Only then can government actions accurately reflect the interests and concerns of the majority. Even people who believe the elite rule government should recognize that it is easier for them to do so if ordinary people make no effort to participate in public life.
can it be that with the decline of civic engagement we got a president like Trump?
Great gaps in wealth between the owners of major businesses, industries, and financial institutions and those who work for others in exchange for wages exist in many capitalist nations. In turn, great wealth may give a very small minority great influence over the government—a
weath gap
Wong Kim Ark Act
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) is the Supreme Court ruling that determined the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted birthright citizenship to all persons born in the United States regardless of race or nationality.Dec 19, 2023
While the Mexican and United States federal governments have failed to officiallyrecognize the violations of forced repatriation and banishment, the private personalcollections and collected oral histories provide rich evidence of the injustices peo-ple endured and their resilience in reclaiming their US citizenship.
should check if anything has changed from the time this journal was published
The removal efforts were facilitatedby the fifteenth US Census, which in 1930 included “Mexican” as a racial categoryfor the first and only time in its history.
so that's how they arrested them
the ma
doing something that is different from what people consider to be normal or acceptable
en. De
doing something that is different from what people consider to be normal or acceptable
implications
suggestions
found on 6/19/2024
Maybe for group presentation: week 3 (the Latinx experience), Week 4 Civil Rights Movement, week 6 (Art)
constructed
formed
contested
argued over or questioned
Objectivity is sought out in these academic disciplines, yet Subjectivity is what is set in stone as truth.
We seek to be equal in the academic world but in reality we are not.
pg. 158: "they are in a process in which events happen and follow one another"
main ideas: * "Can one know the Other?" * the contrasting/ contradictory ideas about colonial relation
77- meant to held inside of a shrine. Capable of magic and miracle. Referred as ideal pairs. these are supposed to be the ancestors of humanity
70- fresco painitng
42- south of france
Sujatro Ghosh has been photographing women wearing a cow mask as “asilent form of protest”visit: sujatroghosh@sujatroghosh"I am perturbed by the fact that in my country, cows areconsidered more important than a woman, that it takes muchlonger for a woman who is raped or assaulted to get justicethan for a cow which many Hindus consider a sacred animal,“Delhi-based photographer Sujatro Ghosh told the BBC.
every 30 minutes a woman is being raped in India. Gang raped.
But fewof the 1992 celebrants could accentuate publicly the banality ofthat date, five hundred years before, without having to admit alsothat power had intervened between the event and its celebration
Power dynamic of the two groups impacted on this day. Business/govt had more power than NA since they were more seen and given opportunities to be seen rather than NA
quincen-tennial
something that relates to or marks a period of 500 years.
They contribute to the continuous myth-making process that gives history its more definite shapes: they help tocreate, modify, or sanction the public meanings attached to historical events deemed worthy of mass celebration
not neccessary by just verbal/written lies, but also through actions to make it seem like nothing bad necessarily happened or to "alleviate" the blow
With the exercise of thatpower, “facts” become clear, sanitized.
if the other POV is underrepresented, the more powerful POV (i.e. govt, historical leaders) can twist their history to say that what the other group wanted (refer to above note for example)
Commemorations
a ceremony or celebration in which a person or event is remembered.
between historicity1 and historicity 2
aka, the two sides of history: * columbus "discovering" america 1. columbus invading america
I prefer to say that Columbus “stumbled on theBahamas,” or “discovered the Antilles,” and I prefer “conquest”over “discovery” to describe what happened after the landing
same my dude, same
lexical
relating to the words or vocabulary of a language.
The problem is, of course, that Uranus did not knowthat it existed before Herschel, and that Sédillot did not go afterthe microbes with a sword and a gun.
oh, author is mad at Godinho. I am too
The isolation of a single moment thus creates a historical “fact”:on this day, in 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the Bahamas. As a set event, void of context and marked by a fixeddate, this chunk of history becomes much more manageable outside of the academic guild. It returns inevitably: one can await itsmillenial and prepare its commemoration. It accommodates travelagents, airlines, politicians, the media, or the states who sell it inthe prepackaged forms by which the public has come to expecthistory to present itself for immediate consumption. It is a product of power whose label has been cleansed of traces of power.The naming of the “fact” is itself a narrative of power disguisedas innocence. Would anyone care to celebrate the “Castilian invasion of the Bahamas”? Yet this phrasing is somewhat closer towhat happened on October 12, 1492, than “the discovery ofAmerica.” Naming the fact thus already imposes a reading andmany historical controversies boil down to who has the power toname what. To call “discovery” the first invasions of inhabitedlands by Europeans is an exercise in Eurocentric power that already frames future narratives of the event so described. Contactwith the West is seen as the foundation of historicity of differentcultures.8 Once discovered by Europeans, the Other finally enters the human world.In the 1990s, quite a few observers, historians, and activistsworldwide denounced the arrogance implied by this terminologyduring the quincentennial celebrations of Columbus’s Bahamianlanding. Some spoke of a Columbian Holocaust. Some proposed“conquest” instead of discovery; others preferred “encounter,”which suddenly gained an immense popularity—one more testimony, if needed, of the capacity of liberal discourse to compromise between its premises and its practice.9 “Encounter” sweet114 Si l enci ng the Past
It has been so commercialized that no one really questions or looks into the deeper history of Columbus day. Many people just think that he happened to discover America that day and "What a great thing that is."
