contain a modified version of a different virus than the one that causes COVID-19. Inside the shell of the modified virus, there is material from the virus that causes COVID-19. This is called a “viral vector.”
Infects is with a modified version of the virus to help build proteins.
contain material from the virus that causes COVID-19 that gives our cells instructions for how to make a harmless protein that is unique to the virus. After our cells make copies of the protein, the
mRNA vaccines contain material to help us make proteins.
Protein subunit vaccines include harmless pieces (proteins) of the virus that causes COVID-19 instead of the entire germ.
Includes proteins from the virus to build immunization.
Two shots: If you get a COVID-19 vaccine that requires two shots, you are considered fully vaccinated two weeks after your second shot. Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines require two shots.
Why does it require two shots?
Currently, there are three main types of COVID-19 vaccines that are authorized and recommended or undergoing large-scale (Phase 3) clinical trials in the United States.
There are only 3 types of vaccines approved in the United States.
Sometimes after vaccination, the process of building immunity can cause symptoms, such as fever. These symptoms are normal and are signs that the body is building immunity.
Side effect can include fever.
typically takes a few weeks after vaccination for the body to produce T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
Takes a few weeks after vaccination to produce T and B lymphocytes.
the body is left with a supply of “memory” T-lymphocytes as well as B-lymphocytes that will remember how to fight that virus in the future.
After exposure to any virus the body is left with memory cells in the event of being exposed again.
few T-lymphocytes, called “memory cells,” that go into action quickly if the body encounters the same virus again.
T-lymphocytes are the memory cells.
he first time a person is infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, it can take several days or weeks for their body to make and use all the germ-fighting tools needed to get over the infection.
When first exposed to a virus it takes our bodies time to develop a response to fight the germs.
o understand how COVID-19 vaccines work, it helps to first look at how our bodies fight illness. When germs, such as the virus that causes COVID-19, invade our bodies, they attack and multiply
Starts with analyzing how vaccines work in the first place.
T-lymphocytes are another type of defensive white blood cell. They attack cells in the body that have already been infected.
T-lymphocytes attack cells that have been infected
B-lymphocytes are defensive white blood cells. They produce antibodies that attack the pieces of the virus left behind by the macrophages.
B-Lymphocytes are the ones that produce antibodies.
Macrophages are white blood cells that swallow up and digest germs and dead or dying cells. The macrophages leave behind parts of the invading germs, called “antigens”. The body identifies antigens as dangerous and stimulates antibodies to attack them.
Macrophages are white blood cells that swallow and digest germs and dead or dying cells.
So far, no human vaccine has been completely undermined by resistance in the way that many anti-infective drugs have, says Andrew Read, who studies the evolution of infectious diseases at Pennsylvania State University in University Park. “It’s eroded their benefits,” he says, but in ways that have been fixable with tweaks in vaccine design.
No vaccine has been undermined by resistance according to Andrew Read and evolution of infectious diseases student.
Reducing rates of infection should help break the cycle of viral transmission, which would ultimately result in fewer cases of severe COVID-19 and death.
The less people get COVID-19, the less infected overall.
Still, globally, there is as yet no indication that the rates of severe illness among the vaccinated are spiking in any appreciable way. “The vaccines are really designed to prevent disease,” says Julie McElrath, a
Yet there are some downsides vaccines are made to prevent disease.
Although the results are preliminary, the vaccine’s ability to ward off hospitalization and death seems to drop off.
Immunization to limit hospital visits does tend to decrease over time.
eanwhile, in Qatar, Laith Abu-Raddad and his colleagues described last month how the vaccine from Pfizer–BioNTech had provided consistently high protection against critical illness for up to six months post-immunization
In Qatar the Pfizer vaccine showed high protection for up to six months.
Preliminary data from the United Kingdom and Qatar would seem to confirm the Israeli experience.
Data form the UK and Qatar confirm the Israeli experience.
As researchers reported this week, older individuals given a third dose of vaccine were less likely to become infected and much less likely to develop severe disease than those who had not received the boosters8.
Research has shown that boosters do keep immunized over time
yes, the longer out you are from natural infection or from vaccination the worse you will be”.
