The same progress is responsible for the gradual disappearance of slavery in Eu­rope:

Nature should thus be thanked for fostering social incompati­bility, enviously competitive vanity, and insatiable desires for possession or even power. Without these desires, all man’s excellent natural capacities would never be roused to develop.

In any case, from Comte’s point of view, it was intellectual change that was needed, and so there was little reason for social and political revolution.

Democracy’s commitment to freedom was ultimately threatened by its par-allel commitment to equality and its tendency toward centralized government.

More important, equality and mediocrity are also linked to what most concerns him, and that is the growth of centralization, especially in the government, and the threat centralized government poses to freedom.

being

“naive” rationalism

Although they recognized the problems within capital-ist society, they sought social reform within capitalism rather than the social revolution argued for by Marx. They feared socialism more than they did capitalism. This fear played a far greater role in shaping sociological theory than did Marx’s support of the socialist alternative to capitalism. In fact, as we will see, in many cases socio-logical theory developed in reaction against Marxian and, more generally, against socialist theory.

One set of changes aimed at coping with the excesses of the industrial system and capitalism can be combined under the heading “socialism” (Beilharz, 2005g). Although some sociologists favored socialism as a solution to industrial problems, most were personally and intellectually opposed to it.

The team leader, Hanh, an articulate nineteen-year-old woman, describes the customers:

t was also difficult to send money back home because we could not communicate with our families in Vietnam.

The visibility of migrant capital in the homeland set against their invisible labor has powerfully launched the trans-national expenditure cascade.

t is a trans-national expenditure cascade because of the impact that giving and spending money among migrant members of transnational families have had on the spending habits of other migrants, their non-migrant relatives, and Vietnamese society in general.

These overseas relatives are returning to a homeland now free from the postcolonial power dynamics that they confront in the United States, yet they bring these dynamics with them and exercise them at the family level through monetary circulation.

his relativ

Itwas adramaticexam-ple,inasmuchas it didnotinvolveintersexualityat all: oneofa pairofidenticaltwinboys lost his penis as a resultofa circumcisionaccident.Moneyrecommendedthat'John"(as he came to beknownin alatercase study) besurgical-lyturnedinto"Joan"and raised as a girl. Intime,Joangrewto lovewearingdresses andhavingherhairdone.Moneyproudlyproclaimedthe sexreassignmenta success.

learly, before my vision of sexual mulriplicity can be realized, the first openly intersexual children and their parents will have co be brave pioneers who will bear che brunt of society's growing pains.

In many pares of che United Stares, for instance, two people legal-ly registered as men cannot have sexual relations without violating anti-sodomy statures.

fulfill their every need

Minkowitz’s article ultimately functions as a cautionary tale about violence against lesbians, but it doubles back on itself in a gesture of “blame the victim.” Minkowitz’s article explains that if Brandon had only found someone to talk to about “her” latent homosexuality, to counsel “her” through “her” intense self-hatred as a lesbian, “she” would not have gotten so embroiled in the pattern of deceit that sealed “her” fate.

But I soon forgot all about my troubles as my mother recounted the story of her college experience

Why had feminism seemingly waned in the 1920s, with so much unfinished business, a generation before I encountered it?

As I wondered where a liberal white student fit in a radicalizing movement, studying African American history helped me sort through my dilemmas ....

pay attentionto the languagesfeministsusedandincorporatedin advocatingtheirpositions.

Definingand articulatinga feminismat any given his-torical timeand place requiresunderstandingwhat the categoI1'of"women"ispositionedagainst at that particulartime and place. Just asentire worlds ofwomen populatethe universeacross time and space, entire worlds of femi-nism existaswell

Westernfeministthinkingthat women,asboth subject and objectof feminism'sprogram,share commonnatures,commonneeds, commonwants, commondesires, and acommonoppression.

hetherwomenare "similar"to men and there-fore deservingof equal treatmentwith no favor.

