endocytosis

positive sense RNA

positive-sense RNA genome

endocytosis

. S. pneumoniae was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis (58.0%), followed by Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus) (18.1%), N. meningitidis (13.9%), H. influenzae (6.7%), and Listeria monocytogenes (3.4%).

Streptococcus pneumoniae Group B Streptococcus Neisseria meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae Listeria monocytogenes

certain virulence factors (hemolysis and adhesion).

resistance to penicillin.

Most Shewanella spp. isolates are susceptible to cefotaxime (95%), piperacillin and tazobactam (98%), gentamicin (99%), and ciprofloxacin (94%).

ear infection, or abdominal and biliary tract infections.

β-lactamase antibiotics

treated easily by a combination of surgical therapy, drainage and antibiotics.

Thus we tried to find out as to how many of Shewanella spp. are wrongly reported as Pseudomonas spp. by just doing simple biochemical tests over a period of six months.

soil and water being their natural habitat

oxidase and catalase-positive non-fermenter gram-negative rod that produces hydrogen sulfide.

foods, sewage, and both from fresh and salt water.

hydrogen sulfide on TSI.[

On blood agar plates, the colonies are typically convex and large, with a brown pigment, and cause “greening” of the agar around the colonies.

bright pink color. On solid media, the colonies are round, fast-growing, and pink.

facultative anaerobe

marine environments

The incubation period can range from 3 to 8 days

Multistate Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Linked to I.M. Healthy Brand SoyNut Butter (Final Update)

Stxs cross the intestinal barrier and bind to endothelial cells. At this point they presumably injure the host cell by inhibition of protein synthesis, stimulation of prothrombotic messages, or induction of apoptosis.

Cattle are a major reservoir

In anepidemiology study conducted by the Centers for Disease Controland Prevention, patients treated with antibiotics for EHEC enteri-tis had a higher risk of developing HUS

Currently no treatment is available for EHEC infections

75% of EHEC outbreaks are linked to the consumption of contaminatedbovine-derived products

outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)worldwide

30-day mortality rate was 39%

20 to 35%

combination of an antipseudomonal beta-lactam (eg, penicillin or cephalosporin) and an aminoglycoside. Carbapenems (eg, imipenem, meropenem) with antipseudomonal quinolones may be used in conjunction with an aminoglycoside.

Streptococcal bacteria use an enzyme called streptokinase to block the blood clotting response and allow themselves to move more freely around the human host's circulatory system.

M protein

Although deep infections can easily be treated with antibiotics, we know that some people can die from this type of infection, especially when the bacteria have spread into the bloodstream (bacteremia).

Severe Acute Pharyngitis Caused by Group C Streptococcus

Group A Streptococci

Enterococcus faecium

Significance of organism is determined by colony count.

Group B Strep

Penicillin G

Lab tests

Table 13-3

These skin infections may also be accompanied by a fever

Red Swollen or painful Warm to the touch Full of pus or other drainage

Streptomycin

Gentamicin

Tularemia is more common in the months of May through September. Bites from infected ticks or deer flies usually occur in the summer months, but illness due to animal handling and hunting can occur at any time of the year

Signs & Symptoms

antibiotics

Skin contact with infected animals

Tick and deer fly bites Skin contact with infected animals Ingestion of contaminated water Inhalation of contaminated aerosols or agricultural dusts Laboratory exposure

Francisella tularensis

causing major organs to fail. Pneumonia is common after inhalation but may also occur when the organism spreads throughout the body.

fever, fatigue, aches and headache. Swollen lymph nodes

Tularemia may be spread through inhalation of dried animal matter, eating undercooked game, skinning or dressing killed animals, or drinking water contaminated with animal carcasses.