Gabiīs receptīs = ablative absolute with PPP recipio

With Gabii taken, Tarquin turned back his attention to the business of the city.

indirect statement inside direct statement; reporting verb = cognovi, accusative subject = Turnum, infinitive = cupere, tenere, parare; sequence of tense = historic main verb + present infinitive: translate same tense was (-ing)

"I learned," he said, "that Turnus was desiring to have sole authority among the Latins and was already planning the death of everyone"

aedium = gen. pl. but translate in the singular

sequente nūntiō fīliī = ablative absolute w present active participle

The king answered nothing with his voice, but as though considering the matter he crossed into the shrine garden, accompanied by his son's messenger;

First of all, he decided to build the temple on the Tarpeian Rock and to dedicate the entire mount to Jupiter. or

He decided to build the first temple on the Tarpeian Rock...

The state of Gabii, thus deprived of council or assistance, was handed over to the Roman king without serious contest.

Therefore, he put to death the leading citizens with a variety of indictments. ablative interpretation

Therefore, he put to death the leading citizens for a variety of crimes. dative interpretation

Sextus understood what his father was desiring.

ut mandāta patris peteret = purpose clause, with imperfect subjunctive "peteret"

Thereupon Sextus sent one of his own men to Rome in order to ask for his father's orders.

A small skirmish occurred between Rome and Gabii, in which the Gabines had prevailed.

indirect statement w/ reporting verb "crediderunt", subject accusative "Tarquinium", perfect passive infinitive "missum esse"; sequence of tenses: historic = perfect followed by perfect, translate infinitive as action preceding

dōnō... sibi = the "double dative" construction

The Gabines believed that Sex. Tarquinius had been sent to them as a gift from the gods to be their leader.

In another war with the Gabii, a neighboring city, unable to take it by force, the city was seized by fraud and deception through his son S. Tarquinium.

it was seized by deceit and also by cunning through his son Sex. Tarquinium.

praebuit = governs a double accusative, "se" and "ducem"

Tarquin, although he was an unjust king in peace, nevertheless revealed himself to be not such a bad leader in war.

The Latins did not disagree even though in the treaty the Roman state had the upper hand.

auctōritāte inter Latīnōs ita auctā = ablative absolute

not a cum clause, simply ablative with pronoun in a main clause

The king, his authority thus enlarged among the Latins, restored the treaty with them (i.e., the Latins) that had been made by King Tullius before.

Tarquinius called the leaders of the Latins to himself a little before daybreak and he made certain to them (i.e., he informed them) about the hidden swords:

ablative absolute, Tarquinius (being) the organizer

intulērunt = "infero, infere, intuli, illatus" (compound of in + fero, ferre, tuli, latus), 3rd conjugation- 3rd person pl. perf. ind. act

So the following night with Tarquinius (being) the organizer with certain Aricinians, enemies to Turnus, they secretly brought into his lodgings a great number of swords.

Crowds gathered at the first light of day.

ut praesidia urbī essent = subjunctive purpose clause with imperfect subjunctive "essent"

Many colonists were sent to Signia and Circeii, in order to be protection for the city.

In addtion, the plebians being transferred to other works, they built the seating for the Circus Maximus and directed the Cloaca Maximus underground, which even now we see.

ūsus est = perfect deponent "ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum" takes an ablative direct object (ablative of means), he used

For this work he used Etruscan artisans and workers from among the Roman commoners.

Prior to this his father had already vowed (to build) this temple.

cum nōn intellegeret quid rēx faceret = causal cum clause w/ intellegeret, since

rediit = A compound of red- [re-] with the irregular eō, īre, iī, itum, [he] went back

The messenger, since he did not understand what the king was doing, returned to Gabii and reported the remarkable experience.

there walking up and down silently he knocked off the heads of the tallest poppies with a stick.

