empirical psychology can-not fully account for consolation and desolation.
Ignatius’s consolation and desolation can’t be fully explained by psychology because they affect a person’s whole outlook, not just one isolated feeling. Still, they are not totally separate from ordinary emotions, so we should avoid both reducing them to mental states OR treating them as purely miraculous experiences.
3: Determine likelihood of occurrence
The Two Parts of Likelihood: Likelihood isn't just one number. It is calculated by combining two factors:
Likelihood of Initiation/Occurrence: Will the enemy try to attack? (Or will the hurricane happen?)
Likelihood of Resulting in Adverse Impact: If they do attack, will they succeed? (Will our defenses stop them, or will they break through?)
Overall Likelihood: You combine those two factors to get the final score (e.g., if they are likely to try, AND likely to succeed, the Overall Likelihood is High).
risk model and analysis approach
The Chain of Events (The Diagram)
The diagram flows from left to right, showing the "story" of how a risk happens. You should understand the relationship between these boxes:
Threat Source (The "Who" or "What"):
This is the adversary (e.g., a hacker, a dishonest employee) or a non-adversarial source (e.g., a power failure).
Key factors: They have capability (skill), intent (motivation), and targeting.
Threat Event (The "Action"):
The source initiates an event (e.g., sending a phishing email, launching malware).
Key factor: Likelihood of initiation (how likely are they to try?).
Vulnerability (The "Weakness"):
The threat event exploits a vulnerability (e.g., unpatched software, a weak password).
Predisposing Conditions: Things that make the weakness easier to exploit (e.g., the server is facing the public internet).
Security Controls: Things that block the attack (e.g., a firewall). These reduce the likelihood of success.
Adverse Impact (The "Consequence"):
If the vulnerability is exploited, it causes impact (e.g., data theft, system downtime).
Organizational Risk (The "Result"):
The combination of the likelihood of the attack succeeding and the severity of the impact produces the final risk level.
Risk
Step 1: Prepare for Assessment Before you start, you need a plan. You align the assessment with the organization's goals. (Slide 2 explains this in detail).
Step 2: Conduct Assessment (The Core) This is the "Execution" phase. Memorize this sequence inside the gray box, as it is often a quiz question:
Step 3: Communicate Results Notice the arrows go both ways. You don't just report at the end; you talk to stakeholders during the process to ensure facts are correct.
Step 4: Maintain Assessment Risk assessment is not a one-time event. You must monitor and update it over time as technology changes.
Tier 3
implementation layer - where hardware and software live
Tier 2
operational layer/middle management - bridge between top-lvl goals n actual tech - focuses on functions the business needs to perform to survive
Tier 1
decisions made here affect the entire company -- laws, budget, high-level policy
Low band
Low Band (Sub-1 GHz) - Covers a wide area, including cities, suburbs, and rural areas. - Good for IoT devices and deep indoor coverage. - Speed is lower: up to ~100 MB/s.
Mid Band (1–6 GHz) - Balances speed and coverage. - Includes frequencies like 3.3–3.8 GHz, 1800 MHz, 2.3 GHz, 2.6 GHz. - Wireless speed is 5–10 times faster than 4G. - This is usually the first spectrum sold in auctions.
High Band (Above 6 GHz, e.g., 26 GHz) - Extremely fast and low-latency (up to ~1 GB/s). - Covers short distances only. - Enables advanced services like vehicle-to-vehicle communication and remote surgery.
In short: low band = wide coverage, mid band = good mix, high band = super fast but short range
KPIs
Market Share by Subscribers
Total Revenues - The total money earned from all services sold in each market (Consumer, Enterprise, SMB). - Higher revenue usually means more sales or higher-paying customers.
Customer Satisfaction (NPS – Net Promoter Score) - Measures how happy customers are and whether they would recommend your service. - NPS ranges from -100 to +100; higher = more satisfied and loyal customers.
