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  1. Nov 2025
    1. Business history research is often criticized and deplored for its case study orientation.An analysis by de Jong, Higgins, and van Driel (2015) showed that up to 80% of publishedbusiness history articles are in fact case studies. Indeed, in-depth business history case stud-ies have provided examples for various fields to test and examine hypotheses and theories,as suggested, for example, by Gibbert, Ruigrok, and Wicki (2008) (see also Perchard et al.2017). Our results do indeed confirm that substance matter – most often case-based – isimportant when citing business history research: Both in Business History and Business HistoryReview almost 60% of all citations concentrated on the substance or the novel findingspresented in the article (Table 3). However, the overall picture is not necessarily as clear: thedescriptive Table 3 shows that theoretical and conceptual findings in business history articleswere more important than substance matter in attracting citations. T

      The study likely fails to adequately address the powerful confounding variable of "network effects" within disciplinary silos. Highly-cited works often exist within a small, self-referential network where scholars primarily cite each other; this is a measure of community interconnectedness, not intrinsic quality. By not attempting to normalize citation counts based on the size or density of the subfield the article belongs to, the researchers miss a crucial alternative explanation for high citation numbers.A critical limitation not mentioned would be the role of accessibility and open science. An article published in an open-access journal or made readily available through institutional repositories will naturally accumulate more citations, regardless of its "story quality," simply because it is easier for a wider global audience to find and read. Since the study focuses on an older, established body of literature, it likely fails to account for how paywall restrictions may have historically depressed citations for some articles while favoring those in widely subscribed journals.

    2. This study shows that there has been a substantial increase in citations to business historyarticles both within the discipline itself, and also by scholars from other fields. Digitalizationand easy access to business history journals have increased the citations in neighboringfields. This may also have increased interest in the methods and theories presented in busi-ness history journals; thus, scholars are not only referring to interesting cases and subjectmatter. History methods as such have recently been widely applied for example in manage-ment studies; although one might argue that management studies hardly have their ownmethodologies but are – in turn – borrowing methods from neighboring disciplines as well(especially from sociology and economics).According to this study, it is not only case studies that researchers are seeking for fromthe business history journals. Theoretical and conceptual novelty is the way to get the articlecited even if it is published in a business history journal – even though interesting cases dostill matter. Controversial arguments or novel methods (criticized by others) may increasethe citation count, but not really very much. The most important way to get citations is towrite on topics and use theories – or, more recently, discuss engage in methodologicaldebates – that have appeal beyond the business history community. This is because businesshistory as a discipline is too small and diverse on its own to generate citation impact tocompete with large fields such as business and management studies. The theoretical dis-cussions today are still concentrated among a small circle of business historians themselves,with only a handful of active scholars from the neighboring disciplines. Authors like Zeitlinhave urged business historians to focus on theories and social problems instead of writinghistory; thus the history of businesses as such is not rationale enough to write businesshistory (Kobrak and Schneider 2011; Zeitlin 2003)

      The title, "Let the best story win," is a strong instance of overgeneralization and implies a direct causal link. The data only supports a correlation—that highly-cited articles tend to have strong narratives. Other confounds, such as the journal's prestige, the seniority of the authors, or the simple age of the paper, are also correlated with citation count, but the title and likely the conclusion prioritize narrative as the key driving factor for success.It is a classic mistake of mistaking correlation for causation. While a compelling story might be present in a highly-cited work, it is impossible to claim it caused the citation count without a controlled study (which is impossible in this context). The overgeneralization suggests that any well-told story will become highly cited, ignoring the foundational requirement that the story must also be historically accurate, logically argued, and published in a reputable venue.

    3. This work was supported by the Academy of Finland [grant number 269654]

      The research was conducted by academic researchers affiliated with universities (implied by the publication in Management & Organizational History). While not a direct corporate interest, the primary institutional bias here is the "Publish or Perish" culture. Authors benefit from publishing a study that garners attention, and a critical analysis of a field's most-cited literature is a high-impact topic, directly benefiting the authors’ academic careers through tenure, promotion, and grant funding.  The authors could have something to gain from a counter-intuitive finding. If their results strongly indicate that "story" beats substance, it serves as a powerful commentary that attracts wider readership and debate, elevating the profile of the authors and their home institutions (the primary funding source). This incentive, while subtle, could subconsciously influence how they frame the findings, potentially exaggerating the "storytelling" component over the "data" component to make a more provocative claim.

