57 Matching Annotations
  1. Dec 2020
    1. This would not be a way of traveling, but a way of dying.

      Even if all your atoms were used to transport you to another being, this can be recreated leaving you to just be a copy and not an original.

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  2. Nov 2020
    1. A Bundle Theorist admits this fact, but claims it to be only a fact about our grammar, or our lan-guage.

      To some extent I feel like language is limited. Although, I also believe that there has to be a simplification at times in order to provide a more general understanding across people of different backgrounds.

    2. Similarly, what explains the unity of a person’s whole life is the fact that all of the experiences in this life are had by the same person, or subject of experiences.

      Memories influence actions and we learn right or wrong from the success or failure in our past.

    3. Professor MacKay denies that there are two persons involved because he believes that there is only one per-son involved. I believe that, in a sense, the number of persons involved is none

      What would the Professor's perspective on people with Dissociative Identity Disorder be? Would it be a cade of multiple persons or none at all?

    4. In one stream he sees red, and at the same time, in his other stream, he sees blue.

      The brain is so powerful and it is so interesting that there are parts of the brain that are focused on one aspect of your personality and function.

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    1. Though, if the same body should still live, and immediately from the separation of the little finger have its own peculiar consciousness, whereof the little finger knew nothing, it would not at all be concerned for it, as a part of itself, or could own any of its actions, or have any of them imputed to him

      The literal separation becomes a divide of consciousness.

    2. For as to this point of being the same self, it matters not whether this present self be made up of the same or other substances —

      This is saying that the outside body does not necessarily have to do with the essence of a person. Responses and the self are potentially separated from the body which can sometimes only be a vessel.

    3. But let him once find himself conscious of any of the actions of Nestor, he then finds himself the same person with Nestor

      Because he has some similarities, it is possible to become the same person?

    4. which it does only by that consciousness which is inseparable from thinking, and, as it seems to me, essential to i

      Would you say that the animals that are able to recognize another of its kind has some sort of consciousness?

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    1. We’d be unable to speak fluently, much less dance or drive.

      This thought is intriguing because if certain thoughts weren't processed as quickly as they are we wouldn't be considered high-functioning.

    2. How can I call a will ‘mine’ if I don’t even know when it occurred and what it has decided to do?

      I think that there are many things that we aren't aware of, like the specifics of how we breathe and smell. I feel like the mind and thoughts in general are complicated to understand and define because it is not definite.

    3. We are responsible for our actions roughly to the extent that we possess these capacities and we have opportunities to exercise them

      If we are only partially responsible for our actions, what would entail full responsibility? What would this world look like?

    4. We should be wary of defining things out of exis-tence.

      Why does defining things often cause people to act in a way that challenges what is being defined? I think that we don't like feeling constricted and there are many more interpretations and perspectives.

    5. f free will is dead, then moral and legal responsibility may be close behind.

      I think that this would cause a lot of disorder, for example if a person is excused for committing a crime it puts other in danger. Even if they had no control over it.

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    1. But the fact of the matter is that we do care about decisions like this.

      I like this sentence because I like to think that we are conscious and have free will and ultimately everyone cares at least a little bit about others and themselves.

    2. without exercising her free will until she comes to another fork in the road. . .

      How can free will exists in parts? So we're on auto-pilot and then when we are put in a situation where we are torn, then and only then are we exercising free will?

    3. because we don’t care—it just doesn’t matter which one we buy.

      How does this relate to having instincts?The idea that it's a quick decision because we don't care boggles me.

    4. and you grab one of the cans without pausing to think about which one you should take.

      I have never thought about this, it's interesting how I personally haven't been conscious about what food I choose at times. I feel that this is not the case for everyone because there are people who depending on the day may feel more inclined to over-analyze the smallest things.

    5. And you decide while feeling torn.

      In order to label a decision as torn, it must be in the middle of it taking place. One is able to acknowledge once one realizes the puzzling emotions.

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  3. Oct 2020
    1. because mental constructs like blame and responsibility, indeed evil and good, are built into our brains by millennia of Dar-winian evolution

      Blame and responsibility are constructs and I definitely think that the oversimplified idea that we have of it allows us to separate ourselves from the problem, yet there should be more deciphering of the problem.

    2. When a child robs an old lady, should we blame the child himself or his parents? Or his school? Negligent social workers? I

      I think a child can decipher between right and wrong but the adults in the child's live are essential to their development.

