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For all these reasons, we should take individual measures to throttle the spread of this virus.

For example, it’s the simplest way to mill the boards, which also helps in keeping costs down.

The root of anti-Semitism among Negroes is, ironically, the relationship of colored peoples--all over the globe--to the Christian world

we feared black cops even more than white cops, because the black cop had to work so much harder--on your head--to prove to himself and his colleagues that he was not like all the other niggers.

"We suffered, too," one is told, "but we came through, and so will you. In time." In whose time? One has only one life. One may become reconciled to the ruin of one's children's lives is not reconciliation.

updating loan records and jar labels

uploading details on specimen images

Indianapolis began to phase out forced busing in 1998, ending the court-ordered desegregation era with LaTonya Kirkland’s daughter LaShawn’s graduating class in the 2015-2016 school year.

Not all schools responded to the desegregation order immediately. Some townships, including Perry, Decatur, Franklin, and Lawrence only began accepting IPS students bused to their schools in 1981.

What Non-Profit we give our support to every day.

How Wright’s ideas and aesthetics rolled down to the average mass market American will be the topic of a future post.

The survival of theories within the scientific marketplace of ideas is not dependent solely on the quality of evidence or mathematical rigour, but also on societal whim.Just as Gould argued. Science doesn’t stand above society, pure and incorruptible. Real science, unlike the idealised science fetishised by so many Quillette readers, is carried out by humans, and as such prone to error.And science is never so vulnerable to corruption as when we assume it immune.

Quillette describes itself as a platform for free thought. Specifically, it seems, thought that is free from the constraints of evidence and sound inference.

Curiously, though, Warne is rather less forthcoming about his own political views or any deeply held beliefs that have the potential to influence his own research.Since he apparently agrees about the value of putting your cards on the table, shouldn’t Warne practice some of this transparency himself?

“One needs to understand and acknowledge inevitable preferences in order to know their influence–so that fair treatment of data and arguments can be attained! No conceit could be worse than a belief in one’s own intrinsic objectivity, no prescription more suited to the exposure of fools. . . The best form of objectivity lies in explicitly identifying preferences so that their influence can be recognized and countermanded.”[6]

“Recent immigrants (who had been in the United States for less than 5 years) were only 10–12% of examinees, and it is likely that some of these men spoke English. This contradicts Gould’s statement that, “Many Beta examinees were recent immigrants who did not speak English.””

He suggests that since rural areas have higher levels of illiteracy, the illiterate test takers would be expected to understand that the pig was missing a curly tail. Not only has he cherry-picked one of the least problematic examples here, the allegation of cultural bias didn’t relate to cultural differences between literate and illiterate pig farmers, it related to cultural differences between Black and White Americans and between those born in the US and recent migrants

Instead of accept the fact that the good fit for the two factor model to the historical data implies, as Gould predicted, that the ability to read numbers was an issue for the original Army Beta, they try to explain this away by arguing that the chi-squared test they were using is biased towards more complex models.That’s right. The statistic test they performed on their data found that the two factor model was a better fit than the one factor model, that this result was statistically significant, and then they concluded that the data actually supports the one factor model.Just because.

But, as explained earlier, a correlation between the Army Beta and educational attainment is to be expected based on Gould’s hypothesis that the Army Beta was measuring mostly education, literacy and cultural familiarity.

The only response that an honest researcher could have when confronted with these data is to accept that they were wrong, say that their results don’t support their initial belief that Gould prejudicially administered his test or their assumption that Gould was wrong about the the validity of the Army Beta.

Warne’s students clearly performed more poorly on the Army Beta that Gould’s, failing to find any evidence that Gould administered the test in a biased way. The first hypothesis is falsified.

The fourth hypothesis is that a one factor model will be a good fit to the data and will fit the data better than a two factor model.

However were data to support this hypothesis it actually wouldn’t contradict Gould’s own analysis. His argument being that the Beta measures education, literacy and cultural familiarity more so than it does general intelligence, a correlation between educational attainment and Army Beta is to be expected either way.

The third hypothesis is that results on each subtest of the Army Beta will be positively correlated with each other and with the student’s ACT scores and college GPA, with the possible exception of subtest 1 (which they consider may be too easy to get enough variation in the results). As we saw a moment ago, poor correlation would suggest that the test is incapable of measuring intelligence at all.

