However, unlike phages, endolysins do not increase in number during treatment or remain active for a long time, being also very unstable depending on the environmental conditions
This quote highlights phages ability to be very environmentally resistant and remain active for long periods of time.
Among the most notable advantages of bacteriophages as antimicrobials [Fig. 2], it is worth mentioning that they are very host-specific, which makes them innocuous not only for humans, animals, and plants, but also for non-target bacteria, including the normal microbiota and microorganisms involved in food production.
Compared to other ways of reducing bacteria, phages have the ability to be characterized specifically for that host for a better chance at killing all the bacteria.
he antimicrobial activity of phages is a consequence of their parasitic lifestyle, in particular, their development by the lytic cycle [Fig. 1]. During the first steps of this process, the virus takes over the host cell and uses its machinery to make copies of itself.
Because bacteriophages are so abundant and have the ability to replicate, it is very useful for depleting bacteria in the host.
Moreover, phage application is no longer relegated to the clinic, and is now proposed as a viable option to combat unwanted bacteria in different fields, including veterinary medicine and the food industry
Phages have been recognized as a reliable option to use to combat unwanted bacteria in both animals and in food.
On the other hand, phages have been evaluated by EFSA, who concluded that they are safe for consumers and the environment, although each phage (or phage cocktail) intended to be applied in food must be assessed on a case-by-case basis due to the complexity of host: phage interactions
Even though bacteriophages have proven to be successful, consumable preservatives, they have the ability to have interactions depending on the complexity of the host.
Indeed, both of them are naturally present in food and their role as potent antimicrobials has been well documented (García et al., 2010b; Martínez et al., 2019; Mills et al., 2017). Bacteriocin and phage preparations are commercially available and applied according to country regulations.
Since bacteriophages are naturally found in food, they are available to be used as antimicrobials because of their ability to attack and kill bacteria.
This suggests that the control of food pathogens is still an important challenge for our society
because food-born diseases are becoming seemingly more popular and challenging, researchers are discovering ways to combat this issue.
In this context, biopreservation, defined as the rational use of antimicrobials that are naturally present in food with a long history of safe use, is gaining importance due to their specific properties. More explicitly, the use of microorganisms or their metabolites for the preservation of food is expected to impact minimally the nutritional and sensory properties while extending shelf-life
microorganisms naturally found in food are being used to help expand the shelf life since they are aiming to use less additives.
The use of bacteriophages as alternatives to traditional antimicrobial agents is promising and may now be feasible in the treatment of human infections, as well as in other applications, such as agriculture, food safety, industry, and veterinary medicine [25].
because of MDR bacteria, antibiotics are becoming more costly so the use of bacteriophages is becoming more promising in todays time.
As with antibiotics, elevated phage resistance is a significant concern in phage therapy, and as with antibiotics, phage susceptibility might vary between microbial strains. In order to achieve broad coverage of bacterial strains, blends containing at least two combined phages, called “phage cocktails,” have been formulated [17] and are discussed below.
Just as antibiotics created MDR bacteria, phages reactivity can vary with microbials so they create blends of two or more phages for more effective defense against bacteria.
The primary criteria to be considered for choosing the correct bacteriophage are minimum side effects, efficacy, and phage specificity. The chosen bacteriophage ought to effectively assimilate and lyse the target bacterial host.
I thought this quote was important because they explain how certain bacteriophages are used in order to reduce side effects and increase effectivity.
Interestingly, sewage has been one of the most productive sources for phage isolation, as they can be isolated from any natural source where the objective microbe is likely to be present [12]. For targeting bacterial strains that are responsible for nosocomial infection, wastewater and sewage, being directly associated with the hospital environment, appear as the main target for isolation of phages
I thought this was very interesting that they use sewage in order to isolate phages to be used in medical treatment and discovery but it makes sense since it is such a bacterially rich environment.
Non-antibiotic solutions to combat bacterial diseases are currently under genuine consideration and utilizing a phage that targets bacteria is considered one of the most promising options for combatting the emergence of MDR bacterial infections.
since MDR, multi-drug resistant bacterial infections are becoming increasingly popular, it's leaving researchers with the option to use phages to target the bacteria.
mmediately following this discovery, the potential for phages to be used in the treatment of bacterial infection was recognized, and it was effectively utilized in 1919 to target Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum in infected chickens.