Being received kindly by the Gabines he was admitted into their councils of state, and in the end was chosen as their head.

vehemently denouncing(?) the intolerable cruelty of his father and even promising to help the Gabines against him.

iit = irregular, common verb eō, īre, iī, itum, he went

Gabiōs = cities do not take prepositions with verbs of motion (iit), which means that the preposition is supplied in English based on the case of the noun. Accusative indicates motion towards, to Gabii

For Sextus, the son of Tarquin, who was the youngest of the three, went to Gabii,

He was the first who waged war with the Volsci and took great war prizes.

Indeed the death of Turnus was showing the power of Tarquin and also their own danger which they were not resisting.

indictā causā = ablative absolute

And so Turnus, when the verdict was declared, was drowned in the waters of the Ferentina river.

gladiīs in mediō positīs = ablative absolute

There great indignation arose, when the swords were put in the middle.

Immediately a coucil of the Latins was called together.

prōlātī sunt = profero, proferre, protuli, prolatus (compound of pro + fero, ferre, tuli, latus), 3rd conjugation- 3rd person plus. perf. ind. passive

vīsa est = passive of "video", seemed

When the swords were brought forward from every part of the inn, the matter seemed clear, and Turnus was thrown in chains.

Then he led them to the inn.

ablative absolute, hoc cognito

The king, when he became aware of this (accusation), immediately raised a false charge in order to destroy him, because he was not able to kill Turnus openly in that place on behalf of the State.

indirect statement w/ reporting verb = dixit, accusative subject = Tarquinium, infinitives = temptare & affectare; sequence of tense = historic main verb + present infinitive: translate same tense

He said that Tarquin was testing the patience of the Latins and was aiming to have dominion over them.

Turnus had been ferociously accusing Tarquin in his absence.

Tarquin himself indeed kept the date, but arrived a little before the setting of the sun.

solitī erant = pluperfect of the semi-deponent “soleo solere solitus”

Although the previous kings had been accustomed to ask advice of the Senate in practically all matters of state

he convened a council for a fixed day

causal cum clause with imperfect subjunctive esset

Since the authority of Tarquin was already great among the foremost of the Latins

is longē nōbilissimus Latīnōrum erat = parenthetical clause

Tarquin gave his daughter in marriage to Octavius Mamilius Tusculanus; he was by far the most noble of the Latins.

maximē = especially

He was especailly winning over the Latin people to himself.

ipse = intensive, himself

War, peace, treaties, alliances– he made them all by himself.

Tarquin administered the State with the advice of those of his own household.

dīlēxerant = 3 pl pluperfect indicative active, had esteemed

Tarquin killed the leading men of the Senate who had esteemed Servius.

cui = dative indirect object, to whom

From that time L. Tarquin began to reign, to whom because of his deeds was given the cognomen, or third name, “the Arrogant”.

He was overseeing the judgments of capital cases by himself only, without the council of anyone else.

He surrounded his person with armed guards.

The solemn games continued and were called the Roman Games or Great Games.

Then at last the death of the king was reported.

“Although the wound to the king is serious, nevertheless, he is returning to you; in a little while you will see the king himself.

So Tanaquil addressed the crowd from the upper floor of the palace,

indirect statement: reporting verb "vide", subject accusative "nos", perfect active infinitive, "rēgnāvisse"

Although you are a foreigner, consider that even we have ruled as foreigners.

Ērige… accipe = sg imperative

quī = the antecedent of the pronoun is "deos" (in the accusative), and the pronoun "qui" is in the nominative in its own clause

futūrum esse portendērunt = Tanaquil now uses the perfect tense (portendērunt) as the reporting verb, but the same infinitive, "futūrum esse". Because of the sequence of tenses, the infinitive must now be translated would be: [the gods] who, by the divine flame, foretold that this [i.e. Servius'] head would be distinguished.

Stand up and take the gods as guides for yourself, who by the divine flame foretold that this head would be illustrious.

ablative absolute, perfect passive participle abl sg m modifies Servio

Then with Servius being hastily summoned to herself, she pleaded for his help.

relictō in vulnere tēlō = ablative absolute w/ PPP

leaving behind the weapon in the wound, both of them fled out of doors.