Free Cash Flow - Money left after paying for: Capex (capital investments, like network upgrades) Opex (operating costs, like salaries, maintenance) - Formula: Free Cash Flow = Revenues – Capex – Opex - Shows how much cash the company can use freely, e.g., to pay debts or invest.
Cumulative Profits - Total profits accumulated over time from all markets. - Helps see overall financial health and growth of the business
Luddites
resistant or skeptical about new technology. They may prefer traditional ways of working and adopt digital services only when they have no choice
Pragmatists
use digital tools because they are useful, not because they’re new or trendy.
CPI
EFFICIENCY
BAC – EV
VALUE OF WORK REMAINING
Project Costs and Crashing
COST SLOPE = (CRASH COST - NORMAL COST) / (NORMAL TIME - CRASH TIME)
The Quality Management Plan defines how quality will be managed throughout the project. It ensures deliverables meet requirements and stakeholder expectations.
It includes:
Quality metrics are specific, measurable indicators used to evaluate how well the project is performing against its quality goals. They are defined in advance so performance can be tracked objectively.
Examples:
✅ In short: The Quality Management Plan explains how quality will be ensured. Quality Metrics specify what will be measured to confirm that quality.
A technique used to identify and include extra time or money (reserves) in the project budget or schedule to handle risks and uncertainties.
Refers to the total cost of ensuring quality in a project. It includes:
✅ In short:
Reserve Analysis adds planned buffers for uncertainty — Contingency = known risks, Management = unknown risks, and COQ balances prevention costs vs. failure costs to ensure quality.
Parametric Estimating Technique:
Parametric Estimating uses statistical or mathematical relationships between variables (like cost per unit, time per task, or resources per square meter) to estimate project cost or duration.
It works best when activities are known, repeatable, and standardized, with reliable historical data to base calculations on.
✅ In short:
Parametric estimating = uses formulas and historical data for standardized work → accurate when data is solid, but limited for new or unique projects.
Reserve analysis is a project management technique for determining the necessary contingency and management reserves to cover potential risks, uncertainties, and unforeseen changes to a project's budget or schedule
TYPES OF ESTIMATING
Analogous = based on past projects (fast but rough); Top-down, based on expert judgment and comparisons
Parametric = based on data or formulas (quantitative)
Three-point = based on range of possibilities (risk-aware)
Schedule Network Diagrams – visual representations showing the sequence and dependencies between project activities. They help identify the order of tasks and the project’s critical path.
Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) – a technique used to create the network diagram by connecting activities with arrows that show their logical relationships.
A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical, deliverable-oriented chart that breaks down a project into smaller, more manageable components, tasks, and subtasks
Here are the 12 Principles of the Agile Manifesto, briefly stated:
Customer satisfaction – Deliver valuable software early and continuously.
Welcome change – Even late in development, embrace changing requirements.
Frequent delivery – Deliver working software regularly, from weeks to months.
Collaboration – Business people and developers must work together daily.
Motivated individuals – Build projects around trusted, supported team members.
Face-to-face communication – The most effective way to convey information.
Working software – The primary measure of progress.
Sustainable pace – Maintain a steady, continuous development rhythm.
Technical excellence – Continuous attention to quality improves agility.
Simplicity – Maximize the amount of work not done; keep things simple.
Self-organizing teams – The best designs and solutions emerge from them.
Regular reflection – Teams should reflect and adjust to improve effectiveness.
SARIE approach to making BUSINESS CASE * S - situation * A - analysis * R - recommendation * I - implementation * E - evaluation (how will decision makers evaluate ur case)
PROJECT PERFORMANCE DOMAINS 1. stakeholders 2. team 3. development approach + life cycle 4. planning 5. project work 6. delivery 7. measurement 8. uncertainty
project - temporary endeavor to create a unique product or result - consists of a unique set of processes w start and end dates
program - temporary organization structure to oversee implementation of related PROJECTS and activities
Project? Product? Operation?
