began.
This book literally made me feel sick to my stomach. It was like a horror movie talking about all the demons and the rise of the war against God.
605 Matching Annotations
- Apr 2019
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pressbooks.pub pressbooks.pub
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All these and more came flocking;
If you are listening to the audiobook. This ends chapter 2. 27:01
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Witness the Streets of Sodom, and that night In Gibeah, when the hospitable door Expos’d a Matron to avoid worse rape.
The biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah.
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Turns Atheist, as did Ely’s Sons, who fill’d [ 495 ] With lust and violence the house of God.
Ely was a prophet of God who loved God very much.
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Osiris, Isis, Orus
I think these were Egyptian Gods??? Could be wrong, does anyone know?
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For Spirits when they please Can either Sex assume, or both; so soft And uncompounded is thir Essence pure, [ 425 ] Not ti’d or manacl’d with joynt or limb, Nor founded on the brittle strength of bones, Like cumbrous flesh; but in what shape they choose Dilated or condens’t, bright or obscure, Can execute thir aerie purposes, [ 430 ] And works of love or enmity fulfill.
He is saying demons can be male or female and can take multiple forms.
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Moabs Sons,
Another Bibical story
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Solomon
Bibilcal King
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F
Basically, Milton is now going to list the demons and how they tempted and caused havoc to man throughout the Old Testament by giving examples a reference to biblical stories.
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Moloch,
A demon
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Of Locusts, warping on the Eastern Wind, That ore the Realm of impious Pharaoh hung Like Night, and darken’d all the Land of Nile: So numberless were those bad Angels seen Hovering on wing under the Cope of Hell
Milton is making another analogy. He is comparing the curse of the Egyptian people by God for enslaving the Iserealites to the demons rising up. He is saying this situation was just as bad as that curse.
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NT
This book is 9 hours long.....
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Seraph
an angelic being, regarded in traditional Christian angelology as belonging to the highest order of the ninefold celestial hierarchy, associated with light, ardor, and purity.
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Cherube
a winged angelic being described in biblical tradition as attending on God. It is represented in ancient Middle Eastern art as a lion or bull with eagles' wings and a human face, and regarded in traditional Christian angelology as an angel of the second highest order of the ninefold celestial hierarchy.
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Princes, Potentates, [ 315 ] Warriers, the Flowr of Heav’n, once yours, now lost, If such astonishment as this can sieze Eternal spirits; or have ye chos’n this place After the toyl of Battel to repose Your wearied vertue, for the ease you find [ 320 ] To slumber here, as in the Vales of Heav’n?
recruitment
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With rallied Arms to try what may be yet Regaind in Heav’n, or what more lost in Hell?
He is planning to try again.
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We shall be free; th’ Almighty hath not built Here for his envy, will not drive us hence: [ 260 ] Here we may reign secure, and in my choyce To reign is worth ambition though in Hell:
Satan is planning to take Hell as his domain.
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I
Satan speaking again
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Forthwith upright he rears from off the Pool His mighty Stature; on each hand the flames Drivn backward slope thir pointing spires,
Satan rises up and will begin to recruit fallen demons to cause chaos.
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rood
a crucifix, especially one positioned above the rood screen of a church or on a beam over the entrance to the chancel.
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T
Milton as narrator begins speaking again.
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Calamity,
Notice this is capitalized?
Meaning: an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress; a disaster.
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Precipice
a very steep rock face or cliff, especially a tall one.
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And out of good still to find means of evil; [ 1
The demons are saying that they will do a "good job: at doing evil things.
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What can it then avail though yet we feel Strength undiminisht, or eternal being To undergo eternal punishment?
Satan is challenging God by questioning his punishment.
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O
Satan begins speaking again.
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S
Milton begins speaking again as the narrator.
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To wage by force or guile eternal Warr Irreconcileable, to our grand Foe, Who now triumphs, and in th’ excess of joy
He is planning a war on Heaven
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cannot fail,
Satan believes he cannot fail.
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That Glory never shall his wrath or might [ 110 ] Extort from me.
Satan is saying he will never give up and will not repent.
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Joynd
Not currently in the dictionary... Google also doesn't know this meaning.....
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I
Up until this point Milton has been speaking to the reader stating his purpose for writing this piece and giving us the background story. Now Milton is writing from Satan point of view. As if Satan the one speaking.
