They get pretty sensual and stuff

They're too coordinated and there's no improv

The most prolific playback singer ever born in 1928. She has done over 30k recordings for 2000 films

Because they are popular in and of themselves

They don't stop the action but continue the narrative trajectory in ways that explore paths through intertextuality of lyrics as well as rhythm, melody, genre, timbre, vocal production, etc.

Escapism

In the 1920s Because the screen acts as a sort of veil

Cinema techniques are able to enhance the mythical and they're able to routinely tackle the epic and the big questions

Because they've been excluded for so long they've claimed this unique space as their own

They explore specific colonial moments and reinvents place and identity as complex diasporic experiences intertwined and sometimes surreal

She explores partition's effects on peoples' lives, like the mentally ill guy who refused to move so he died in no man's land.

It helps her preserve her identity

They represent life and fertility on something dying, a striking juxtaposition

They incorporate the viewers' shadows that interact with other stuff in the art.

Photography allowed women to challenge high art. They were able to use sets, props, costumes, etc. to make art

They were places rendered "pure" because of their distance from the industrial west. They were equidistant from both the West and India's cultural past

Printing and photography allowed social, religious, and educational reform. This allowed a lot more exposure for women in modern art

He often writes about people feeling out of place because he feels like an outsider wherever he goes

Cultural boundaries are blurred, blended, and challenged throughout the book. He shines light on the problem of displacement in the lives of those who find themselves living in circumstances that are radically different from their country of origin. He generally is very willing to tear down figures in popular culture of both countries.

It spans a lot of history from the time of Muhammad to now. Orthodox Muslims believe that it's a work that disparages and insults Mohammed and the religion of Islam

Magical realism where 1000 children born at midnight on partition have magical powers and have fates tied to the fates of India and Pakistan

He uses the oral voice in his writing. He tries to show that all speech and writing comes from somewhere and is therefore highly shaped by the subjective concerns of an unreliable individual performing to meet their demands of a fickle audience. Pretty much showing that it's heavily dependent on culture, history, community, etc. It "removes the authority of the disembodied voice"

People in India were forced to learn English and is still the language of the elite. It was used to cement and extend the dominion of the English that they already had through military and economic means. Because it's so common it's the language of global power

He conquered English and made it his own by using it very uniquely, remaking it, colonizing it, "carving out" his own territory Just using it as a tool of reverse colonialism pretty much

Midnight's children, the Booker of the Bookers about partition Shame - idk about this one but it was apparently good East, West - you already know The Satanic Verses - made fun of Islam and whatever It was a symbolic for non-British English Language authors

Born in Bompay/Mumbai right before partition. Born to Muslim parents in Hindu area. He spoke Urdu as a lil kid at home but then moved to the UK and learned English. His family moved to Pakistan and he stayed but also did live with them in Pakistan for a hot minute

Everything. Pacing. Music. The focus on seemingly inconsequential. His singular control over everything in the movie. Lots of silence in scenes.

This gives the film itself a sort of rhythm. Helps us to feel the underlying themes and emotions he wants to communicate. Shankar's score really emphasizes the Rasa through Raga, especially the weeping instrument (dilruba) he plays in the scene when the dad finds out durga is dead

Communicates the subtleties and halftones of human behavior. Catches the essential in the ordinary and the sense of large and imminent in the small and supposedly inconsequential

Lots of emphasis on Rasa. poetic realism. underlying emphasis on change. His films are almost musical. Lots of nonverbal stuff.

How raw and artsy it is I guess?

Illustrations

It was originally a novel for which Ray himself had provided illustrations. It was really popular among Bengali readers, became a school text, and has never gone out of print.