The author explains how scientist utilize bacteriophages, which eat bacterium, as ways to treat bacterial infections.
Infection of the bacterial host by phages is typically species specific and is categorized according to whether their life cycle is virulent or temperate
According to this quote, different phages can cause different infections based on their species and lifecycle.
The vast majority of the bacteriophages (explicitly 96% of the presently distinguished phages) are characterized, according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, on the basis of their morphology and nucleic acid content as Caudovirales when they possess a tail and, for phages that possess double-stranded DNA, as Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, and Podoviridae
In this sentence the author explains how a large majority of phages can be characterized by their shape and DNA structure.
Morphologically, bacteriophages are tadpole shaped, with a hexagonal head, a short neck, a collar, and a tube-shaped tail. The head is comprised of firmly stuffed double-stranded DNA encompassed by a protein coat capsid; the tail is surrounded by a contractile sheath and made up of a hollow core with a terminal base plate having tail fibers connected.
This quote gives an in depth explanation about the physical structure of bacteriophages that have been identified microscopically.
Bacteriophages (or phages) were first described as viruses infecting, replicating in, and resulting in the lysis of bacteria, being found pervasively in nature at any place where their host cell resides [2]. Being the most abundant microorganisms, with an approximate count of 4.8 × 1031 particles, phages play a significant role in the population dynamics and evolution of bacteria.
This quote gives a thorough introduction to bacteriophages and the role they play in the bacterial environment.
esearch by aquatic phage ecologists has revealed several important facts about environmental phages. They play important roles in microbial turnover, gene transfer, metabolic reprogramming and biogeochemical cycling
This sentence explains the importance of phages environmental factors and how that has impacted what we know about them.
An exciting development in undergraduate science curricula is the introduction of collaborative research projects involving the isolation and sequencing of bacteriophage.
This is interesting because it mentions how bacteriophage research projects are being incorporated more in undergraduate studies.
Protein expression studies provide scientists with a more complete understanding of the phage lifecycle.
This sentence demonstrates how scientists can use protein expression to better understand the lifecycle of a phage rather than just the results.
Measuring phage adsorption rates to host cells (Max Schlesinger (1904–1937)) is of vital importance in the full characterization of phages, particularly those intended for applied (e.g. therapeutic) use [6]. Such phages must display a high adsorption rate otherwise they may not be efficacious
In this quote the author explains the importance of identifying the phage characteristic, absorption, in order for them to prove to be effective.
This protocol is essential for establishing pure phage lines and quantifying infectious titre, and usually goes hand-in-hand with host range and efficiency-of-plating studies
This quote explains the significance of the plaque assay used for identifying bacteriophages plates.
discusses how classic phage techniques will continue to be critical in the future; and, examines how bacteriophage research has directly contributed to the disciplines of molecular biology and bacterial genetics, education, medicine, and ecology.
This sentence explains how crucial bacteriophage research will be since it has helped contribute to so many fields.
Phage therapy is a promising approach to combat MDR bacteria.
According to this quote, we can use phages to help combat drug-resistant bacteria that may cause harmful infections.
They are known to exert minimal impact on normal microbiota due to their high host specificity [13], usually exhibit the ability to infect a few strains of bacterial species.
According to this quote, by studying bacteriophages, we can learn more about their specificity and learn more ways to combat them.
To circumvent immune response issues, one should carefully study each case and choose the appropriate administration route, phage exposure time, dose and buffers. Development of sequence
This quote helps explain the importance of studying phages and how they can help us create more effective defenses.
They control the biosynthetic machinery of bacterial host and behest them to produce different viral proteins.
This quote gives an explanation of how phages work in regards to their host.
Bacteriophages are viruses, the most abundant organisms and the natural predators of bacteria. They are self-replicating, obligatory intracellular parasites and inert biochemically in extracellular environment.
This quote provides a more specific and detailed explanation of what bacteriophages are and some of their characteristics.
This review focuses on the recent developments in phage therapy and its applications with respect to human infections, animal, food and environment.
This quote helps provide more information about why scientists may be studying phages and how its uses have developed.
Bacteriophages are antibacterial agents ubiquitous in nature.
This quote provides us with a brief introduction to what bacteriophages are.