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Seraphim
an angelic being, regarded in traditional Christian angelology as belonging to the highest order of the ninefold celestial hierarchy, associated with light, ardor, and purity.
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Compeer.
a person of equal rank, status, or ability.
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Vaunting
of a boastful nature.
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Apostate
a person who renounces a religious or political belief or principle.
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Empyreal
empyreal (not comparable) Pertaining to the highest heaven or the empyrean Synonyms: celestial, sublime, exalted. Of the sky or heavens. Fiery, made of pure fire.
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ignominy
public shame or disgrace.
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deifie
Another word not in the dictionary.
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That with the mightiest rais’d me to contend, And to the fierce contention brought along [ 1
Milton is making a lot of side analogies and it is easy to get lost from his analogies and the actual story. For me this is kind of an ADHD nightmare. Cool story so far but hard to follow with the analogies. If a reader doesn't have a Bibical or Thology background, I think this will be hard to follow for the average reader. I have some Bible knowledge and am struggling. So glad we have the class notes here to help!
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Myriads
Does anyone know what this means?
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Long after known in Palestine, and nam’d [ 80 ] Beelzebub.
This is a reference to the future Palestine government (past now but the setting of this is written before Palestine) who will worship Satan under the name of Beelzebub.
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Deluge
flood or great quantity.
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obdurate
stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action.
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penal
punishable by law.
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Adamantine
unbreakable
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perdition,
(in Christian theology) a state of eternal punishment and damnation into which a sinful and unpenitent person passes after death.
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infernal
relating to or characteristic of hell or the underworld
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And justifie the wayes of God to men.
This seems blasphemous to me. Does he really think he knows Gods ways? How narcissistic. Who is he to think he knows better? He cannot justify Gods actions.... Wow.
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Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhime.
Milton is stating Poems don't have to Rhyme.
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adventrous Song
Milton is making an analogy here between his writings and a song. Saying his writings are like a song to God.
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till one greater Man Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat,
I think he is talking about Jesus here.
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Oreb
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Sinai
A mountain: Mount Sinai
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BOOK 1
Here is an audio recording for you guys. Much better if you prefer to listen to it.
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Pandemonium the Palace of Satan rises,
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pressbooks.pub pressbooks.pub
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Leauing to ayme
Learning to aim
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So, though I see the glory of her State, Its she that must instruct and eleuate.
Aemilia cannot do anything without the Queen's approval.
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deiected
Dejected: sad and depressed; dispirited.
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Deuotion
Devotion
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yeeres haue knowne,
years have known.
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grieued
grieved
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Paschal Lambe,
a lamb sacrificed at Passover.
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by whose rare gifts you are So highly grac’d, t’exceed the fairest faire.
She is saying that even the people who have mastered skills are not as great as the Queen.
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soeuer,
What is soeuer?
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hauen
Heaven
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Cynthia with her nymphs
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Syluane Gods
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Satyres
half goat half human
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Muses
musicians
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How much are we to honor those that springs From such rare beauty, in the blood of Kings?
She is basically saying she is unworthy to the Queens excellence.
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Gentle Reader,
Awe, how sweet, to address the reader as gentle.
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pressbooks.pub pressbooks.pub
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ie
This was brutal. I got bored 1/4 of the way through it. However, I got the general concept. I've never been into sci-fyi so this was a bit harder for me. I think the general ideas on government, control, feminism, utopia, and agree/disagreement of oppions were the general reason the Arthur wrote this piece especially after the government and the six year peace period. The Arthur clearly is not a fan of government and questions many ideas before her time. There is also a sense of sarcasm I see in her writing especially with the main character questioning all the animals. It felt like the book Animal farm to me. If I had, had three weeks to read this, I think it would made a lot more sense. This isn't something you can sit down and read in one sitting. It is something tp contemplate, re-read and then think about. I found it hard to get all the info right off the bat and had to re-read three times. I am still not sure I got all of it, but yeah....
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d before an artificial: for Art is, for the most part irregular, and disorders Men’s understandings more then it rectifies them, and leads them into a Labyrinth where they’l never get out, and makes them dull and unfit for useful employments; especially your Art of Logick, which consists onely in contradicting each other, in making sophismes, and obscuring Truth, instead of clearing it.
Basically now they are disagreeing and the utopian society is not doing so great.