Inspired by the techniques as well as the content in Bicycle Thieves, Ray determined to use non-professional actors, modest resources, and shoot on actual locations Bicycle Thieves is a triumphant rediscovery of the fundamentals of cinema, and De Sica has openly acknowledged his debt to Chaplin. The simple universality of its theme, the effectiveness of its treatment, and the low cost of its production make it the ideal film for the Indian film-maker to study

French film-maker Jean Renoir who made "The River"

There are some alive today that were subjects of the British Raj. They haven't forgotten its impact as its so recent. Also Shakespeare is just really good and they naturally incorporate things they like into their culture

To heighten the suspense and drama. Also to please the crowds and make it a bollywood movie. Also to put an Indian spin on Shakespeare

It was a tough call as it was this border state and had deep cultural roots for Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims. They figured that the South Asians would figure it out I guess ????

Kashmir. India vs Pakistan. "Do we exist?"

Hamlet

Vishal Bhardwaj

Their eclectic cultural and religious traditions

Basically one group that says he's an amazing world poet who they revere. Another group that says there's nothing special about him and that he can't be separated from being a sign of neocolonial hegemony

The first is the notions of Shakespeare as the bishwokobi or world poet, a writer to whom all Indians feel a natural affinity. The other is that there is nothing timeless or universal about Shakespeare. His works are not those to which Indians automatically relate . . . Shakespeare is, in fact, a sign of neocolonial hegemony, something that the colonial rulers slyly used to make their Indian subjects docile and obedient. The latter school believes that the Shakespeare text cannot be separated from its historical moorings. It cannot be disassociated from the social and political upheavals of the post-colonial world. They argue that Shakespeare enters India as a colonial tool and ends up as a sign of market forces in academic and cultural phenomena

As part of the "civilizing mission" of the British as they sought to enculturate their subjects

First to entertain the British elite. Then as part of their "civilizing" mission

Yes. Life becomes meaningless without culture and art and stuff

Life in India is hard. Bollywood tends to represent an idealized, even romanticized view of life (even in the rural parts). It does so in order to provide people an escape so that their imaginations can run wild for a while as they enjoy a movie

Because over time their craft has been more and more about entertainment. As they've felt threatened by Bollywood they've incorporated flimi in an attempt to gain more popularity

It was disrespectful for a woman to perform uncovered, even associating her with prostitution ???

"the one who holds the strings". He's the main puppeteer who also wears a string of bells on his hands and plays the boli (the reed instrument)

Puppetry that centers on the stories of a 17th century Rajput chieftain named Amar Singh Rathor. The flute representing divine speech The puppets which turn from male to female, god to demon just by being turned upside down

They display a dynamic relationship between music, visual arts, drama, dance, and poetry.

Pabuji, a 14th century Rajput Chieftain who now seen as a deity/folk hero.

Legendary defenders of the subcontinent from outside forces in it's most vulnerable part

Northwest

They functioned as a corrective to religious traditions that to them were so rigid that they actually inhibited a man knowing God. Furthermore, their cultural traditions functioned as correctives to the oppressive leadershi of the British Raj.

Means "crazies" or "mad for God". These people believe that God is hidden in the heart of man and that temples, mosques, churches, and other relics of organized religion inhibit one's search for truth. They are influenced by Sahaja Buddhism, Vaishnavism, and Sufism.

He was a native of Bengal and loved the simple beauty of these cultural traditions that helped the people connect with their own identities

These are the Bengali "boat songs". They are about include contemplative metaphors about deliverance and journeys as mankind rows on wide rivers and deep seas. They also sing about the tedium of work as well as the dangers of the water

Tagore also founded an unusual university called Shantiniketan in which Indian folk music, dance, drama, and literature constituted part of the curriculum More unique stuff?????

A blending of Sufism and Hinduism. It teaches the union of God and man through devotion and love. It's associated with Krishna but also adopted some of the mystical practices of Islamic Sufism

A sect that integrated Hinduism into Buddhism

Their is a unifying culture between India's Hindu Bengal and the Muslim Bangladesh. These distinctive cultural forms go transcend national borders.