Moodle Migration to Cloud – Project → It’s a project since it’s a one-time initiative with a clear end — moving Moodle from local servers to the cloud.
Balance Sheet Generation – Operation → This is an operational activity because it’s a recurring task done regularly (e.g., monthly or yearly) as part of ongoing financial processes.
Uploading of New Content in Website – Operation → Regularly updating a website is an operation since it’s a repetitive, continuous task to maintain current information.
Updating of IT Systems Inventory – Operation → Keeping the inventory current is operational because it’s part of continuous maintenance work, not a one-time deliverable.
Electronic Distribution of Report Cards – Operation → This is an operation since it’s a routine process done every grading period, not a temporary or unique effort.
ASSS LTT CRQCV
A focus on outcomes rather than outputs facilitates adaptability.
Focusing on outcomes rather than outputs means prioritizing the results or impact a project aims to achieve, instead of just the deliverables or tasks completed.
APEO * A - architecture -- centralized, distributed (federated vs. non-federated) * P - processing -- (ACID, BASE, CAP theorem) * E - environment -- (pre-prod, prod, sandbox) * O - organization -- (relational, non-relational, hierarchical)
data remediation
identifying errors
PRE-PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT - Mirrors the real production environment - Goal: Catch last-minute bugs and ensure stability. - Think: “Dress rehearsal before the live show.”
SANDBOX/EXPERIMENTAL ENVIRONMENT - Isolated environment for trying out new features, tools, or ideas without affecting real systems. - Less strict rules; may not mirror production. - Goal: Encourage experimentation and learning. - Think: “Playground for developers.”
tree schema - rigid, predefined paths
schema on write - data structure/schema is defined BEFORE data is written, data must fit schema when stored (relational)
schema on read - schema is applied only when the data is read, raw data is stored first, and structure is imposed later when queried
Federated Database: Each site keeps its own local database and autonomy (each w own DBMS), but they are linked together so users can access them as if they’re one system. Think of it as loosely coupled. e.g. blockchain
Non-Federated Database: The distributed databases are controlled centrally as one integrated system (no local autonomy). The sites act as parts of a single database. Think of it as tightly coupled.
FEDERATED = LIBERATED
security
all data is stored in one place, making it easier to implement strict security controls, monitor activity
Database type according to
APEO A - architecture P - processing type E - environment O - organization
A hash index stores keys based on a hashing function.
Hashing is great for equality lookups (=), because it can jump straight to the value’s bucket.
But hashing does not preserve order.
Hash indexes are only good for WHERE column = value. They cannot speed up range queries (>, <, BETWEEN) or ORDER BY, because hashing destroys natural order.
“LIKE is a constant string that does not start with a wildcard character” → They mean that LIKE 'abc%' can be optimized using indexes (fast lookup), but LIKE '%abc' or LIKE '%abc%' cannot (slow, full table scan).
🔹 Clustering index
A clustered index determines the physical order of rows in the table based on the index key.
A table can have only one clustered index (because rows can only be stored one way).
In MySQL (InnoDB), the primary key is automatically the clustered index.
Difference from non-clustered index:
Non-clustered index = separate structure (like a lookup table) that points to the actual row.
Clustered index = the table itself is ordered by the index.
The clustering attribute is the column (or columns) whose values decide the physical ORDER of records in the table.
⚖️ Key Difference
INNER JOIN → explicit, you control the condition.
NATURAL JOIN → implicit, SQL decides the condition (all same-named columns).
✅ So:
Use INNER JOIN if you want precision and clarity.
Use NATURAL JOIN if you’re sure the shared column names are intentional and correct.
