence factor. It is a heat-stable enterotoxin that is important in causing diarrhea in the host

These plasmids include an outer membrane protein, YadA, that is used for adhesion and can resist phagocytosis by host cell with the help of Yops proteins

Although host gastric acid act as a substantial barrier to prevent infection from the pathogen, Y. enterocolitica utilizes plasmids

4–6 days (range, 1–14 days)

Yersiniosis usually goes away on its own without antibiotic treatment. However, antibiotics may be used to treat more severe or complicated infections.

Figure 1. . Klebsiella pneumoniae antimicrobial drug resistance, United States, 1998–2010. ATM, aztreonam; SXT, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; CAZ, ceftazidime; CIP, ciprofloxacin; TET, tetracycline; TOB, tobramycin; TZP, piperacillin/tazobactam; CPM, cefepime; AMK, amikacin; IPM, imipenem. Ceftriaxone and gentamicin were not included for better data presentation.

Figure 2. . Prevalence of antimicrobial cross-resistance among imipenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, United States, 2010. TET, tetracycline; AMK, amikacin; GEN, gentamicin; CPM, cefepime; SXT, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; CRO, ceftriaxone; TOB, tobramycin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; TZP, piperacillin/tazobactam; CAZ, ceftazidime; ATM, aztreonam.

8% of Klebsiella spp. isolates were carbapenem resistant in

specific for ferric iron and thus supply iron to the bacterial cells

54Journal of Thi-Qar University No.4 Vol.3 Mar/2008K.pneumoniaehave many virulence factors that make it pathogenicity, these factors are :

Antibiotics

Infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae is emerging as an important challenge in health-care settings.[11] One of many CREs is carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Over the past 10 years, a progressive increase in CRKP has been seen worldwide; however, this new emerging nosocomial pathogen is probably best known for an outbreak in Israel that began around 2006 within the healthcare system there.

are seen mostly in people with a weakened immune system

It naturally occurs in the soil,

Gram-negative, nonmotile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium

ceftazidime (92-95%), ceftriaxone (96-98%), cefotaxime (96%), piperacillin-tazobactam (90-97%), imipeneum (98-100%), gentamicin (95-96%), amikacin (98-99%), triethoprimsulfamethoxazole (SXT) (88-90%).

Selected Virulence Factors

cell wall receptors, capsular polysaccharide, and endotoxin

7-14% of pneumonia,

who have diabetes or who suffer from alcoholisms due to a weakened immune system

Capsular Polysaccharide and Lipopolysaccharide O Side Chain

Hospital-acquired infections rely on the urinary tract, lower respirator tract, biliary tract, and surgical wounds to set up colonization

Klebsiella infections are most well-known in hospitals spread through person-to-person contact by contaminated hands of surrounded people in the hospitals, whether it be an employee or a patient. Klebsiella is spread very easily and rapidly, but not through the air. Healthcare settings are most vulnerable to Klebsiella infections due to the nature of procedures that allow easy access of bacteria into the body. Patients who are on ventilators, catheters, or surgery wounds are highly prone to catching this deadly infection

pH range of 5.2 to 6.4

Klebsiellae are lactose-fermenting, urease-positive, and indole-negative organisms,

They have no special culture requirements. Most species can use citrate and glucose as sole carbon sources; thus, they grow well on most ordinary media.

Erythromycin interferes with aminoacyl translocation, preventing the transfer of the tRNA bound at the A site of the rRNA complex to the P site of the rRNA complex

capsule of organisms such as B fragilis

All the F. necrophorum strains were susceptible to penicillin and metronidazole. Susceptibility was usually read within 24 h.

7.4 ± 0.1.

selective agar

5% H2, 10% CO2 and 85% NO2

obligate anaerobe pleomorphic rod

where it may account for more than 20% of acute pharyngitis

DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY:

cultured anaerobically,

Latex agglutination techniques, phenotypic reactions and antibiograms

chronic, recurrent or persistent sore throat, which is believed to respond poorly to penicillin in vivo.

quite a rare condition and modern-day clinicians of various medical disciplines are frequently unaware of this organism and the severity of symptoms that it can cause

leukotoxin, endotoxin, haemolysin, haemagglutinin and adhesin

Gram-negative, non-spore-forming anaerobe, is a normal inhabitant of the alimentary tract of animals and humans

unilateral neck swelling due to suppurative thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and may lead to sepsis, pulmonary abscess, and death

Overall mortality remains high (20% to 34% in larger series)

Stevens–Johnson syndrome

virus that grows in the cells lining the throat and lungs.

S. pyogenes isolates showed complete sensitivity to teicoplanin, vancomycin, and levofloxacin.

If the mixture produces bubbles or froth, the organism is said to be 'catalase-positive'

The reagent is a dark-blue to maroon color when oxidized, and colorless when reduced.

Dose-dependentinhibitionofgrowthofS43/192/

Penicillins and other antibiotics in the beta-lactam family contain a characteristic four-membered beta-lactam ring. Penicillin kills bacteria through binding of the beta-lactam ring to DD-transpeptidase, inhibiting its cross-linking activity and preventing new cell wall formation.

Gram-positive

tetracycline, to which 26 strains were resistant

chronic conditions (diabetes, cancer), compromised immune systems (receiving chemotherapy, autoimmune disorders or HIV infection) or open wounds or sores that allow the bacteria to enter the tissue.

"Strep throat," – swollen tonsils possible covered with a grayish-white film, swollen lymph nodes, and fever with or without chills, painful swallowing and headache. Impetigo - mild skin infection accompanied by open, draining sores and other general symptoms of GAS infection such as fever, swollen lymph nodes and a sore throat. Scarlet fever - characterized by a fever, sore throat, red sandpaper-like rash and a red "strawberry" tongue. It is caused by several different strains of the streptococcal bacteria, all of which produce a toxin that cause the characteristic red rash.

culture of a single throat swab on a blood agar plate yields a sensitivity of 90-95% for the detection of group A streptococci (GAS) in the pharynx

Most laboratories inoculate throat swabs on 5% sheep blood agar containing trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

In patients with acute pharyngitis, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection should be ruled out.

antibodies for the detection of group A carbohydrate antigen.

frozen section biopsy

cellulitis is found

typically appearing within 24 hours following a bite

humans is often associated with an animal bite, scratch, or lick

gram-negative

cellulitis, abscesses, tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. [1] The latter two are particularly common following cat bites because of their small, sharp, penetrative teeth

most of the time

SARS

typhoid fever