Because he was a champion of India and its values and culture. ???? Tagore became passionate about indigenous cultural forms—particularly from his native Bengal—and he urged authors all over India to write in their vernacular or spoken (as opposed to classical) languages. Tagore also founded an unusual university called Shantiniketan in which Indian folk music, dance, drama, and literature constituted part of the curriculum. As a result of his attentions, a popular folk aesthetic developed in India

They allowed people to connect with the power of their own culture and heritage (?????) He saw that they were the product of rich cultures and were able to unite people

They functioned to unite South Asians against the British, legitimizing nationalistic feelings and providing a voice of resistance for people of low social standing. These traditions functioned as a corrective to the oppressive leadership of the British.

They educate people on mythology, history, culture, work, geography, etc. and connect them with their ancestors that have been enjoying the little traditions for generations

The thousands of folk traditions throughout India. They are discrete cultural genres that are unique to limited geographic areas

Flying Man - I thought his intense criticism of airplanes as something unnatural and evil was really interesting, and showed one of the cases in which Tagore was very extreme, perhaps even too extreme for his own countrymen to relate to

Shantiniketan institute for the arts in Bolpur

India

A collection of Tagore's devotional song lyrics that won the nobel prize for literature

fascination with heritage chance and play time, memory, the moment the unity and continuity of creation (as seen through the notion of Brahman) time travel, return, and arrival the notion of the “beautiful”

He was a native Indian poet who championed Indian patriotism/nationalism/independence but was also deeply influenced by the British education system and culture. He is revered for the role he played in helping India to gain its independence as well as for winning a Nobel prize in literature for his poetry.

1971

The British respected Muslims as more civilized, especially with them worshiping the same Abrahamic God, while Hindus were seen as backwards and strange.

Salman Rushdie wrote it about a fantastical story about a Muslim family's journey in the years prior to, during, and after parition.

The division of British India into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan (East and West) in 1947

Publicly they said it was to civilize the Indians but in reality it was to make it easy for them so they wouldn't have to learn the native languages there for trade and rule.

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan (West Pakistan) and Bangladesh (East Pakistan)

E.M. Forster wrote the book. Santha Rama Rau adapted it into a play and wrote the original screenplay. Later, David Lean rewrote the screenplay and directed the movie

The British occupation of South Asia that started in 1857 as the British taking advantage of the waning Mughal empire

An English company that initiated trade with Mughal India in the 1700s

Topic 15 talked about the British Raj, depicted in A Passage to India, and it's lasting cultural impacts in India. Next, topic 16 talked about Tagore and his beautiful, influential poetry, and the way he helped fight the Raj with the cultural power of the little traditions. Next, we learned about the Bauls of Bengal and Bangladesh and their cultural traditions including the Bhatiyali boat songs and their interest religious sects. Next, we learned about the Little Traditions in Rajasthan such as the painted ballads about the Rajput Pabuji and the Kathpuli puppet shows, also centered on the legendary Rajput defenders. We then learned about the interesting relationship India has with Shakespeare, with the film Haider as a product of the Shakespearian tradition in India.

Essay ideas: 1. Humanism: man as measure of all things. Humanizing the gods and exalting the humans 2. Status and Wealth. Art used to display it. Fibula, house paintings, Roman patrafamilia busts

She felt like an in-between person that didn't belong in any one culture. She went through a time in which she only saw her husband once every 6 months. Agonized over her family and herself and if she was doing enough. She found comfort in this poem and recited it almost like a prayer.

5: topic selection, thesis statement, rough draft, oral presentation (optional other draft), and final paper

Devotion to Allah???

She presents herself in a masculine way, perhaps to elevate herself as to be on the same level of her male counterparts

In Pakistan, a Muslim nation, the male participation in society is multifaceted and very public, while the female participation is limited. Gender expression makes this participation more equal

She is one of the great female Qawwals who has become internationally famous as the "Queen of Sufi music". She's a local star in Pakistan and one of the greatest Sufi singers ever.