The second hypothesis is that the completion rates for each section of the test will be similar to those reported by Gould. If this hypothesis were falsified and Gould’s reported completion rates were significantly lower than theirs then this would be prima facie evidence that Gould had administered the test in a biased manner to get the result he was expecting.

recruits (who were disproportionately Black or immigrant) were not told what the time limits were for each section.

Clearly Gould did not imagine himself to be uniquely immune to the effects of expectation bias, despite what his critics imagin

Some ‘human biodiversity’ proponents concede that traditional notions of race are refuted by genetic data, but argue that the complex patterns of ancestry we do find should in effect be regarded as an updated form of ‘race’.

The aim of this article is to provide an accessible guide for scientists, journalists, and the general public for understanding, criticising and pushing back against these arguments

Ambassador Sondland said that he had talked to President Zelenskyy and Mr. Yermak and told them that, although this was not a quid pro quo, if President Zelenskyy did not “clear things up” in public, we would be at a “stalemate.” I understood a “stalemate” to mean that Ukraine would not receive the much-needed military assistance. Ambassador Sondland said that this conversation concluded with President Zelenskyy agreeing to make a public statement in an interview with CNN.

Ambassador Sondland told Mr. Yermak that the security assistance money would not come until President Zelenskyy committed to pursue the Burisma investigation.

The Vice President did say that President Trump wanted the Europeans to do more to support Ukraine and that he wanted the Ukrainians to do more to fight corruption.

President Trump had suggested that President Zelenskyy or his staff meet with Mr. Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr.

Strangely, even though I was Chief of Mission and was scheduled to meet with President Zelenskyy along with Ambassador Volker the following day, I received no readout of the call from the White House. The Ukrainian government issued a short, cryptic summary.

But during my subsequent communications with Ambassadors Volker and Sondland, they relayed to me that the President “wanted to hear from Zelenskyy” before scheduling the meeting in the Oval Office. It was not clear to me what this meant.

It’s like the much abused and misunderstood example of the chair in which you may be sitting at this particular time. Physics tells us that said chair is “really” just a collection of quarks, interacting in the way prescribed by the fundamental laws of nature. This is certainly the case, but by a long shot not the whole picture. Your chair is also “solid” at the level of analysis pertinent to human beings who wish to sit down in order to read a blog post, not to mention those other human beings that designed and built the chair itself. The chair is most definitely not an illusion, just because it can be (usefully, depending on the context) be described in different ways. Explanatory complementarity, not competition.

well, “he” is only a bunch of subatomic particles without will or aboutness, so – to be fair – how could he change his mind, especially given that the latter is an illusion?

I am afraid that Rosenberg’s book is what happens when you cross disciplines with the attempt to conquer not converse.

He charges popular narratives with inventing incorrect narratives, and argues that we cannot know the motives of historical actors (we cannot get into their minds), but that even if we could, we would not find motives, but only neurons.

Rosenberg contrasts the discipline of history with science, where, he thinks, theories are getting better all of the time.

This is a weakness of the historical method, he thinks.

In addition to noting the shortcomings of narratives, Rosenberg presents a general skepticism of historical knowledge, of the ability for anyone to gain knowledge of any kind from historical observation

in which we must isolate factors of cause and effect to some high level of certainty

a claim that academic historians might disagree with

For example, take Guns, Germs, and Steel, which gives you an explanation of a huge chunk of human history, and that explanation does not rely on theory of mind at all.

The second part is that it effectively prevents you from going on to try to find the right theory and correct account of events.

And many movements, like nationalism and intolerant religions, are driven by narrative and are harmful and dangerous for humanity.

most of it is guessing people’s motives and their inner thoughts.

During the time period Davis studied, it was religion and ethnicity, as much as race, that determined who became slaves.

“As far as daily living conditions, the Mediterranean slaves certainly didn’t have it better,” he said.

Then as now, the press could achieve only so much, and for a reason that hasn’t changed. McCarthy was a political problem, not a journalistic one—a problem that could be solved in the end only by politics, by Eisenhower himself, who fooled almost everyone in deftly outmaneuvering McCarthy.