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I find, that Nature is but one Infinite Self-moving Body, which by the vertue of its self-motion, is divided into Infinite parts, which parts being restless, undergo perpetual changes and transmutations by their infinite compositions and divisions.
Intresting.
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the Empress called both the Syrens- or Fish-men, and the Worm-men, to deliver their Observations which they had made, both within the Seas, and the Earth.
Syrens-Fish men: notice the gender-ism even in this statement? Sirens were originally known as female mermaids. not male. hmmm
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After this, they took a Charcoal, and viewing it with one of their best Microscopes, discovered in it an infinite multitude of pores, some bigger, some less; so close and thick, that they left but very little space betwixt them to be filled with a solid body; and to give her Imperial Majesty a better assurance thereof, they counted in a line of them an inch long, no less then 2700 pores;
What is even going on anymore? I am so lost.
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But this opinion was contradicted by others,
More contradictions and lack of agreement. A Utopian society is not a realistic government. No group of people will completely agree on everything all the time. That is the beauty of human thought and opinion. Disagreement often lead to knowledge if the people disagreeing are willing to learn.
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then it would follow, that the sight of Animals is the cause of light; and that, were there no eyes, there would be no light; which was against all sense and reason
This a very ecocentrical view to believe that light itself would not exist if you did not have eyes to see ti.
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But this opinion again was laught at by others, and rejected as ridiculous,
Here they don't unanimously agree.
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Convocation
a large formal assembly of people.
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.
This paragraph has so much gender issues. May not be as Utopian as we thought.....
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Why they had so few Laws? To which they answered, That many Laws made many Divisions
Dang. The author of this story has a mind way before her time. This idea and concept would have been totally unacceptable at the time is was written. That being said, wow this sentence has so much utopia ideas in it.
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The Bear-men were to be her Experimental Philosophers, the Bird-men her Astronomers, the Fly- Worm- and Fish-men her Natural Philosophers, the Ape-men her Chymists, the Satyrs her Galenick Physicians, the Fox-men her Politicians, the Spider- and Lice-men her Mathematicians, the Jackdaw- Magpie- and Parrot-men her Orators and Logicians, the Gyants her Architects, &c. But before all things, she having got a Soveraign power from the Emperor over all the World, desired to be informed both of the manner of their Religion and Government;
Utopian society. Everyone has peace and a role....
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made her his Wife, a
Why does everyone seem to want to "own" her?
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The City it self was built of Gold; and their Architectures were noble, stately, and magnificent, not like our Modern, but like those in the Romans time; for, our Modern Buildings are like those Houses which Children use to make of Cards, one story above another, fitter for Birds, then Men; but theirs were more Large, and Broad, then high; the highest of them did not exceed two stories, besides those rooms that were under-ground, as Cellars, and other Offices.
Sounds like Atlantis.
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as I mentioned before, secure from all Foreign Invasions, by reason there was but one way to enter, and that like a Labyrinth
One entrance scares me because that means there is also no escape.
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great number of vast and large Rivers, all ebbing and flowing,
Seems like everywhere she goes she mets new animals and new rivers.... I am seeing a patern here.
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for there was but one language in all that World:
That is really cool. What if everyone in the world only spoke one language? Would we still have war, famine, and poor communication skills? Is language the root of misunderstanding?
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to learn their language;
She is a smart girl to try and learn the language.
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Grass-Green Complexion
Plant people???
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Satyrs,
Half goat half human
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wild-Geese
What is up with this story? We had bear people, fox people, and now Geese people.....
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victuals
Food and water
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extreamly strucken with fear,
Who could blame her?
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.
So these bears just walk up, look in the boat, talk in a weird language and sink the boat??? Makes no sense....
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Bears,
OOOOOh! POLAR BEARS
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were all frozen to death; the young Lady onely, by the light of her Beauty, the heat of her Youth, and Protection of the Gods, remaining aliv
That really sucks, here she is taken from her home and now the only one left alive.
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Arrow out of a Bow,
More weird capitalization...