Loud vocals, tabla beat, harmonium organ sound, clapping

Sargam is the use of the Indian "solfege" syllables. He used these frequently, especially in his improvisation

He was the most famous Qawwal in recent history, coming from a tradition of Qawwali of more than 600 years. He was hugely popular in Pakistan and won respect on a global stage. His voice was featured in several movies and he performed in many places worldwide

Depending on the different contexts that are discovered by the Qawwali as they perform, different languages, poems, and musical styles are used.

They recite poetry with religious, sacred messages that are central to Qawwali. Music enhances the spiritual power and message of the mystical poetry

Makes the guru-student bond/relationship official and binding

It incorporates some features and instruments from the Great Tradition and some from little folk traditions. It is a Muslim tradition and is more devotional. Sung in Farsi, Hindi, Urdu, and Arabic

Qawwali uses ragas in setting texts and relies heavily on improvisation However, it's more text centered than raga centered. Sometimes ragas are mixed (forbidden in Hindustani music). Qawwals use elements from popular and folk songs too

Art "corrects" a too purposive/systemic view/practice of life and injects life and "wisdom" into it

Qwalli is the most dominant musical Sufi musical tradition of South Asia

Sufism is a mystical sect of Islam in which music and dance are central to worship. Often considered problematic to orthodox Muslims because they believe music is very worldly

Helps keep track of the subdivisions

The student gives up personal freedom to learn from their guru but in return receives all the devotion and knowledge, the "nectar of the tradition and the flowering of his or her own music, that the guru has to offer

A student might live with their guru for a year or 2 doing menial tasks and learning little about music in order to test their dedication

The rigid rules are like the schoolmaster that lead to improvisation which is like grace

Zuckerman was calm and collected about his string breaking and responded accordingly

1. It's fun and creates an additional sense of satisfaction in a musician
2. It builds musical skills that can't be learned as well by other methods
3. Helps bridge the gap if parts of music are forgotten and even makes memorization faster
4. It connects students historically with the composers who improvised frequently
5. Leads to a calmer stage presence as one knows they can recover from a mistake or memory lapse

Pandit - used for a Hindu guru Ustad - refers to a Muslim guru

Ravi Shankar was Hindu, even born as a Brahmin, but studied music with Allaudin Kha, his Muslim guru

Strings on a sitar that lie below the main strings. They aren't played directly but resonate when the upper ones play

Paying very close attention to the sounds heard in music (instruments, number of people, etc)

The tala is introduced (the drum comes in)

1. alap - slow, free rythm, emphasis on melody, musician creates personality and mood of raga
2. jor - faster tempo and the start of rhythm
3. jhala - tempo increase, still no tala but more rythmic

In the same way the words and sounds of the Vedas are believed to reach the gods, the lyrics of Hindustani classical music inspire devotion in a special way

Raga - the generator of Hindustani classical music. It defines the pattern of notes, the essence/emotion of the piece, and the associations. Many are believed to have curative powers Tala - Metrical framework of rhythm and melody. It is a long cycle usually of 12, 14, or 16 beats. There are different kinds of beats (claps and empty beats) as well as subdivisions. Tala is kept by the audience Bols: idk what tf these are

It can only be learned after years of painstakingly rehearsing skills and ragas and other musical rules/structures The composed pieces are used as part of an improvised whole

1. Melody (organized according to raga)
2. Meter (organized according to tala)
3. Drone

It's very different from our own music but that does not mean it's any less developed or that one music is culturally superior

1. The Great Tradition
2. North Indian Classical music
3. Hindustani classical music

Debanjan is a Muslim professor at UVU who is a disciple of his Hindu guru Swapan. He learned the tabla (drums) from him. This shows that many musicians lead a professional career besides music

That is the guru-student relationship. The guru orally teaches everything about how to be a musician in terms of actual music as well as how to lead their life. There is no written form of Hindustani music

Those differences become part of Hinduism (like how Buddha is considered an avatar of Vishnu)

