OrientalismReconsidered’ (1986), of ‘how knowledge that is non-dominative and non-coercive can be produced in a setting that is deeply inscribed with the pol-itics, the considerations, the positions and the strategies of power’.
重新定义的 东方主义： 知识要怎么样在没有权威性和压迫性的情况下所产生，和政治处于一个息息相关的关系 - 比如要被考虑的，有社会地位的人和有不同权利的人。
It designates first the 4000 -year history of and cultural relationsbetween Europe and Asia; second the scientific discipline producing specialists in Oriental languages and culture from the early nineteenth cen-tury; and third the long-term images, stereotypes and general ideology about‘the Orient’ as the ‘Other’, constructed by generations of Western scholars
The phenomenon of ‘Orientalism’, Said reasons, occupies three overlappingdomains
Orientalism: Style, artefacts, or traits considered characteristic of the peoples and cultures of Asia. The representation of Asia in a stereotyped way that is regarded as embodying a colonialist attitude.
原因包括三个元素。
Discursive consciousness is seen as submerging the figural worldand its associated nexus of desire (in a theory close to that of Deleuze and Guattari: see Chapter 7). This repression represents the mark of the ‘modern’, consequent upon the procedures of rationality and associated with the models of justice and civilization which characterize modernit
话语意识性可以被视为被淹没的图像世界，与欲望产生出一种联系。这样被压迫的欲望体现了现代性的烙印，顺序的理性，与正义和现代化产生出一个联系的模型。
‘postmodern’ science pursues the technical and commercial aims of optimal performance: a change reinforced by new,computerized technologies which make information a political quant
后现代主义的科学性追求一种在科技方面和经济方面取得乐观的表现，改变是因为有新的东西被研发，比如电脑科技，让资料有一个政治的数量。
Art which par-ticipates in this postmodern awareness of difference and heterogeneity willtherefore critique and destabilize the closures of modernity. It will explorethe ‘unsayable’ and ‘invisible’
艺术被融入后现代主义的意识后所拥有的区别和异质性，导致批评和非平等的现代性封闭。艺术毁探寻“不能说” 和 “隐形的东西。
ideology of gender affects theway the writings of men and women are read
ideology - 意识形态 不同的经验刻画了不同的意识形态。 男性所经历的 不等于是 女性所经历的。 E.g. 生孩子 因此，性别的意识形态刻画了男性/女性怎么去阅读一个文本。 一个母亲，体会得到当其他女人所经历的生孩子的痛，而男生是一辈子也不可能去体会的。
Marxist feminism’s primary task was to open up the complex relations between gender and the economy.
马克思的女性主义 - 主要功能是发觉性别与经济的复杂关系。 For example, are women poorer than men? - feminisation of poverty
gynocriticism
is the term coined in the Seventies by Elaine Showalter to describe a new literary project intended to construct "a female framework for the analysis of women's literature".
a woman’sexperience includes a different perceptual and emotional life; women do notsee things in the same ways as men, and have different ideas and feelingsabout what is important or not important.
女性的经验包括了不同的思维与感情，而应为这些经验让女性在观看某一件事情上，会与男性拥有不同的感觉，或体会。
she believed that when women finallyachieved social and economic equality with men, there would be nothingto prevent them from freely developing their artistic talents
Woolf 相信只要女性可以在社会上或经济上，与男生取得平等，那么女性在创作的方面就不会受到任何的阻碍。 但是，我认为无论在社会上或经济上，男女永远不可能平等，总会有一些差异。
function of signs to reflect inward experiences or objects in the world, to 'make present' one's thoughts and feelings or to describe reality was. We have already seen some of the problems with this 'represent
讯息的主要功能是反映出一个人的内心经验，或通过物件来体现出一个人的思维与感官，描述现实。
The fact that a sign can be reproduced is therefore part of its identity; but it is also what divides its identity, because it can always be reproduced in a different context which changes its meani
一个讯号可以不断的被重用，也是属于身份的一部分，也能让身份被分离，产生出不同的定义。
Reading a text is more like tracing this process of constant ,,ffickering than it is like counting the beads on a necklace. There is also -another sense in which we can never quite close our fists over meaning, arises from the fact that language is a temporal process
阅读一个文本，就像是在追逐着固定频率的过程。意思永远不可能只存在我们的掌心以内，由于语言是需要去进行处理的。
As the c~ld grows up, it will continue to make such imaginary identifications with ObJects! and this is how its ego will be built up
当小孩子长大，他们会继续运用幻想来连接十五，并且让自我的意识提升。
The image which the small child sees in the mirror is in this sense an 'alienated' one: the child 'misrecognizes' itself in it, finds in the image a pleasing unity which it does n_ot actually experience in its own body.
小孩子在镜子所看到的自己，却不会认得镜子里面的人是自己，产生出“陌生化”的效果。小孩子会误会镜中的影像是个喜悦的象征，而不会从自己身上去感受同样的感觉。
hall ego be
id - the primitive and instinctive component of personality. Consists of all inherited components at birth, impulsive part of our psyche which responds directly and immediately to the instincts. ego (自我) - is the part of "id"which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world, operates according to the reality principle. Therefore, id comes first, then ego is being developed.
Psychoanalysis is not only a theory of the human mind, but a praCtice curing those who are considered mentally ill or disturbed
心理学分析不只是一个理论来描述人类大脑的思想，同时也是一个方案来帮助治疗有心理病症的病患。
art cannot simply reflect the social sys-tem, but acts within that reality as an irritant which produces an indirectsort of knowledge: ‘Art is the negative knowledge of the actual world.’
艺术并不能够体现出社会结构。艺术是一个功能，令人产生出非直接的知识。艺术是一个现实社会中的负面知识。
Modernist writers abandoned this project andbegan to reflect a more fragmented image of the world, which was oftenpessimistic and introverted, exploring the alienated individual conscious-ness in retreat from the ‘nightmare of history’ which is modern society.
现代主义的作家们选择放弃了这项方案，去反省一个支离破碎的世界。这个支离破碎的世界通常是一个比较内向和悲观，挖掘人类最深的个人意识。
The conflict of social classes establishes the groundupon which ideological conflicts arise
社会阶层的纠纷是意识形态的纠纷的起源。