Even if the two sons of Ancus had been angry previously that a stranger was reigning in the presence of the Romans,

Therefore, Tarquin betrothed his daughter to Servius.

The disposition of the young man was truly regal.

ut flammam restinguerent = subjunctive purpose clause, w/ imperf. act subj. "restinguerent"

While the slaves were bringing water in order to put out the fire, they were restrained by the queen:

He laid the foundation for the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill.

He planned to encircle the city with a stone wall, and to use the Cloacca Maxima to drain the area around the Forum and the other low lying areas.

Likewise, vast public works were begun by the king,

Then for the first time a site was designated for a racetrack which is called Circus Maximus.

Latinis… victis = ablative absolute, perfect passive participle "victis" modifying "Latinis"

With the Latins defeated in war, Tarquin put on magnificent games.

By overwhelming agreement the Roman people elected him to reign.

But Tarquin himself was desiring to be made king.

By now the sons of Ancus had nearly grown up.

S. Tarquinius proceeded to Gabii, as though to his own fiefdom, where he was killed by some "avenging angels" of the old guard for injustices that he himself had inflicted on them.

two (of the sons) following their father as exiles arrived at Caere, which was a city of the Etruscans

When the news of these events was announced in the camp, the king proceeded to Rome.

"hic" weakens to he

He found the city gates closed;

From there Brutus made for the military camp, where the Roman army was at Ardea besieiging the leader of the Rutilians.

All of the men and women cursed Tullia the queen while she was fleeing from her home.

Those (men) took an oath for the destruction of the kings and the exile of those (of the royal household) and in this way they avenged the death of Lucretia.

"May you all", she said, "see what should be paid back to that one.

It is Sex. Tarquinius, who as an enemy received as a guest, last night by force of arms stole the joy from this place- destructive to me and to himself (if you are men about it).

"date dexterās fīdemque" ("give your right hands and swear an oath") is the reporting verb<br> in the indirect statement with the subject accusative adultērum (from adultēr, -ī m. adulterer) and the future infinitive victūrum esse.

But give your right hands and your faith (i.e., swear an oath) that in no way will the adulterer be allowed to live with impugnity.

By right of kinship he enters the house and breaks into the bed chamber of Lucretia, (then) seized by force her chastity.

pudica, pudicior, pudicissima; superlative

They stumbled upon Lucretia, the wife of Collatinus, among the handmaids in wool-making; and so she was judged most virtuous.

result clause with marker "ita" in main clause, "ut" introduces subjunctive clause with imperfect subjunctive "statuerent"

were so incited by a certain crime of Sex. Tarquinius that they were resolving to drive the royal family into exile.

The voice rejoined, "Power over all of Rome will be possessed by whoever of you, oh youths, first kisses his mother."

clarus, clarior, clarissimum: superlative

Therefore, Tarquin decided to send his sons, Titus and Arruns, to Delphi to the most illustrious oracle in the world.

a snake having slithered from a wooden column caused terror and flight in the palace and even the heart of the king himself filled with anxious concern.

Tarquinius Superbus reigned for 25 years. The kings of Rome had endured for 240 years. From that time two consuls were appointed, L. Junius Brutus and L. Taruinius Collatinus.

the joyful camp received Brutus as the liberator of the city and the sons of the king were expelled.

So at about the same time they arrived by different routes, Brutus at Ardea and Tarquinius at Rome.

Brutus anticipated the arrival of the king and took a different route.

Then for the first time the true nature of Brutus was revealed.

afterwards no unchaste woman will live on account of the example of Lucretia.

Although I absolve myself from wrongdoing, I am not free from punishment;

Each of them, one by one, swore an oath;

advocātīs patre et coniuge = ablative absolute

That next day, summoning her father and husband, she explained the matter in these words,

ut eam corrumperet = purpose clause with subjunctive "corrumperet"

Sex. Tarquinius returned by night to Collatia in order to ruin her.

And from there they made for Collatia.