The Muslims musicians were revered instead of looked down upon in India and a "caste" of Muslim musicians was formed. The Indians were taught actual skillful musical technique. The Brahmins taught that music was sacred and something honorable The Muslims had the actual technical ability

1. Forts
2. Assembly Halls
3. Mausoleums Geometric shapes were depicted to beautify them because images of nature were considered blasphemous (especially ones so big)

Because originally anatomy textbooks got approval to draw stuff as long as the images were small and that size practice extended to art Akbar thought it was an act of devotion/honor to God that would deepen faith

1. Mughal miniature paintings
2. Mughal architecture
3. Hindustani classical music

Experiment of creating new religion out of the best parts of all religions She liked him because of his prowess with ruling such a diverse nation, especially being a Muslim ruler of a Hindu nation

Babur - founder Akbar - his grandson, the best Sha Jahan - Akbar's grandson, made Taj Mahal

Question Research Brainstorm a contestable thesis/claim and write thesis Outline: create outline of evidence to be used Write the first draft Edit your paper at least twice

The Adhan is performed by the muezzin who chants and puts his fingers in his ears Not singing because music is worldly We've got hymns and personal prayers

Mentioned Ibn Sina (the father of modern medicine) Umar Khayyam (mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, poet) He reads his poem "In the house of the milk square"

1 god vs many gods Absolute truth vs many paths to moksha Prescribed path that all must publicly take vs religion being a personal thing Hinduism is very flexible while Islam is not Islam promotes social equality vs Hindu caste system

1. Righteous intent
2. Worship must be performed in a state of personal purity
3. Flexibility (many exceptions are made to make worship pleasant and uplifting as Islam should be a religion of ease

1. Zakat- giving alms to the poor
2. Daily prayer
3. Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca
4. witness of faith
5. Ramadan - fasting

1. Arabs in 8th century
2. Turks, Afghans, and Persians in 11th century
3. Mughals in 16th to 18th centuries

First draft due Friday 3/4

3 Events listed in bullet points at the top of the research paper

Topic 8 focused on important points for writing our paper Topic 9 introduced the topic of Islam in South Asia, its basic tenets, and why Islam and Hinduism clashed in India Topic 10 focused on the Mughal rule and the syncretism during the time that happened primarily in the arts, especially through Hindustani classical music, Mughal architecture, and Mughal miniature paintings. Topic 11 focused specifically on Hindustani classical music, its basic structure, and the guru-student relationship Topic 12 continued with the theme of Hindustani music, specifically on the oral way it was taught, culminating in workshop with Ken Zuckerman Topic 13 focused on the Qwalli musical tradition within sufism, often seen as a correction to orthodox Islam.

Builds musical skills that can't be learned as well by other methods. Historical musicians were masters of improv. It is purely musical and provides immense satisfaction. From technical skills, to ensemble playing, to memorizing pieces more quickly, to analysis and interpretation, learning to improvise sharpens many of a musicians’ skills and even trains new abilities that may otherwise never develop

Belief in reincarnation. Buddha dwelling on the Upshanids, becoming a yogi. Dissatisfaction with the caste system. Desire to be done with reincarnation NOW. Desire to learn the root of suffering

Alludes to the Hindu idea of the time wheel—that time and life repeat.

The idea of a universe that's hecka old. (billions of years)

Vedic assertion that the entire universe is infinitely cyclic and self-similar in structure

Descent of the Ganges Myth humans rejoicing at the water coming from the Ganges Durga - Some Buffalo headed fool was wrecking everything so the gods came together and created Durga, a chick who killed him then married Shiva

Irony 1 The Ajanta paintings reflect Buddhist stories in a predominantly Hindu culture. Irony 2 The Ajanta paintings depict the flamboyance and worldliness of the Hindu court, yet the underlying messages of the stories behind the paintings are Buddhist, and Buddhism shuns worldliness

Bodhisattva in Buddhism and the avatar in Hinduism were expressions of a humanism that brought divinity within the reach of everyday people