    3. Isn’t the murderer or the rapist just a machine with a defective component? Or a defective upbringing?

      This definitely has to do with nature and nurture and even genetics. There is proof that some murderers with damage to the amygdala which is responsible for emotions or a smaller amygdala have higher chances of performing dangerous acts.

    4. flawed concept of retribu-tion is Christian crucifixion as “atonement” for “sin.”

      I think that this sentence negates the emotional attachment present in a religious person's life. The death penalty and the crucifixion are completely different scenarios.

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    1. is that of a set of separate states with a basic structure of similarities and differences between them.

      So many things can be classified into states. Mental and physical states for example but the importance is in how they relate to each other.

    2. But consciousness is a different sort of problem entirely, as it goes beyond the explanation of structure and function.

      It's more theoretical and there aren't right or wrong answers.

    3. agnostic

      Definition: a person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of the existence or nature of God or of anything beyond material phenomena; a person who claims neither faith nor disbelief in God.

    4. But there is still something crucial about color vision that Mary does not know: what it is like to experi-ence a color such as red

      I talked about this in my Social Psych class, someone can have all the knowledge about the physical states and science behind the color red but if they have never understood it then they are missing a crucial part.

    5. Or think of the ineffable sound of a distant oboe, the agony of an intense pain, the sparkle of happiness or the meditative quality of a moment lost in thought

      All of these are memories and signals that are connected to the person's experience. There has to be a level of consciousness in order to connect current to past stimuli.

    6. These faint glimmerings suggest that a theory of consciousness may have startling conse-quences for our view of the universe and of ourselves.

      I can see how this can be alarming because consciousness is a construct that can't necessarily be easily defined.

    7. Together such experiences make up consciousness: the subjective, inner life of the mind

      Even though you can't be 100% sure that everything around you is real, you can be sure than in this moment you are conscious. Philosophical questions give a way to question your surroundings and at the same time understand them even more.

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  4. Sep 2020
    1. One who is aware, or conscious, of his thoughts or his emotions is one who has the capac-ity to make discriminations between his different men-tal states.

      Metacognition: thinking about the way you think

    2. He perceives the road, but he does not perceive his perceiving, or anything else that is going on in his mind

      His body is doing all the actions but his mind is not completely aware. This happens when you've been driving for a long time, you lay back a little because you trust your instincts, this can be dangerous though.

    3. then we can say that dispositions are actual causes, or causal factors, which, in suitable cir-cumstances, actually bring about those happenings which are the manifestations of the disposition

      Can this relate to emotions? A manifestation of a feeling has to have a disposition?

    4. It is not at all natural to speak of his speech and action as identical with his thought.

      Somebody can say one thing and mean another. Some people assimilate to the group they are in and alter their personality to fit in.

    5. Now a disposition to behave is simply a tendency or liability of a person to behave in a certain way under certain circumstances.

      This can be related to impulse actions. I think that if we have some control of our anger for example, we wouldn't scream in the middle of the street but rather vent our anger doing exercise etc. It's about channeling the energy or repressing it.

    6. This is not to say that in the future new evi-dence and new problems may not come to light which will force science to reconsider the physico-chemical view of man.

      I think that sometimes science and religion are seen as total opposites but instead they intertwine and support each other in some senses. The more you understand science the more you will be able to acknowledge it and decide whether the religious approach makes sense.

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    1. My mind is apt to wander, and will not yet submit to be restrained within the limits of truth.

      He sees the power in being able to question and learn more about how the world works.

    2. And, therefore, I know that nothing of all that I can embrace in imagination belongs to the knowl-edge which I have of myself, and that there is need to recall with the utmost care the mind from this mode of thinking, that it may be able to know its own nature with perfect distinctness

      This is very interesting to me. This seems that he has separated his dreams from his knowledge of self. I feel that sometimes people like to interpret dreams and use the "imagination" to guide them.

    3. Per-ception is another attribute of the soul; but perception too is impossible without the body; besides, I have fre-quently, during sleep, believed that I perceived objects which I afterward observed I did not in reality perceive.

      What if the soul expressed your innermost needs and desires and the things that he says he did not see in reality were actual experiences but in a supernatural way?

    4. I suppose there exists an extremely powerful, and, if I may so speak, malignant being, whose whole endeavors are directed toward deceiving me?

      Why is he so focused on this superior being having the capability of "deceiving him". Descartes acknowledges his limitations. Is the idea of him being controlled in a body frightening to him?