USING() - e.g. SQL will look for the column DNo in both Employee and Department.
sql
Create table tbldepartment (
DNo varchar(10) primary key,
DName varchar(50),
ENo varchar(10)
);
DNo varchar(10) primary key
→ Declares the column DNo and immediately marks it as the primary key in the same line.DName varchar(50)
→ Another column for the department’s name.ENo varchar(10)
→ A column (probably for employee number).👉 Here, the primary key is tied directly to DNo in its definition.
sql
Create table tbldepartment (
DNo varchar(10),
DName varchar(50),
ENo varchar(10),
primary key (DNo)
);
DNo varchar(10)
→ Defines the column DNo normally.DName varchar(50)ENo varchar(10)primary key (DNo)
→ At the end of the table definition, we declare that DNo is the primary key.👉 Here, the primary key is defined separately, after all the columns.
Client/Server = MySQL is a separate server, apps connect to it.
Embedded = MySQL is inside the app itself.
RELOADING SQL BACKUPS
1. mysql -u root -p < dump_db.sql
<) the dump file into MySQL.CREATE DATABASE + USE statements (because you used --databases when dumping), MySQL will recreate the DB and restore it automatically.2. mysqladmin -u root -p create db1
db1.CREATE DATABASE.3. (Alternative: create inside MySQL CLI)
sql
mysql> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS restore_db;
mysql> USE restore_db;
mysql> source dump_1.sql;
restore_db).USE restore_db;).source dump_1.sql → runs the dump file line by line (restores tables + data into this DB).⚡ In short:
CREATE DATABASE + USE → just run it, it will auto-create the DB.BACKUP
1. mysqldump -u root -p msys140_activity > dump_1.sql
msys140_activity).dump_1.sql.CREATE DATABASE or USE statements (because no --databases flag).2. mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > alldb.sql
alldb.sql.CREATE DATABASE and USE statements for each database.3. mysqldump -u root -p --databases msys140_activity csci40_db > multipledb.sql
msys140_activity and csci40_db).multipledb.sql.CREATE DATABASE and USE statements for each database (because of --databases).4. [mysqldump -u root -p msys140_activity > dump_1.sql
VS
mysqldump -u root -p --databases msys140_activity > dump_2.sql]
--databases: dump_1.sql has only table structures + data, but no CREATE DATABASE or USE.--databases: dump_2.sql includes the CREATE DATABASE and USE statements, so you can recreate the DB automatically when restoring.5. mysqldump -u root -p msys140_activity tblCustomers > dump_tables.sql
tblCustomers) from the msys140_activity database.dump_tables.sql.👉 Shortcut to remember:
--databases → Only schema + data.--databases / --all-databases → Schema + data + CREATE DATABASE + USE statements.When you run mysqldump, the output file it generates (the backup script) doesn’t just contain the data — it also includes SQL commands to recreate the database structure.
CREATE DATABASE → Tells MySQL to make the database again when restoring.
USE → Tells MySQL which database to put the following tables and data into.
👉 So if you restore the dump, MySQL knows where to put the tables and data because the dump already has the instructions to create and select the correct database
LOGICAL BACKUP
Querying the MySQL server to obtain database structure and content information → Instead of copying raw files, it asks the server to export data and schema as SQL statements.
Slower and larger output because data is read, converted to SQL, then written out
PHYSICAL BACKUP
MyISAM = file-based → each table = separate files - Easy to copy with OS commands.
InnoDB = tablespace-based → tables often stored together inside larger shared data files - Not as simple to copy; needs special tools (like mysqlbackup) to ensure consistency.
SPEED is optimized at different levels: 1. database speed 2. hardware speed 3. connectivity speed
Virtue, according to the utilitariandoctrine, is not naturally and originally part of the end, but it is capable ofbecoming so
virtue is NOT originally part of the end, but it is CAPABLE of becoming so
can only be determined bypractised self-consciousness and self-observation, assisted by observation ofothers.
does mankind desire nothing but pleasure to them, or of which its absence is pain?
appiness is the sole end ofhuman action, and the promotion ofit the test by which tojudge of all humanconduct; from whence it necessarily follows that it must be thecriterion ofmorality, sincea part is included in the whole
promotion of happiness is the criterion of morality
there is in reality nothingdesired except happiness. Whatever is desired otherwise than asa means tosome endbeyond itself, and ultimately to happiness, is desired as itselfa partof happiness, and is not desired for itself until it has become so.