    4. ibliometric studies can be roughly divided into two categories. First, they can be situatedwithin the research that analyzes the contributions in a given field, using various quantitativetools like analyses of the determinants of citations or network analysis, in order to gage whathas been done in this field in the past and what the dominant research trends are going tobe in the future. Second, they can be seen as studies using similar tools, but aiming at certainnormative and policy goals, especially in order to determine the evaluation of research andrelated funding (Abramo, D’Angelo, and Caprasecca 2009; Davis and Carden 1998; Huangand Chang 2008

      This study inherently suffers from Selection Bias because the researchers deliberately chose to study only the most cited articles. By pre-selecting for success (high citations), they cannot draw conclusions about the factors that distinguish successful papers from unsuccessful ones across the whole population. Their findings are limited to the characteristics shared among successful papers, confirming what is already accepted, rather than challenging the metrics of success themselves.

      The bias affects the findings by reinforcing the status quo within the field. If "storytelling" is a trait shared by the most-cited papers, the study's conclusion will encourage future researchers to focus on storytelling, potentially at the expense of methodological innovation or empirical depth. This creates a self-fulfilling prophecy and could lead to a field where narrative appeal is prioritized over scientific substance, simply because the study did not analyze a random sample of all published works.

    5. We do this here by analyzingthe articles referencing the most cited articles published in Business History (BH) and BusinessHistory Review (BHR). We compiled a database consisting of 1284 articles citing the ten mostcited articles in BH and BHR. We categorized each of these citations in terms of tone (critical,supportive, neutral) and focus (method/data, theory/concept, substance/case).

      This study inherently suffers from Selection Bias because the researchers deliberately chose to study only the most cited articles. By pre-selecting for success (high citations), they cannot draw conclusions about the factors that distinguish successful papers from unsuccessful ones across the whole population. Their findings are limited to the characteristics shared among successful papers, confirming what is already accepted, rather than challenging the metrics of success themselves.

      The bias affects the findings by reinforcing the status quo within the field. If "storytelling" is a trait shared by the most-cited papers, the study's conclusion will encourage future researchers to focus on storytelling, potentially at the expense of methodological innovation or empirical depth. This creates a self-fulfilling prophecy and could lead to a field where narrative appeal is prioritized over scientific substance, simply because the study did not analyze a random sample of all published works.

    6. Growing accountability demands for demonstrable scholarly impact have recently led toincreased attention paid to the importance of citations. Universities, university departments,individual academics, journals, and even disciplines are pursuing higher citation impact.Much criticism has been leveled at citation counts, especially in fields like history, which donot amass such numbers of citations as, for example, in natural sciences (Zuccala et al. 2015).Small research fields – like business history – may also suffer from the use of citation counts© 2017 informa UK limited, trading as taylor & Francis groupKEYWORDSCitations; impact factor;bibliometric; businesshistory; reviewCONTACT Jari Ojala jari.ojala@jyu.fi

      A major shortcoming in the interpretation of the results stems from the core dependent variable: citation count. Citation counts are quantitative metrics that do not distinguish between positive citations (supporting the argument) and negative citations (critiquing the argument). Therefore, a highly-cited "story" might simply be controversial or flawed, yet the researchers' interpretation of their results likely equates high citation count directly with high positive impact or quality.

    7. In this article we discovered an increasing trend in cita-tions to business history articles and that research with a topic or theoretical frameworkappealing to neighboring disciplines tended to gain citations over disciplinary borders.Growing accountability demands for demonstrable scholarly impact have recently led toincreased attention paid to the importance of citations. Universities, university departments,individual academics, journals, and even disciplines are pursuing higher citation impact.Much criticism has been leveled at citation counts, especially in fields like history, which donot amass such numbers of citations as, for example, in natural sciences (Zuccala et al. 2015).Small research fields

      The key finding, likely summarized in the title, suggests that the articles with the highest citation counts are those that employ a more engaging, narrative-driven, or "storytelling" approach rather than purely technical or dry methodological exposition. This implies that the rhetorical quality of the writing and the ability to weave a compelling historical narrative are major determinants of scholarly impact, possibly over primary methodological rigor.

