if the effects we’d observed first with women and then with blacks were not entirely due to characteristics of these groups, but to stereotype and identity threat, as we argued, then similar effects should be observable in many groups, in relation to many different stereotypes, and in relation to many different performances and behaviors.
summ
that even the most minimal identity threats are enough to make us think and behave like a group member.
conn_class: minimal group paradigm
Until things become clearer, they can move concerns about identity to the back burner.
conn_real life: interesting bc i have always found it to be at the forefront of my mind and my perceptions of why ppl may treat me a certain way
the kind of contingency most likely to press an identity on you is a threatening one, the threat of something bad happening to you because you have the identity.
could not will
Identities do have positive and neutral contingencies too—things one confronts in society because one has a given identity that are not threatening, but just neutral or even positive. Men have to go to men’s bathrooms and women to women’s bathrooms.
imp and example
ill not become important social identities for you in that setting. They’ll be characteristics you have.
conn_real life: my family abroad does not understand why i am proud to be latina bc they are surrounded by latinos. whereas here in the us, we are a minority and therefore proud to take up space
Being threatened because we have a given characteristic is what makes us most aware of being a particular kind of person.
conn_text: both agree on philosophy describing the relationship between id and threat
f all the things that make an identity prominent in one’s feeling and thinking, being threatened on the basis of it is perhaps the most important.
conn_class: ingroup favoritism = outside group is the threat which serves as a foundation for s&p
in the name of an identity that one sees as under siege, one can do things that one could never do as an individual, things that one could never do in one’s own name. In defense of one’s country, one’s religion, one’s region, one’s ethnicity, the image of one’s group in the world, one can do things that would otherwise be unimaginable.
imp
A diffuse threat is preoccupying. And it preoccupies one with the identity it threatens. This is the point that had to be made explicit: identity threat—the subset of identity contingencies that actually threaten the person in some way— is a primary way by which an identity takes hold of us, in the sense of shaping how we function and even in telling us that we have a particular identity.
conn_class: cog dissonance? unable to decipher which one is the real you, brain workload goes crazy
owever, I took that as a cue, as you called them, that I was not included,
conn_life: when you are not represented, speak up and educate
Think about the typical American high school cafeteria, where seating is famously segregated by race. Imagine the identity contingencies this poses for a white student and a black student as they enter—contingencies they know all too well simply by knowing the school culture and the larger society.
real_world
identity contingencies—that they are real and that they may be underappreciated as causes of our actions and outcomes.
def: the specific circumstances and expectations that arise in a social setting due to a person's social identity (stereo threat, opp, judgements)
We typically think of race as rooted in essences—possibly biological, possibly cultural—that are intrinsic and defining. But Broyard’s story of passing, like thousands of other stories of passing, frustrates this tendency.
conn_class: def not biological, it is a social construct designed to segregate and oppress individuals
the same preferences, attitudes, values, and so on. All of this was the same. What differed was his social identity.
imp: the power of given social identity is insane
nd when he changed his racial identity, he changed the contingencies that went with it—the constraints he had to face, the opportunities he would be given, the pathways he could go down. He would be met with different expectations.
react: there are definitely reasons to continue passing, especially regarding safety and general health. however, i would feel as if i was betraying my family and community.
Though black in every conventional meaning of the term, he had lived his adult life as white. That is, he had “passed”—as it’s called in the black community—never revealing his black identity, not even to his children, until just before his death.
real_world: passing is a real phenomenon that can affect how individuals view themselves (not belonging to either group)
older Blacks and older Whites are less powerful than their younger counterparts(Kang, Chasteen, Cadieux, Cary, & Syeda, 2014). Overall, then, beliefs about older adults reflect a benev-olent ageism, similar to the idea of benevolent sexism
conn_class: similar to benevolent sexism... does more harm than good
stereotype content model (SCM; see Chapters 3 and 5) proposes that group membersare stereotypically characterized by their perceived warmth and competence.
conn_class: sexism SCM lecture, affects all aspects of life and all identities
true for the other basic categories, people generally know what characteris-tics are associated with old age in their society
conn_class: schemas and prototypes, essentially
although the idea of successful aging opens the door for positive views of aging, it also raises the pos-sibility that those who cannot achieve this standard will be judged especially negatively, a particularrisk for the poor, who often have less access to quality health care and good nutrition
conn_life: gma v gpa outlooks and habits on life, with no purpose there is a serious decline in health and wellbeing, and then there are also differences regarding access to food and resources
In general, theolder people are, the more negatively they are evaluated.
imp: general conclusion