Best source for daily life in the Gupta dynasty

Temples were inspired by Buddhist architecture Future Hindu depictions of their gods were inspired by Buddhist art of the Buddha

Gandhara Style : Roman influenced Mathura Style - "Indian looking". Knot on head, long ears, "wet" looking clothes

Over land and sea. Also they portrayed western ideas in art

The Kushans adopted Mahayana Buddhism

4 noble truths and 8fold path: To be is to suffer The cause of suffering is desire To eliminate suffering one must eliminate desire The way to eliminate desire is to follow The Noble Eightfold Path, which includes the correct views inclinations sayings conduct livelihood endeavor mindfulness meditations

Stupa - Hemisphere mounds that contain ashes of Buddha. Chaitya halls - a building with a barrel-vaulted roof. At the center of the rounded end is a small stupa. Living rock = matrix that contains the potential for all forms even though the rock itself is unformed Vihara - longer rectangular building directly behind the domed structure. Dwelling place for monks

In order to regain control especially as motivated by the Brahmin caste that felt threatened by Buddhism Buddhist art (and especially architecture) continued in the Hindu dominated Gupta period

Born in extreme luxury. Parents told that he'd either be a prince or a holy man so they protected him from any discomfort. He ended up seeing people suffering and forsook his kingdom in order to find the root of suffering. He discovered that the cause of suffering is desire and that one must eliminate desire to eliminate suffering

The Buddha achieves enlightenment Lehi leaves Jerusalem

It is similar to our belief in the pre existence with deity coming down from heaven to confront one cast out from heaven

Each is adapted to the circumstances and needs of the people at that time.

There is no single definitive Ramayana. Each tells a unique story adapted to those people and their circumstances while drawing from the same general pool of characters and plots.

An activity that promotes socialization or the teaching of values (especially for the non-literate) It is the primary way for them to receive these values and practice them

oral tradition refers to a dynamic and highly diverse oral-aural medium for evolving, storing, and transmitting knowledge, art, and ideas. It remains the dominant form of communication and transmitting ideas Most notably, they are rule-governed. They use special languages and performance arenas while employing flexible patterns and structures that aid composition, retention, and reperformance. In addition, they assume an active role for the audience and fulfill a clear and important function for the societies that maintain them

Correct oral transmission was imperative. They believed the sounds of the vedas themselves were the source of power and communication to the gods Initially suppressed images of the gods

1500 BC. Brought religion, caste system, their culture, their language (sanskrit). Ex: Dravidians worshipped bulls, Aryans worshipped cattle. combined in Hinduism cows are worshipped Hindu religion and social system are results of that cultural syncretism

1. Sanskrit
2. Ramayana and Mahabharata
3. Upshanids
4. The Vedas

Handmade quilts that are made from memory and passed on strictly through oral civilization. Super similar to ancient pottery from the area = connection and tradition passed down unchanged through memory/oral tradition

NE India/Pakistan along Indus River Dravidians were a city dwelling agricultural people Produced Ralli quilts, pottery. Worshipped bulls

1. Highlands: Himilayas, mountain passes in the NW that are India's Achilles heel Plains: Home of the Rajput Maharajas (kings) Ganges: Spiritual home, sacred, source of life and crops Deccan Plateau: Middle of India, divider between N/S, home to Dravidians Coastline: sandlewood, gathering place for merchants and sailors

2. Indo-Aryan: Hindi, Bengali Dravidian: Tamil, Telugu Pakistan: Urdu

3. Varna: Kshatriya—warriors, rulers Brahmin/Brahman—scholars, religious leaders (most distinguished of all the castes) Vaisya—merchants, petty landowners Sudras—peasants, artisans Pariahs—untouchables, lowest caste

Reincarnation: Dependent upon karma. Could move up or down in caste until you are released (moshka)

Shiva the destroyer, Brahman the creator, Vishnu the preserver