  2. Oct 2025
    1. Marx got much of the problemnght; he got the solution wrong. Many of those in business ethics are trying bypiecemeal change to help society improve by helping corporations improve. Alltoo often even those engaged in political philosophy deal only with governmentalchange or individualistic approaches to human rights, ignonng the very real andoften dominating influence of the modern global corporation. Those in businessethics focus on business and see it not only as one of the causes of the ills thatMarx described but as one of the key players in the amelioration of those ills. WhileRorty has been battling academic philosophy in its analytic incarnation, througha quiet revolution in philosophy departments those in applied and business ethicshave been pursuing what he seems to agree is important. Where he and they maydisagree is on whether Marx was indeed correct that practice needs to be informedby theory. Those in business ethics believe that it does

      In this part of the article, De George supports the idea that small, gradual improvements in business ethics are more realistic and effective than trying to completely change the entire economic system. This argument makes sense because practical, step-by-step changes are often easier to achieve and sustain within existing business structures. However, the strength of this claim depends on how effective those small reforms actually are—sometimes they only create the appearance of progress without fixing deeper issues. To make his argument stronger, De George could acknowledge these trade-offs and explain when gradual reform is enough and when bigger structural changes are necessary, using real examples of companies or industries where ethical improvements led to meaningful change.

    2. Rorty ends by expressing a need for something to replace Marx's communistutopia-even though Marx was trained as a philosopher and wrote no novels orstories. Rorty's observations about "jungle capitalism" are not likely to move any-one to action or even to serious thought. Rorty concludes, "Perhaps the businessethics community will provide an environment in which such dreams are encour-aged" (381). The business ethics community, of which those trained in philosophyTHE RELEVANCE OF PHILOSOPHY TO BUSINESS ETHICS 389form a large part and had a large hand in bringing about, is attempting and has inpart succeeded in providing such an environment. Marx got much of the problemnght; he got the solution wrong. Many of those in business ethics are trying bypiecemeal change to help society improve by helping corporations improve. Alltoo often even those engaged in political philosophy deal only with governmentalchange or individualistic approaches to human rights, ignonng the very real andoften dominating influence of the modern global corporation.

      In this section, De George praises philosophers who take a practical approach by working directly with real-world ethical issues, but he also emphasizes the influence of major thinkers like Kant and Mill on business ethics. This creates a bit of tension because if the strength of applied ethics is its focus on context and practicality, then relying too much on broad, abstract theories could seem inconsistent. De George does hint that both can work together—using traditional theory as guidance while solving concrete problems but he doesn’t fully explain how they connect. To make his argument clearer, he could show exactly how universal theories can be applied in specific business contexts without losing their practical value.

    3. to add unless it can be considered enlarging society's moral imagination. My sug-gestion is that even if he chooses to use that criterion, he will End that the field ofbusiness ethics, as developed by philosophers, measures up to it, providing he doesnot use an arbitrarily narrow definition of moral imagination.The third strand of business ethics is the business ethics movement. That move-ment can be dated from the mid-1980s. It is not entirely irrelevant that it came afterthe development of the field, and has been influenced by the field. Not all busi-nesses, not all business persons, not all professors of business have embraced thefield or the movement. But the movement clearly is part of the existing social scene.The field has influenced ethics in business and has influenced the business ethicsmovement, and each of them has influenced the others

      In this part of the article, De George disagrees with Rorty’s idea that philosophy should be judged by whether it improves people’s character. Instead, he suggests that philosophy’s value lies in helping expand moral imagination and guide institutions. This argument makes logical sense because changing the standard for evaluation naturally changes how we see philosophy’s relevance. Still, De George never clearly defines what “moral imagination” means, which makes his point feel a bit vague and open to interpretation. To make his argument stronger, he could give specific examples of what an expanded moral imagination looks like in practice, like when companies start recognizing more stakeholder interests or include human-rights principles in their values.

    4. Included in the movementhas been the development of codes of conduct, compliance programs, corporateethics officer positions, ethics training programs, and other trappings of ethics.More importantly, as public consciousness has been raised about sweatshops andenvironmental protection, so corporate policies have at least to some extent changed.Whether corporations taLk of the triple bottom line, or of corporate social respon-sibility, or of ethics and whether one sees their actions as merely public relationsreactions to criticism or as more nobly inspired-corporations are slowly changingtheir behavior and taking into account not only shareholders but what have becomeknown as other stakeholder

      In this section, De George suggests that the work of philosophers has influenced corporate behavior and the way companies talk about ethics. The argument makes sense because it follows a clear logic—philosophers create moral frameworks, those ideas spread through education and public discussion, and eventually, companies adopt new ethical policies or language. However, De George doesn’t fully prove that philosophers were the main cause of these changes, since factors like laws, market demands, media pressure, or social movements could also explain them. This makes his claim seem a bit overstated. To make it stronger, he could mention clear examples of philosophers directly advising businesses or policymakers, showing how their ideas actually shaped corporate reforms.