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earlybritishlit.pressbooks.com earlybritishlit.pressbooks.com
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p
A very massagonist time period. I understand this was normal at that time, but so was slavery until the mid 1860's. That doesn't make it morally acceptable. Anytime a group of people is stereotyped huge issues are created. Gender, skin color, religion as a whole can't be regarded as superior or inferior. That is just not how we were made. It also makes me angry when God/Religion is brought as a justification for this. No. Just no. The Bible also states not to use God's name in vain, which I believe means to use his words in a different context other than it was meant. Context matters and I find a lot of the examples listed here were used out of context to prove a point not to gain understanding. This doesn't work when a person knows the Bibles context. I think the Bible reads of love not massogony. More over, its just basic respect and really about love. Its not that complicated.
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But for a wife who knoweth and acknowledgeth the general, that an husband is above his wife, to imagine that she herself is not inferiour to her husband, ariseth from monstrous self-conceit, and intolerable arrogancy, as if she herself were above her own sex, and more than a woman.
This is really hard to read. This guy has some really big issues he needs to work out....
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The very attire which nature and custom of all times and places have taught women to put on, comfirmeth the same: as long hair, veils, and other coverings over the head: this and the former argument doth the Apostle himself use to this very purpose, (1 Cor 11:7, &c.).
That is a terrible argument.
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The general is the ground of the particular:
?
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.
Im a bit scared read this section. The title is very- sigh.
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Thy desire shall be subject to thine husband (Gen 3:16).
That wasn't actually a commandment as much as a statement. The first commandment was to be fruitful and multiply, but that isn't the first commandment in the ten commandments.
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Let them rule ouer the fish of the Sea, and ouer the foules of the Heauen, and ouer euery beast that moueth vpon the earth: By which words, he makes their authority equall, and all creatures to be in subiection vnto them both….
That is cool....
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yet was shee not produced from Adams foote, to be his too low inferiour; nor from his head to be his superiour, but from his side, neare his heart, to be his equall
Awh!!!!!!!! It is so sweet! I think i just melted into a giant goo Ball. Awe! Heart.
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she no malicious intent towardes him
I do think this was true. I don't think she was trying to be sinful. I think she was really confused by what the serpent had told her.
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True it is (as is already confessed) that woman first sinned, yet finde wee no mention of spirituall nakednesse till man had sinned;
It wasn't really about who sinned first. They were punished together. This sentence would have more umph to it if Eve had sinned but not been punished by God (and Adam had not sinned). but that is not how it happened.
God was walking in the garden and found both of them and punished them both. I mean maybe if Adam had not sinned it would have just been Eve who was punished. They were given different punishments but still of equal value. I think the punishments alone show equality not one over the other.
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ur
I don't know why but I just had this image of Hillary Clinton in my head.....
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peruerting
perverting
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any propositions haue you framed, which (as you thinke) make much against Women, but if one would make a Logicall assumption, the conclusion would be flat against your owne Sex
This is like really mean battle of the sexes
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He that marries a fair woman everyone will wish his death to enjoy her,
Abraham actually lied to a King telling him that his wife was his sister because he was scared the King would kill him to take his wife.
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but a froward woman will never be tamed.
Why are both stories about taming women? Shakesphere and this one. Was it just a general idea back then that men were so high up they could change a woman just because they wanted too??
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froward
(of a person) difficult to deal with; contrary.
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wanton
a sexually unrestrained woman.
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And so they are indeed, for she helps to spend and consume that which man painfully gets.
I don't know if I agree with this. A lot of women I see are the ones who encourage the family budgeting and saving. I see many men who spend things easier and with less thought. I heard a quote on the radio that I thought was intresting,
It said a woman will spend way much on something she needs. A man will spend much on something he doesn't need." This is another stereo type as well, which does not apply to every case.
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David and Solomon,
Both men had multiple wives.
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earlybritishlit.pressbooks.com earlybritishlit.pressbooks.com
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Nay, look not big, nor stamp, nor stare, nor fret; I will be master of what is mine own. She is my goods, my chattels; she is my house, My household stuff, my field, my barn, My horse, my ox, my ass, my anything; And here she stands, touch her whoever dare;
He basically says that he own her as property and he can do what he wants with her.
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Signior Gremio, came you from the church?
Gremio comes back from the church to tell his friends of the happenings of the wedding.
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I am to get a man,—whate’er he be It skills not much; we’ll fit him to our turn,— And he shall be Vincentio of Pisa,
They are discussing where to find a person to act as Lucinto's father.
