However, it is unclear which affordances are unique to games as well as which psychological outcomes can be strictly considered to stem from games. From the perspective of these definitions, there is room for a large variety of studies that could be framed as gamification. Therefore, one goal of this review is to explore what the actual empirical works on gamification have been studying as motivational affordances and psychological outcomes (as well as behavioral outcomes).

there is a dearth of coherent understanding on what kind of studies have been conducted under the term gamification, with which methods, what kinds of results they yield, and under which circumstances.

The popular interest in gamification is also reflected in an academic context: the number of papers published on gamification is growing.

gamification provides positive effects, however, the effects are greatly dependent on the context in which the gamification is being implemented, as well as on the users using it

In addition, on an aggregate level, we gain a sense of how findings across studies complement each other at different phases of the logic model – e.g. research that sheds light on usage patterns

The objective of the literature review was tofind out:

hand-offs, human augmentation, and oversight are valuable and necessary

When Arthur Schlesinger was asked by The New York Times in November, 1965, to explain the contradiction between his published account of the Bay of Pigs incident and the story he had given the press at the time of the attack, he simply remarked that he had lied

truth is the revelation of that which makes a people certain, clear, and strong in its action and knowledge

They are therefore purely extensional entities constrained by the axiom of extensionality, common to all standard set theories. As a consequence, strings have all of their non-relational properties essentially and cannot be altered or modified in any way.

It is time to think seriously about how the algorithmi-cally informed decisions now driving large swaths of society should be ac-countable to the public

This bit of infor-mation, together with recent research showing biased search results can shift the voting preferences of undecided voters,10 points to the need to start asking questions about the degree to which such curation and ranking sys-tems can affect democratic processes