The longer you are from natural infection the worse it will be
Now, the researchers have unpublished data, following the germinal centres for up to six months. “The training camp is still going,” Ellebedy says. “It’s amazing.”
This study is ongoing?
Ali Ellebedy, at Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri, helps to explain the vigour of the memory-B-cell response. His group took samples from the lymph nodes of vaccinated individuals and found tiny B-cell finishing schools — called germinal centres — that were churning out ever more potent immune cells as time went on6.
Ali Ellebody helped to explain the "vigour" of how the memory B-cell works. She conducted this research by by taking sample of lymph nodes from vaccinated individuals.
researchers found that vaccination spurred durable cellular immunity5. Memory B cells continued to grow in numbers for at least six months, and got better at fighting the virus over time.
B cells are indeed the ones that continue to grow. T-cells apparently are the ones that dip over time.
B cells, which can rapidly deploy more antibodies in the event of re-exposure to the virus, tend to stick around, and so do T cells, which can attack already-infected cells.
B cells are the ones that can rapidly deploy more antibodies which tend to stick around
Jennifer Gommerman, an immunologist at the University of Toronto in Canada
Jennifer Gommerman is an immunologist.
cellular immune responses are longer lasting — and as Jennifer Gommerman, an immunologist at the University of Toronto in Canada, explains: “Cellular immunity is what’s going to protect you from disease.”
Cellular immunity responses are what protects you from disease according to Jennifer Gommerman.
And health-care records from countries such as Israel, the United Kingdom and elsewhere all show that COVID-19 vaccines are losing their strength, at least when it comes to keeping a lid on transmissible disease.
Some of these healthcare records are from countries such as Israel and the United Kingdom that vaccines are losing it's effectiveness.
Levels of these molecules typically shoot up after vaccination, then quickly taper off months later. “That’s how vaccines work,” Doria-Rose says.
This is in fact how vaccines work. This is why the Flu shot has to be a yearly thing.
Immunological studies have documented a steady decline of antibody levels among vaccinated individuals2
Immunological studies did document a decline of antibodies.
Davenport, a computational immunologist at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. But on the whole, his group’s predictions have come true.
Predictions did come true.
they estimated that people immunized against COVID-19 would lose approximately half of their defensive antibodies every 108 days or so. As a result, vaccines that initially offered, say, 90% protection against mild cases of disease might only be 70% effective after 6 or 7 months1.
Miles Davenport predicted that the covid-19 vaccine would lose it's effectiveness over time. We would lose approximately half of the antibodies every 108 days.
Most of them have focused on money. When asked whether they would prefer to have, say,
Most people whole life depends around money as it's all people care about. It's somewhat rare now for people to do something because they enjoy it instead of the pay for let's say a career. It's also interesting how a lot of people would prefer the 150 now as I would've picked the 180. However, this does depend on peoples financial need.
Sunk-cost thinking tells us to stick with a bad investment because of the money we have already lost on it; to finish an unappetizing restaurant meal because, after all, we’re paying for it; to prosecute an unwinnable war because of the investment of blood and treasure. In all cases, this way of thinking is rubbish.
This way of thinking is more obsolete then ever because we shouldn't have to do something just because of what we've already invested into it. Like the saying goes sometimes holding on to the rope burns you more in the end. Or at least something along those lines.
Voting by internet is not yet considered safe; meanwhile national and local authorities remain reluctant to deploy a vote-by-mail system due to uncertainty about the pandemic wave
Nothing is safe online, but I do believe this is the way the world is moving towards with technology so eventually we should have some other form of voting.
Countries who relied on science early on produced good results and received international praise.
This is very true as for countries who shut down for not only a couple of weeks, but for months are close to or are covid-19 free right now. If people here on the U.S actually listened to experts instead of conspiracy theories life would be back to normal.
For the most part, political leaders have turned to experts to inform their decisions on lockdowns and reopenings
I do believe this is very wise of political leaders to actually listen to experts such as scientists and the CDC for example. It's just unfortunate that there is still a lot of misinformation out there as people will believe a facebook post more than actual scientists.