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he’s honest
A true friend. Taking up for Purchichio
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That Katherine and Petruchio should be married, And yet we hear not of our son-in-law. What will be said? What mockery will it be To want the bridegroom when the priest attends To speak the ceremonial rites of marriage!
Maybe he realizes he doesn't want Kate after all......
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[Exit.]
Basically what I got from this scene was Lucentio and Hortensio both fighting for Bianca's attention. They are trying to "one up" one another. It seems that Bianca favors Lucentio but tells him she does not yet trust him. The scene ends with a servant coming to get Bianca to help with her sisters wedding gown.
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Gamut
a complete scale of musical notes; the compass or range of a voice or instrument.
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In time I may believe, yet I mistrust.
She likes him but is unsure yet that she trusts him.
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[Striking him.]
so violent....
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bashful modesty
uhhhhh, okay.....
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And do as adversaries do in law, Strive mightily, but eat and drink as friends.
Bar for drinks
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Why
He is just talking about how great he thinks he is here.....
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Now shall my friend Petruchio do me grace, And offer me disguis’d in sober robes, To old Baptista as a schoolmaster
Everyone is cross dressing, its so confusing, but I can see how this story is building because of the mixing of people. Very Shakespherian.
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board her,
board sounds as if this is a chore.
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deceas’d,
died
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villain!
Why does he keep calling his friend a villan?
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I kill’d a man, and fear I was descried.
He tells the other servant that he switched clothes because he killed a man and was scared of discovery.
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r I know thou wilt
He has a crush. love at first site.
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Why, and I trust I may go too, may I not? What! shall I be appointed hours, as though, belike, I knew not what to take and what to leave? Ha!
She is annoying.
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noddle
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Lombardy,
Lombardy Italian region Description: Lombardy is a region in Northern Italy. Its capital, Milan, is a global hub of fashion and finance, with many high-end shops and restaurants. Its Gothic Duomo di Milano cathedral and Santa Maria delle Grazie convent, housing Leonardo da Vinci’s painting of “The Last Supper,” testify to centuries of art and culture. North of Milan, Lake Como is an upscale alpine resort with dramatic scenery.
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Padua,
Padua, Italy is about an hour and 20 minutes by car from Verona, Italy.
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twenty
So posh.
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Were he the veriest antick in the world.
The very best in the world
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O monstrous beast! how like a swine he lies! Grim death, how foul and loathsome is thine image!
Uhm, that is a very intense statement.
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Sly
Christopher Sly the tinker
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Padua
https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/5-things-not-miss-day-trip-padua
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tinker
Google: (especially in former times) a person who travels from place to place mending metal utensils as a way of making a living.
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SHREW
I wasn't sure what a shrew was so I looked it up.
Google: to refer to a woman who is argumentative, nagging, and ill tempered. The noun shrew can also refer to a mouse-like animal with tiny eyes, a long snout, and a sharp bite.
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Dramatis Personæ
Google: Dramatis personæ are the main characters in a dramatic work written in a list. Such lists are commonly employed in various forms of theater, and also on screen. Typically, off-stage characters are not considered part of the dramatis personæ.
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Unlike his writing, which we have the luxury of reading now, the music was never recorded on paper so there is no way of knowing the masterful sounds that went along with the dances and script.
It is sad that we lost the music of the times. I wonder when writing music came out?
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since his plays were meant to be seen and not read.
My old theater teacher used to insist this. I can still hear her voice today saying "plays are meant to be seen not read." lol
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This was such a great read. Shakespeare always has a way of bringing up so much emotion in his works. I love his style. He truly one of kind. You can definitely tell when he writes a piece because his thoughts and analogies are so unique. This poem made me sad but it also brought reflection. I wrote a few quotes down from this piece that I want to use for paintings on my bedroom wall.
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In act thy bed-vow broke, and new faith torn, In vowing new hate after new love bearing:
cheating
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That every tongue says beauty should look so.
He is talking about beauty and what society believes is beautiful.
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Sweet beauty hath no name, no holy bower,
makeup
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But bears it out even to the edge of doom
Woah.....
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Lilies that fester, smell far worse than weeds.
Don't let negative emotions fester and grow.
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How like Eve’s apple doth thy beauty grow,
He is saying even though she brings all this anguish to him he cannot stop.
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Thy looks with me, thy heart in other place: For there can live no hatred in thine eye, Therefore in that I cannot know thy change.
He cannot stay angry with her.