!!!
has at least the semblance of being naturally inherent in them;a thing whichcannot be said of money.
power or fame
the conscious ability to do without happiness gives the bestprospect of realising, such happiness as is attainable
!!!
The main constituents ofa satisfied life appear to be two, either of which byitself is often found sufficient for the purpose: tranquillity, and excitement
TRANQUILITY AND EXCITEMENT - the main constituents of a satisfied life
utility includes not solely the pursuit of happiness, but the prevention or mit-igation of unhappiness
!!!
Utilitarianism, therefore,could only attain its end by the general cultivation of nobleness of character,even if each individual were only benefited by the nobleness of others, andhis own, so faras happiness is concerned, werea sheer deduction from thebenefit.
UTILITARIANISM COULD ONLY ATTAIN ITS END BY CULTIVATION OF NOBLENESS
quality is con-sidered as well as quantity
QUALITY AND QUANTITY ALWAYS IN ESTIMATING PLEASURES
Admitting any other principle than theprinciple of utility to bea right principle,a principle that it is right fora man to pursue; admit-ting (what is not true) that the word right can havea meaning withoutreference to utility, let him say whether there is any such thing asamotive thata man can have topursue thedictates of it: ifthere is, let himsay what that motive is, and how it is to be distinguished from thosewhich enforce the dictates of utility: ifnot, then lastly let him say whatit is this other principle can be good for?
if he says another principle that is right (that is not the principle of utility), ask him what his motives are to pursue that principle, and how its different from utility + what is this principle good for anyway
To disprove the propriety of it by arguments is impossible
DISPROVING PRINCIPLES IS IMPOSSIBLE
is arguments, ifthey prove any thing, prove not that theprinciple is wrong, but that, according to the applications he supposesto be made ofit, it is misapplied
PRINCIPLES ARE NEVER WRONG, THEY'RE JUST MISAPPLIED
To givesuch proofis as impossible as it is needless.
PROOFS ARE USELESS
he commu-nity isa fictitious body, composed oftheindividual persons who areconsidered as constituting as it were its members. The interest of thecommunity then is, what is it?—the sum of the interests of the severalmembers who compose it.
interest of community = SUM/TOTAL OF THEIR INTERESTS
If activities are, as we said, what determines the character of life,no blessed man can become miserable; for he will never do the actsthat are hateful and mean. For the man who is truly good and wise,we think, bears all the chances of life becomingly and always makesthe best of circumstances
activities are what determines the character of life
three prominent types of life — that just mentioned, the political,and thirdly the contemplative life
3 types of life - pleasurable, political, contemplative
that oneelement in the soul is irrational and one has reason
elements of the soul - one irrational, one with reason
happiness is an activity of soul in accordance with perfectvirtue
!!! happiness is an activity of the soul, in accordance with perfect virtue
happiness is among the things that are prized and perfect. Itseems to be so also from the fact that it is a first principle; for it is forthe sake of this that we all do everything else
!!!
happiness;* for it has been said to be a virtuous activityof soul, of a certain kind
happiness is a virtuous activity of soul, of a certain kind
Happiness then is the best, noblest, and most pleasantthing in the world
!!!
goods have been divided into threeclasses,* and some are described as external, others as relating tosoul or to body; we call those that relate to soul most properly andtruly goods, and psychical actions and activities we class as relatingto soul.
3 classes of goods - external, body or soul (most properly and truly goods), physical (relating to soul)
The good, therefore, is not something common answering to oneIdea
tldr good is not just one idea
virtue is better.And perhaps one might even suppose this to be, rather than hon-our, the end of the political life
virtue - also end of political life
temperance isa mean with regard to pleasures
temperance is a mean in terms of pleasure; self-restraint or moderation
It is for facing whatis painful, then, as has been said, 1 that men are called brave. Hencealso courage involves pain, and is justly praised; for it is harder toface what is painful than to abstain from what is pleasant
!!!