reconquista
a centuries-long series of battles by Christian states to expel the Muslims (Moors), who from the 8th century ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula
absolutist
a person who holds absolute principles in political, philosophical, or theological matters.
context also fades out.
see above note for more
The creation of that historical moment facilitates the narrativ-ization of history, the transformation of what happened into thatwhich is said to have happened. First, chronology replaces process. All events are placed in a single line leading to the landfall
the fact that this moment has been commonly used as the beginning of history of the "conquests" and highlights in American history has hidden the complexity and actual events that occurred during and its grave impacts on people
processual
functional, operationa
fall of Granada
occurred on January 2, 1492 when the city surrendered to the combined forces of Aragon and Castile.
public arena”
aka, takes a deep breath in and says with a deep announcer voice "THE FIGHT OF THE CENTURY"
But the rhetoric of the popes and the mergerof church and state power in the Iberian dominions, which wentback to the Visigoths, created an ideological space where religionsand cultures that mingled in daily life were seen as officially incompatible
Within that space, the defense of a Christendom,projected as pure and besieged, became a dominant idiom for themilitary campaigns
so basically, these Christiaan militias were trained and mission lead to believe that Christianity is something pure and often had several enemies harassing it.
besieged
under siege; surrounded by enemy forces and cut off from help or supplies
rhetoric
language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience, but often regarded as lacking in sincerity or meaningful content.
incompatibl
(of two things) so opposed in character as to be incapable of existing together.
remission
the cancellation of a debt, charge, or penalty.
Iberian peninsula
Portugal and Spain, the whole microstate of Andorra, a small part of the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales (French Cerdagne), and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.
Holy Sepulchre
It is considered to be the holiest site for Christians in the world, as it has been the most important pilgrimage site for Christianity since the 4th century. Located in Christian Quarter, Old City of Jerusalem.
Pyrenees
mountain range in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain.
heralded
be a sign that (something) is about to happen.
penance
a Christian sacrament in which a member of the Church confesses sins to a priest and is given absolution. (aka, confessiones)
Well,” said Sis, “although I cannot say that your beauty restdid you a hell of a lot of good, I do admire the way youpersevere.
she called her brave and strong
“I think I better.”
Tish's mom is going to see the lawyer with her
Fonnyused to go to a vocational school where they teach kids tomake all kinds of shitty, really useless things, like cardtables and hassocks and chests of drawers which nobody’sever going to buy because who buys handmade furniture?The rich don’t do it. They say the kids are dumb and sothey’re teaching them to work with their hands. Those kidsaren’t dumb. But the people who run these schools want tomake sure that they don’t get smart: they are reallyteaching the kids to be slaves
segreation, different circulums for different schools
It’s of a naked man with one hand at his forehead andthe other half hiding his sex. The legs are long, very long,and very wide apart, and one foot seems planted, unable tomove, and the whole motion of the figure is torment.
what does it mean?
The doorbell rang. I heard Mama yell, “Be right there!” andthen she came into the room again. She was carrying asmall water glass with a little whiskey in it. “Here. Sit up.Drink this. Do you good
at the time it was ok to drink while pregnant
ut Geneva was always up in Fonny’s face.I don’t think he ever noticed her at all
Maybe Geneva had a crush on him?
Troubled About My Soul
Exercise
Exercise
xercis
Exercise
Exercise
xercise
1, Sometimes a person needs to get in touch with his or her parents. 2. Terry and her sister are sharing their room with Aunt Kay this week. 3. Before students register for next semester, they should check their work schedule. 4. Everybody needs to think twice about his or her actions. 5. Everyone should double check his or her answers.
xercise
Exercise
Barreto, M. A. (2005). Latino immigrants at the polls: Foreign-born voter turnout in the2002 election. Political Research Quarterly, 58(1), 79-86
gives education, language, and social economic reasons as barriers
er. The ten books will be referredto by their authors' names, since the titles (like the nearly universal red,white and blue covers!) are confusingly sim
these books were based off other white books, in other words, there wasn't already texts that included Mexican perspective of history
Each text and its accompanying materials (including photographs,charts, captions, maps, and annotations for teachers) was evaluatedaccording to criteria used in similar studies: inclusiveness, accuracy,currency, balance, comprehensiveness, concreteness, and
ok in theory, these compotents make a great decider for textbooks, however, inclusiveness and accuracy can be interperted differently
Conversely, someness after faili
Texas being one of the bigger buyers, it is essential that publishing companies can get on their list to ensure stablity in their businesses and can be financially successful. That means that in order to get on that list, you have be approved. Like I mentioned earlier, these books could be made or set on a set of values that have been approved (whether outloud or in private). These books include books that are pro-American, anti-Mexican, homophobic, etc. These books focus on white ideals and disregard minorities by making them seem the villians or suffering ones in the story.