    5. I suppose, accordingly, that all the things which I see are false (fictitious);

      I watched a TedTalk by Elizabeth Loftus called "How reliable is your memory" for my Social Psych class. I think that Descartes perspective that our memory can deceive us will agree with how eye-witnesses at trial can be unreliable. In the TedTalk Elizabeth creates computer-generated car accidents and then asks questions of the scene. Depending on the language she used she could push a witness to lean towards a specific statement. This ends up with the culprit being identified as a completely different person.

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    1. not for the sake of any definite answers to its questions, since no definite answers can, as a rule, be known to be true, but rather for the sake of the questions themselves;

      The journey can provide more answers than the answer itself. There can be growth in the individual's mindset.

    2. What it calls knowledge is not a union with the not-Self, but a set of prejudices, habits, and desires, making an impenetrable veil between us and the world beyond

      Are people limiting themselves to what they already know. The not-self might seem alienated to their own beliefs and therefore it is easier to reject anything that does not add to what they already think.

    3. Thus, while dimin-ishing our feeling of certainty as to what things are, it greatly increases our knowledge as to what they may be;

      It amplifies the way we look at problems. Makes the bubble larger and recognizes there are more than two ways to draw a conclusion.

    4. We cannot, therefore, include as part of the value of philosophy any definite set of answers to such questions.

      Aren't statements supposed to have some sort of truth to be considered valid. If in philosophy you can't prove anything, does it have to do more with the individual's thought process instead of convincing the other person to think like you?

    5. How is it that studying the human brain was considered Philosophy when we know due to experiments and research how it works? Philosophy does not necessarily have definitive answers.

    6. If the study of philosophy has any value at all for others than students of philosophy, it must be only indirectly, through its effects upon the lives of those who study it. It is in these effects, there-fore, if anywhere, that the value of philosophy must be primarily sought.

      It's interesting how physical science is thought to help others even when they aren't studying it, but the way Philosophy is classified here, makes me think that you will achieve some sort of "enlightenment" or perceive certain things completely different once you become a philosopher.

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    1. It is central to the very nature and existence of man; it is what has carried him from somewhere in the slime to the lofty but precarious perch where he now rests.

      Creating explanations to help us reason with reality is "central to our existence", this relates perfectly to the unending discussion about religion and the existence of non-existence of a God.

    2. for those physical changes are not my thoughts, and if my thoughts themselves can make no difference to what I do, then rational living becomes a mummery.

      Psychology prides itself in that the person has a lot of control over their bodies. A lot has to do with mental strength and determination but if we negate the act of us having that power to act on the self-fulfilling prophecy, than what are we?

    3. That there is a public space and a public time in which things happen and to which we all have access.

      There is an order to events and daily life. These are things that we don't normally question. Time and events are normal.

    4. We know what they mean well enough for everyday pur-poses, but to think about them is to reveal depth after depth of unsuspected meaning.

      In Philosophy there are more patterns and explanations for things that we sometimes like to leave undefined. I think the reveal of the depth of these topics like the text says is what alarms people because things can be more complicated than what we believe them to be.

    5. It is no longer a mere demonic visitor intruding on you from nowhere; you have domesticated it, assimilated it to your knowl-edge, by bringing it under a known rule

      Through rules and laws we understand the world. If someone is sick, it makes sense for their initial response to be what did I eat? In this sense we have a lot of power because this is something we can control. On the other hand if he didn't know he was allergic and had a reaction that would cause even more alarm. We have a fear of the sudden and unexpected.

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    1. Although rationality is usually seen to be the sine qua non of personhood, granting the highest degree of moral status only to rational beings would entail morally unacceptable implications for infants, the demented, and severely retarded people.

      It puts those who aren't the "most fit" at a disadvantage

    2. Although anencephalic fetuses and infants usually have working brainstems (as in PVS), they permanently lack a capacity for consciousness and thus can never become persons under the higher-brain definition

      "Can never become persons under the higher-brain definition", this sentence seems morally wrong to me. Any human being should be considered a person despite their limitations of expression.

    3. On the other hand, if they’re asserted instead to be material beings, then their presence ought to be measurable through controlled scientific tests—none of which has ever proven their existence.

      Is this negating the existence of anything supernatural? Are we the only beings in this world? Are spirits simply a figment of the imagination or can someone really feel as if their soul is disturbed when they sense bad spirits?

    4. The attraction of such a concept is obvious: if our soul/mind is not a material thing, then it’s conceivably immortal. The soul might survive the death of the body in an afterlife, as the Jewish, Christian and Islamic religions teach.

      This is true to Christian teachings, the soul continues to exist even after the body is dead. Christians believe in an afterlife and receiving salvation.