People who are ignorant of the danger also appear brave, andthey are not far removed from those of a sanguine temper, but areinferior inasmuch as they have no self-reliance while these have
kind of courage
sanguine
kind of courage; positive even in difficult situations
Passion also is sometimes reckoned as courage; those who actfrom passion, like wild beasts rushing at those who have woundedthem, are thought to be brave, because brave men also are passionate;for passion above all things is eager to rush on danger
kind of courage
Experience with regard to particular facts
kind of courage
courage of the citizen-soldier; for this is most like true courage
kind of courage
courage is a mean with respect to thingsthat inspire confidence or fear
!!!
virtues in general we have stated their genusin outline, namely, that they are means and that they are states ofcharacter, and that they tend, and by their own nature, to the doingof the acts by which they are produced, and that they are in ourpower and voluntary, and act as reason prescribes.
SUMMARY OF WHAT VIRTUES IN GENERAL ARE
man is amoving principle of actions; now deliberation is about the things tobe done by the agent himself, and actions are for the sake of thingsother than themselves
deliberation is about the things to be done by the agent himself
appetite is contrary to choice, but not appetite to appetite. Again,appetite relates to the pleasant and the painful, choice neither to thepainful nor to the pleasant
appetite is contrary to choice; appetite relates to both the pleasant and the painful
what isthe difference in respect of involuntariness between errors commit-ted upon calculation and those committed in anger? Both are to beavoided, but the irrational passions are thought not less human thanreason is, and therefore also the actions which proceed from angeror appetite are the man’s actions. It would be odd, then, to treatthem as involuntary
!!!
Also what is involuntary is thought to be painful, but what is inaccordance with appetite is thought to be pleasant.
!!!!!
For it is onthese that both pity and pardon depend, since the person who isignorant of any of these acts involuntarily
any person ignorant of pity and pardon act involuntarily
but ignorance of particulars, i.e. of the circumstances ofthe action and the objects with which it is concerned
involuntary - ignorant of particulars, circumstances
Such actions, therefore, are voluntary, but in the abstract per-haps involuntary; for no one would choose any such act in itself
certain virtues when forced to do are voluntary physically but involuntary in abstract
for if we dismiss pleasurethus we are less likely to go astray. It is by doing this, then, (to sumthe matter up) that we shall best be able to hit the intermediate.
!!!
To the intermediate in some cases the deficiency, in some theexcess, is more opposed
we oppose deficiency more than excess (e.g. we accept overpleasures more than deficiency in it) ; excess is more contrary/mas malayo to the intermediate --> PLEASURE IS THE ENEMY
Hence he who aims at the intermediate must first depart fromwhat is the more contrary to it,
as it is not easy to find the middle
ighteous indignation is a mean between envyand spite
indignation - annoyance at unfairness
it is possible to fail in many ways (for evil belongs tothe class of the unlimited, as the Pythagoreans conjectured, andgood to that of the limited), while to succeed is possible only in oneway (for which reason also one is easy and the other difficult —to miss the mark easy, to hit it difficult); for these reasons also,then, excess and defect are characteristic of vice, and the mean ofvirtue
!!!!!!!
moral virtue; for it is this that is concerned with passionsand actions, and in these there is excess, defect, and the intermedi-ate
!!!
virtue must have the quality of aiming at the intermediate
!!!
things that arefound in the soul are of three kinds — passions, capacities, states ofcharacter — virtue must be one of these
!!!