They discovered the royal princesses in a sumptuous banquet.

And so they made for Rome on horseback.

Tarquinius Collatinus, born by the sister of Tarquin the Proud, was in camp with the royal young men in Ardea;

A little while later the Romans, who already for some time were enduring with difficulty the arrogance of Tarquin the king as well as of his sons

Then the young men returned to Rome.

interpretātus erat = deponent verb, "interpretor, interpretari, interpretatus"

ōsculātus est = deponenet verb, "osculor, osculari, osculatus"

Brutus, who was interpreting the oracle in another way, fell and kissed the earth, no doubt because she is the common mother of all mortals.

ōsculātūrus esset = future active periphrastic, "ōsculātūrus esset" within purpose clause (future participle + imperfect subjunctive of "sum")

The Tarquins, ignoring Brutus, drew straws among themselves in order to decide who would be first to kiss their mother at Rome.

Nevertheless he brought a gift for Apollo: a golden rod enclosed in another rod made of cornelwood, as it were in likeness to his own character.

ut crūdēlitātem rēgis vītāret = subjunctive purpose clause with imperfect subjunctive "vitaret"

rēgem is also the direct object of passus est, and bona sua (from bonum, -ī n. good, possession) is the direct object of spoliāre.

This Brutus, in order to avoid the cruelty of the king, deliberately pretending to be slow-witted, allowed the king to take away his possessions; nor did he reject the nickname "Dullard".

His cognomen (Brutus) had been obtained in this way:

Lucius Junius Brutus, born from the king's sister, was brought with them as a companion.

While these things were being accomplished, a terrifying portent was seen;

indirect statement with reporting verb "dicitur", accusative subject "patrem", infinitives "invenisse" and "egisse"

sequence of tenses: main verb in present tense and infinitives are perfect; translate action in indirect statement in the past

it is even said that she found her father lying in the road and drove the carriage over his body

ausus es = semi-deponent- audeō, audēre, ausus sum has no active forms in the perfect tense

How dare you, while I am living, to call the Senate or dare to hold sessions on my throne?

tibi = dative of interest, for yourself

“What do you want for yourself, Tarquin?

Servus Tullius reigned 44 years.

The king himself was killed by the servants of Tarquin.

The servants of the king fled.

Then seizing Servius by the waist and carrying him out of the Senate house, he flung him down the stairs; then he went back inside the Curia.

vocārī iussit = present infinitive passive; complementary infinitive w/ iussit

Then sitting in the king’s seat before the Senate he ordered the senators to be called by a herald to the Curia and appear before "King Tarquin".

vīsum est = see, look at; consider; (PASSIVE) seem, seem good, appear, be seen; perfect passive 3 sg n

Finally, when at last the time seemed right for the crime, Lucius surrounded by armed men burst into the Forum.

From that time, little by little, the wife chided her husband to get on with the murder of Servius.

Likeness quickly drew together L. and and the ferocious Tullia.

By chance Arruns took in marriage the fierce Tullia.

The Two Tullias likewise were disparate in character.

For Arruns Tarquinius was gentle; L. Tarquinius wild and eager for power.

These characters were not alike.

The king gave his two daughters in marriage to Lucius and Arruns, the Tarquins, the sons of Priscus.

in this way he had won over the good will of the general public.

In response Servius distributed to each man the farmland previously captured from their enemies;

Prīscī = Tarquinius Priscus

indirect question with perfect "rogavit", interrogative adj. "cur" imperfect subjunctive "regnaret"; sequence of tense historic so imperfect is translated as at same time

Lucius Tarquinius, the son of Tarquinius Priscus, from time to time questioned why Servius ruled without the will of the people.

The state likewise was enlarged by this plan.

factum esse = perfect passive infinitive of facio, compl. infinitive with dicebatur

There was an illustrious temple for Diana of Ephesus, which was said to have been built cooperatively by the cities of Asia.

Afterwards, based on the census, duties in war and peace were assigned.

Servius instituted the first census and divided the people into classes according to wealth.