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nd Time that gave doth now his gift confound.
time is over.
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Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;
I wonder if he knew that we would be reading his works in 2019.... his works definitely did out live the princes.
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All losses are restor’d and sorrows end.
death
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speaking breast,
being tongue tied.
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And dumb presagers of my speaking breast,
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recompense
pay, reward or make amends, or punish for actions taken.
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And in mine own love’s strength seem to decay,
while my own strength for love seems to decay.
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replete
filled or well-supplied with something.
He is saying he has too much rage. (rage is used in this context as a supply)
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.
I want to paint this section on my wall.... that was so beautiful
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And burn the long-liv’d phoenix, in her blood;
rebirth
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So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
This is so sweet. Shakespeare is my man! Dream man 101.
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.
We had to memorize this paragraph in theater for a monologue! I had no idea it was connected to this.
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Cheered and checked even by the self-same sky,
Like plants we all live in one world, and like them will eventually wilt away....
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he
"he" as in the reaper, or the personification of death itself.
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Thou art thy mother’s glass and she in thee Calls back the lovely April of her prime; So thou through windows of thine age shalt see, Despite of wrinkles this thy golden time. But if thou live, remember’d not to be, Die single and thine image dies with thee.
I love this quote.
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posterity?
future generations.
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For where is she so fair whose unear’d womb Disdains the tillage of thy husbandry?
The are three agricultural terms here: unear, tillage and husbandry (agricultural husbandry).
unear for plowing tillage means to prepare soil for plants and husbandry is the actual planting.
I think it is making an analogy between gardening and marriage. The poet may be saying the womb is ready for plowing (its empty) and she should be prepared for a husband.....
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tillage
the preparation of land for growing crops.
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Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the world’s due, by the grave and thee.
He is saying that time is going by, so might as well enjoy it by being glutinous.
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riper
The term "riper" here means aging. It is analogy of a fruit becoming ripe compared to a person. Saying the person is getting older as time goes on.
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But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes, Feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel, Making a famine where abundance lies, Thy self thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel:
The poets attraction originally blinded him to her inner flaws. She is cruel and lies and he is comparing their love from the beginning to end. Saying the love has now died with time due to her lies.
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e.
Thanks for writing such a great intro! I am excited to read the sonnets after reading your intro. =D
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- Mar 2019
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r
This was a hard read.....
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If there fall out any wars between us and them what there sight is likely to be, we having advantages against them so many manner of ways, as by discipline, or strange weapons and devises else, especially ordnance great and small, it may easily be imagined ; by the experience we have had in some places, the turning up of their heels against us in running away, was their best defence.
He is saying if there was a disagreement between them it would be no big deal because they are better at fighting then them.
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.
The king returns with people. The explorers give them all gifts as well but the King takes the gifts for himself.
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ght.
They great the leader of the people. They give him clothing, wine and food. He returns and gives them gift too.
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.
There are other people on the land.
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.
The explores land on the continent and claim it for their country. They are looking around at the land and all it has to offer.
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second of July
July 2
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.
I have no idea what this passage was about.....
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recouer
recover
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eighteenth day of Iuly
July 18
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When they do die, they be cast into the water, or on a dunghill, that dogs and pies and crows may eat them
='(
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The Negros likewise leade a beastly kinde of life, being utterly destitute of the use of reason, of dexteritie of wit, and of all artes
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alwaies
always had
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artes
Art
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Arabic and Italian
Wow. I find it incredible if someone can translate from Arabic. The languages are so different.
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T.
I did not enjoy this reading. It felt like torture...
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last of al ruturne home most richly laden with the commodities of China, as the subiects of this now florishing monarchy haue done?
He is feeling very highly of himself.
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which our nation doe indeed deserue: it can not be denied, but as in all former ages, they haue bene men full of actiuity, stirrers abroad, and searchers of the remote parts of the world, so in this most famous and peerlesse gouernement of her most excellent Maiesty, her subiects through the speciall assistance, and blessing of God, in searching the most opposite corners and quarters of the world, and to speake plainly, in compassing the vaste globe of the earth more then once, haue excelled all the nations and people of the earth.
He does not sound very loyal to his country.
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.
The main character goes to the university himself and studies abroad under a french court liger for five years. He finds that many from his country do not care as he does for knowledge or does not have answers.
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nauigation,
navigation.
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