firsTextbook Commitare required by lawfre
So basically, this committee has ultimate control over what students can read, how they might interpert it based how the events were written. Since this is texas and its a conservative state, I could imply that these committee members decided on books that did not make America look bad and were anti-Mexican.
nd widely disseminated images of Mexico an
What does she mean by disseminated images of Mexico and its people?
Conquerors and Victims: The Image of America Forms (1500-1800)
“One has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey justlaws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.”—Marin Luther King Jr. from “Letter from Birmingham Jail” p.4
In "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King Jr. points out "[o]ne ahs not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws" (4).
“Courage is going from failure to failure without losingenthusiasm.” —Winston Churchill p.8
As Winston Churchill believes, "Courage is going from failure to failure without losing enthusiasm" (8).
Animals kept in zoos should be released into the wild becauseit is analogous to torture to keep them imprisoned in such unnaturalenvironments.” —Turner Luce p.45
In regards to animal captivity in zoos, Turner Luce suggests that they "should be released into the wild because it is analogous to torture to keep them imprisioned in such unnatural enviroments" (45).
To get the economy back on top, the government should provide$50,000 no-interest loans to each small business.” —Dasha Chekov p.12
Dasha Chekov suggests that in order to improve the economy "the government should provide $50,000 no-interest loans to each small business" (12).
“The notion of banning frivolous lawsuits is antithetical to theConstitution. If anything, more people should be exercising their rightto sue people.” —Ivanna Soo from the law firm of Dewee, Cheetem, andHowe p.666
Ivanna Soo, from the law firm pf Dewee, Cheetem, and Howe, argues that "[t]he notion of banning frivolous lawsuits is antietical to the Consititution." She further reasons, "[i]f anything, more people should be exercising their right to sue people" (666).
Creating Each Works Cited Entr
Author. Title of Source. Title of Container, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location.
A signal phrase sets up a quote by identifying the author and/or the source.
think of this as the "i" in a TIEAC paragraph
summary
In the chapter "The Summary" by Professors Bruce Peppard, Stephanie Schwartz, and Sara Blake, the authors demonstrate key steps of writing a summary. As mentioned by the author, it is crucial to write the title, author's name, and main idea in the topic sentence of each summary. Another key concept of writing without looking at the text in order to write key concepts and prevent writing unnecessary or distracting details. Additionally, the authors advise using transitional phrases , 5-6 sentences, and present phase. Lastly, the author recommends revising the summary for clarification and adding only the author's opinions. The steps outlined by the authors are aimed to help write summaries.
Looking at the poor example given on the previous page, identify why it isconsidered weak. Even if you haven't read "Learning to Read" by Malcolm X,you should be able to find a few flaws.Looking at the good example above, identify why it is considered good.
no questionnaire exists that measurespositive mindset through assessing everyday aspects of mental life such as a person’s happiness, confidence,feelings of being in control, mental stability, motivation and optimism.
important to know
When a new theory is found that deals with the outstanding problems, it soon establishes itself as the new Paradigm and another period of unadventurous normal science begins.
cycle begins all over again
Even when anomalies (experiments or observations that give unexpected tesults) begin to appear, the scientific community has become so loyal to the paradigm that older scientists refuse to admit that it has been falsified and continue as though it were still func- tioning smoothly.
refuse to accept that there are other side effects, or ignore them, to uphold theses paradigm values
cientific education involves brainwashing the students so they accept the paradigm uncritically.
damn, that's a cold way of wording it
probing
investigating further/ deeper
berated
Scold or criticize (someone) angrily
hostile
unfriendly
advertisers and their agencies negotiated ad buys in direct, one-to-one deals with publishers
direct buying or reservation buying
47 percent of likely 2020 voters would vote to affirm the National Popular Vote law and 47 percent would vote to repeal it
divided
79 percent of Democrats preferred the popular vote, while 74 percent of Republicans favored the Electoral College
republicans gain more states with the electoral college and also tend to be on the conservative side
democrats gain more votes with the popular vote and are open to change; argue that the electoral college is broken since candidates with the popular vote can still lose
But because the referendum needs only 124,632 valid signatures to qualify, up to 45 percent of them could be tossed and the measure would still make the ballot.
what AOC did to put her name on the ballot