language. Communicative action views language not as an unchanging system that will always produce certain conclusions but as a process of discovery that is most effective when the ideas we hold most dear are put to intense scrutiny.
I like the way this was put because the process of discovery can reveal more.
The Enlightenment had established a hierarchical relationship between philosophy—and by extension reason—and science.
I found this interesting because it makes a shift on knowledge.
knowledge. Skeptical arguments rely on the existence of doubt. Doubt exists when we cannot rule out a possibility. If we have doubt, we are not certain.
I agree that skeptical arguments rely on the existence of doubt but I also do agree that not everything can be examined so we truly do not know if it is real or just skeptical.
for all we know, we could currently be dreaming while thinking we are awake. Imagine dreaming that you are a butterfly, happily flitting about on flowers.
I always wonder about this because, in some dreams, I genuinely feel like I am part of the dream, but as soon as I wake up, I automatically assume I am awake. But what if the dream is just continuing, and it's like a never-ending loop?
To make their case, global skeptics point to the lack of the possibility of certainty in our beliefs. Because we cannot know that our beliefs are true, we cannot know in general. Usually, global skepticism attempts to undermine the possibility of forming justified beliefs.
I find global skepticism fascinating to get into because everyone just knows like the why but never like the real reason why or if we are in a reality where everything is real or fake.
Knowledge by acquaintance is knowledge gained from direct experience. A person knows something by acquaintance when they are directly aware of that thing. This awareness comes from direct perception using one’s senses.
How is this one different than posterior knowledge? if they both require to have experience.
type. Propositional knowledge is knowledge of propositions or statements. A proposition or statement is a declarative sentence with a truth value—that
(proposition)al = statement
the word proposition in propositional knowledge means that it is stating a statement with truth or that holds value.
A posteriori knowledge is knowledge that can only be gained through experience. Because a posteriori knowledge depends on experience, it is empirical.
(post)erior= after the fact
the word post in posterior knowledge means that it is knowledge after. meaning knowledge after it has been experienced.
A priori knowledge is knowledge that can be gained using reason alone. The acquisition of a priori knowledge does not depend on experience.
prior = before
meaning that priori knowledge is based on an knowledge that has not been experienced.