moral virtue: it is a state of character,
NOT a passion or capacity
intellectual and moral
TWO TYPES OF VIRTUE: intellectual - from teaching moral - from habit (ethos)
Nonetheless, a linedemarcating the legitimate use of torture can be drawn. Tortureonly the obviously guilty, and only for the sake of saving innocents,and the line between Us and Them will remain clear
!!! torture only the OBVIOUSLY GUILTY, and ONLY FOR SAVING LIVES
I am not advocating torture as punishment. Punishment is ad-dressed to deeds irrevocably past. Rather, I am advocating tortureas an acceptable measure for preventing future evils
TORTURE IS FOR PREVENTING FUTURE EVILS, NOT PUNISHMENT. punishment is for the past deeds. it says here that torture is "less objectionable" than punishments like death penalty. but i ask, what kind of torture are we talking about? how can we be so sure that torture can save these lives?
mil-lions oflives surely outweigh constitutionality
its all about numbers
hitched
married; if u can take on cohabitation naman, of sharing stuff, why not get married instead (now)?
cohabitation comes with much of the emotional and logistical baggage of marriage without the clarity and legal protection of actually being married, which can cause even more strife if one partner does want to tie the knot and the other is hesitant.
conclusion; do not cohabit
But we avoided cons. We didn’t have to have arguments over who was doing the most cleaning or if someone snored in bed because we went our separate ways after our dates.
yesyesyes plus no commitment
lived with their parents rent-free
ME because personally too im attached to my family + yay rent free
to splurge on vacations and the lavish wedding of their dreams.
YASSS ME
Young couples in particular hope to enter their marriages on a strong financial footing, Smock says, with security over their income, employment, and a down payment. As a result, only the most economically advantaged people may end up saying “I do.”
true, we r broke
when children are involved, many people choose to marry because it is easier for married parents to navigate institutions like schools and doctor’s offices
benefit of marrying after having kids (like my fam)
Without the legal guardrails of divorce, divvying up property and assets can be messy
disadvantage of cohabitation before marriage!
Moving in, regardless of relationship status, increases the likelihood of a couple staying together by making it harder to break up
!!!
how special it made the actual feeling of getting married
of waiting until marriage to cohabit
signed a lease on a shared apartment
this is a good idea
You don’t live together until you tie the knot.
doran is me
Easier access to birth control and legalized abortion meant women could pursue college and careers with greater control over when to have children. With this newfound flexibility and income, marriage was less of a way to shore up resources for a woman and her children and more something to choose
heavy on "more something to choose"; because some women marry para makaahon, like in movies
In the early to mid-20th century, cohabiting couples fell into similar demographics as those who had sought common-law marriages, Kuperberg says: people of color and those with low education levels.
!!!
common-law marriage — a legal marriage between two people who lived together but who did not receive a marriage certificate or get married in a religious ceremony
marriage that considered valid by both partners, but not formally recorded with a state or religious registry; most of these ppl were low-income and POC so it was abolished
redefined the place of marriage in society — and set new standards for when a person feels “ready” to wed
there is progress in the way we think unlike in the past
Wider acceptance of unmarried cohabitation allows couples who previously would have been considered “nontraditional” more flexibility to live their lives authentically.
for POC and queer especially
Those who have made that prior commitment, whether by getting engaged or by committing their lives to one another before sharing a home, are more likely to stay together
basically u should talk about "moving in" and all its details before sharing a home, also so that u'd be more likely to stay together
ack of concern
On the other hand, this situation creates an unusual diversity within a church that typically aims for consistency, especially in how services are conducted. The church’s limited guidelines for producing online Masses—seen in the lack of protocols from dioceses or bishops’ conferences—suggests a tendency to overlook this diversity.
eally only “works” with a high amount ofstandardization
in order to have a universal church, there must be a universal sacrament
local priests actually have avery circumscribed amount of freedom regarding liturgical practices
circumscribed = restricted but in st. paul parish priest has authority to change the prayers..
as really real community incontradistinction to the virtual (read: less real or even unreal)community online
Christians believe the real community is the offline one over the virtual (even less/unreal)
pandemic has made digital cultureand technology a new interest for many people in the church
the pandemic has forced the church to consider digital culture
the smoothness I touch connects me to her
first paragraph - in mass