Equal rights to what? For allwomen?Who isconsidereda woman in the context of feministdemands?What does equalityof the sexes mean? And who decidesthese issues?

The term came into English from the French in the 18g05, replacingthe word tuomanism

The positive impact of diversity is more likely to be seen when teams work onexploring new opportunities or use their creativity to come up with new solutions.

Strayer refers occasionally to the role played in the above process by ecclesiasticalpersonnel, who contributed to it on the one hand a distinctive concern with establish-ing and maintaining peace, on the other some critical resources, such as literacy andthe use of Latin as a trans-local language; and a sense of what it means for a localcollectivity (a parish, an abbey) to belong to a higher one (a diocese, the Church atlarge, a religious order as a whole)

hegemony of Marxism

But two factors have undermined the plausibility of this account. First, a growing inequality within racially defined minority groups weakens group cohesion both politically and culturally; this undermines the case for affirmative action. Sec- ond, enduring white commitments to racial privilege—that is, persistent racism— largely trump interracial working-class solidarity, defeating whatever potential for economic redistribution such programs as affirmative action may have offered.

which can do no better than reprove racially defined minorities for their continuing race-consciousness and supposed failure to take advantage of civil rights reforms

Thus are we left at century’s end with a range of unanticipated, or at least theoretically unresolved, racial dilemmas.

There is no biological basis for distinguishing human groups along the lines of race, and the sociohistorical cat- egories employed to differentiate among these groups reveal themselves, upon seri- ous examination, to be imprecise if not completely arbitrary

n the aftermath of World War II, with the destruction of European colonialism, the rise of the civil rights movement, and the surge in migration on a world scale, the sociology of race became a central topic.

Indeed, as Dijkstra says, her subjects inevitably “become aware that they are posing,” and find themselves grappling in front of the lens with their simultaneous desires to both pose and avoid posing. The artist has aptly named the effect akin to a “display...of introversion.”® These two ele- ments, then—her focus on the exhausted or distracted subject, and the “decelerating factor” of the slow cam- era setup —create in combination something of a sig- nifying system for Dijkstra.

The white response was as internally consistent as the black one, but whereas blacks could not look enough, whites preferred to look away. Scores of articles in the white press noted that “the Till case haunts the national conscience” (New York Post) or that “the killing aroused the country” (Newsweek) or generated great “feeling” in the country (Time), and others deemed the murder trial “a national cause célèbre” (Life).44 But white interest consistently centered on the novelty of placing southern whites on trial for the murder of a black boy, and later on the injustice of the acquittal, rather than on the death itself.

Everybody was passing by. I came up to him, took his photo. A woman turned around and shouted: “Why are you taking a photo of him? Do you have nothing to do?” I asked her to help me raise him, but she went away.

Will America be poorer if she replace her brutaldyspeptic blundering with light-hearted but determined Negrohumility? or her coarse and cruel wit with loving jovial good-humor?or her vulgar music with the soul of the Sorrow Songs

solidarity processes areeasier to enact than conflict processes. As I will show elsewhere, theimplication is that conflict is much easier to organize at a distance,against unseen groups, than in the immediate interactional situation.

My main hypothesis is to the contrary: the tendency to drop ceremo-nious forms in email—greetings, addressing the target by name, de-parting salutations—implies a lowering of solidarity.

“interaction fatigue.

h ey identifiedfive indicatorsor sy mpt om sthat oft enfigur edin the accountsof peoplewho say they’ vebe enab ducted ,and then ask ed wheth er respondentshad expe ri enc edthe se more in nocuoussymp t

. Th ese peoplemake choic es (a ndso me -tim es errors ) that shap e wh atever statisticsfinally eme rge fromthe ir org an izat ion or agency,and the organi za tio n pro vid es acon tex tfor thos e

The for erunnerofst at is tic swas cal led “po li tic

m. Each sid e pr es en te dst at ist ic s that just ified it s polic y reco mme nda ti ons , and ea chcr iti ci zed the oth er ’s