    5. The same is true of our philosophy departments. Taking a course-or severalcourses- in ethics is no guarantee that one's character will be improved. But thereTHE RELEVANCE OF PHILOSOPHY TO BUSINESS ETHICS 387is some likelihood that one's moral sensibility-or one's moral imagination willbe expanded and, even using Rorty's criteria, that may help students be better per-sons, if they are so inclined or motivate

      In this part of the article, De George argues that moral imagination by itself is not enough and that ethical theory is needed to make sense of conflicting intuitions and to justify actions. The argument follows a logical path because if intuitions often clash, then using structured frameworks can help organize and clarify them. However, De George presents theory as the only real way to create coherence, without acknowledging that there are other valid ethical methods like narrative ethics, casuistry, or reflective equilibrium. This creates a small false dichotomy because he makes it seem like we must choose between imagination and theory when in reality both can work together. To make his point stronger, he could include examples of how theory and intuition complement each other in ethical reasoning.

    6. The academic strand of business ethics began in the 1970s. The term "businessethics" was modeled after the term ';medical ethics"-an area that began as anacademic area of study a decade earlier. Have philosophers engaged in the studyof ethics in business added anything to the academic area? A separate but relatedquestion is whether they have in fact changed business, business practices, andbusiness people. I believe that the answer in both cases is: yes. They have doneso in part because of their knowledge of the history of philosophy and the historyof ethics, because of their original analyses of moral issues in business and of thepresuppositions of particular economic systems, and because they took the lead inraising and attempting to answer normative questions in business.Before philosophers entered upon the scene in the 1970s, there was no academicfield of business ethics. The field developed precisely because of a felt need forwhat philosophers had to offer that was not provided by teachers of social issuesin management courses, by corporate critics, and by the conventional ethics-in-business approach. In this sense, to ask whether philosophers had anything to addto the field is almost a meaningless question because they formed the field. More-over, the field did not and does not consist of questions for philosophers or whata Wittgensteinian might consider pseudo-questions. What differentiated businessethics as a Eleld from social issues in management was the fact that business ethicssought to provide an explicitly ethical framework within which to evaluate busi-ness, and especially corporate, activities. What philosophers brought to the tablethat others had not was a systematic inquiry into our individual and collective moral* . s .experlence ln ouslness.

      In this piece of the article De George affirms that philosophers were the primary founders and builders of academic business ethics. This is technically a historical claim that can be evaluated. The argument has a very logical structure because technically if philosophers initiated curricula, journals, societies, and research agendas, then they can be credited with founding the field, but the soundness of this argument requires a citation or supporting evidence like dates, founding figures, institutional histories. Because these citations are missing, the claim is risking falling in generalization because other figures like lawyers, scientists, teachers and activists have also contributed to the growth of philosophy. To make this argument stronger he should present more specific examples and evidence to substantiate causation other than the apparented correlation.

    7. e takes "philosophy" globally, andso abstractly. He takes contemporary philosophy to mean analytic philosophy, andclaims that metaphysics and epistemology are "no more relevant to applied ethicsthan is astrophysics or neurophysiology

      De George goes on to contend Rorty's account is way too narrow because it basically makes philosophy be equal to just the analytic core. The structure is in fact valid because the premise that Rorty is treating philosophy in a very narrow way can support the conclussion that his dismissal of philosophy's relevance is mistaken. I personally think ths soundness of the claim depends pretty much on whether Rorty did in fact intend to give it such a short meaning. De George provides textual evidence but sometimes attributes an extreme thesis to Rorty without showing that Rorty consistently uses that narrow definition. I think ther is a risk of Strawman happening here if De George overgeneralizes Rorty’s position. I think a more careful and detailed analysis/approach would quote Rorty’s key passages and show precisely where De George’s counterexamples undermine them.

    8. A little-noticed revolution has been taking place in philosophy at least in thatportion called ethics. E

      In this sentence De George argues that applied ethics are a "genuine" change or revolution because it has re-shaped philosophy into a discipline guided towards resolving practical problems. This claim is technically plausible and logically sound if philosophers that were once focused on bigger problems now address more concrete moral issues and alters curricula, hiring, and public engagement, then calling it a “revolution” is justified. However i would argue the term "REVOLUTION" can be very ambiguous and ver very rethorically loaded since it could either mean institutional change, conceptual change or just an expansion on the topics treated. To be able to support that ethics are a revolution in philosophy he would need to mention more specific indicators to avoid relying on metaphor and to make the claim empirically testable.