Erik Satie (1866-1925) was a French composer and pianist. His artistic work would be apart of the minimalistic, repetitive genre. Erik also referred to himself as a phonometrician "someone who measures sounds".

Gertrude Stein was fond of him and enjoyed his charming stories from Normandy. Erik Satie is said to have been friends with Picasso.

“Erik Satie.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 June 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Satie.

Mary Borden (1886, –1968) was an American novelist who wrote about her experiences as a war nurse. Upon her arrival in England, she joined the Suffragette movement, a group who campaigned for women's right to vote in elections. Mary would get arrested during one of the protests where she was caught throwing rocks at window of His Majesty Treasury. She is well known for The Forbidden Zone which consisted of five poems describing what she saw on the battle field and in the hospitals.

“Mary Borden.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Dec. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Borden.

Juan Gris (1887 – 1927), , was a Spanish painter who worked closely with Cubism. His paintings are the most distinct due his importance of mathematics, especially geometry and his usage of bright colours. Following his move to Paris, he became friends with Picasso who he viewed as a mentor. However, in a earlier chapter it is mentioned that Picasso was not fond of Gris.

“Juan Gris.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 May 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gris.

Ellen Newbold La Motte (1873–1961) was an American nurse and author. She became a nurse in Maryland and was one of the first Americans to volunteer to help wounded soldiers in Europe during the war. During her time in Belgium, she kept a personal journal where she would write about her life at the hospital, describing the brutality of the war.

When Ellen moved to Paris, she developed a personal friendship with Stein. Gertrude would become one of Ellen's writing mentors.

“Ellen La Motte.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Apr. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_La_Motte.

Guillaume Apollinaire ( 1880 – 1918) was a French poet,novelist, and art critic. He is well known for his contributions to Cubism and is a forefather of Surrealism. He is also credited for the term Orphism, which focused on abstraction and bright colours.

Apollinaire wrote The Breasts of Tiresias in 1917, which would become one of the earliest literary works of Surrealism.

“Guillaume Apollinaire.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 25 May 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire.

Donald Evans (1884-1921) was an American poet, publisher and journalist. He was associated with the Greenwich Village scene and is compared to poet Maxwell Bodenheim for their similar bohemian lifestyle based poetry.Donald deeply admired Gertrude's work and would help her publish her novel Tender Buttons in 1914. Later, he enlisted to fight in WW1 as a sergeant.

“Donald Evans (American Poet).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 27 Oct. 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DonaldEvans(American_poet).

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) was a British philosopher, mathematician and writer. He most commonly known his revolt against idealism and is considered one of the founders of Analytic Philosophy alongside Alfred North Whitehead. Together, they also wrote the Principia Mathematica.

Russell was also anti-war and anti-imperialism. He was imprisoned during World War 1 for speaking against the governments war efforts. In 1950, he would win a Nobel prize in Literature.

“Bertrand Russell.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 17 June 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell.

The Battle of Marne occurred on September 6-12th 1914 when the British and French army began attacking Germany from the North East when they received news that German soldiers were 30km away from Paris.

The battle was fought from the trenches for fours years, until the French and the British were able to prevent Germany from taken over Paris. However, the German army were still able to take over part of Northern France.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “First Battle of the Marne.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 17 June. 2019, www.britannica.com/event/First-Battle-of-the-Marne.

“First Battle of the Marne.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 May 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne.

Belgium a neutral country, was invaded by Germany on August 4th 1914. Germany was able to completely destroy Belgium within 24 days. During the invasion, newspapers were reporting the brutality of German soldiers who lined up civilians and open fired, individual executions, forced labour camps, and the burning down of city centres and homes as they continued there invasion of the west.

“The 'German Atrocities' of 1914.” The British Library, The British Library, 20 Jan. 2014, www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/civilian-atrocities-german-1914.

Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) was a British mathematician and philosopher who attended Cambridge University. He is considered the founder of Analytic philosophy, a theory that everything should be interpreted logically through science to accomplish conceptual clarity. Whitehead also made contributions to Metaphysics and the philosophy of science and education.

"Alfred North Whitehead.” Alfred North Whitehead > By Individual Philosopher > Philosophy, www.philosophybasics.com/philosophers_whitehead.html.

“Analytic Philosophy.” Analytic Philosophy - By Movement / School - The Basics of Philosophy, www.philosophybasics.com/movements_analytic.html.

Hope Mirless (1887-1978) studied at the University of Cambridge and would later become a poet. She became well known because of her partner Jane Harrison, a linguist, but she would pave her own way by publishing Lud-in-the-Mist and Paris: A poem.

Hope would be compared to Virginia Woolf for their writings about modernism in the 20th century. Mirlees and Woolf were rumoured to be close friends and helped influenced each others writings. In fact, Paris would be published by Virginia Woolf's firm.

“Hope Mirrlees.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 June 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Mirrlees.

“Hope Mirrlees.” Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hope-mirrlees

John Lane (1854-1925) was a publisher who co-founded Bodley Head with Charles Elkin Mathews in 1887 as a bookshop before transitioning into publishing novels. He would go one to leave Bodley head and help open Penguin books. John Lane would help Stein publish her first book: Three Lives in 1909.

Gertrude Stein was introduced to John Lane by Myra Edgerly, a painter, who believed Steins work should be made available to the public. Gertrude was offered a contract by John to publish her writings, in particular Three Lives. Stein would often spend Sunday afternoons at John's house in London reviewing and revising the book before publishing. He is said to be enthusiastic and confident about her novel.

"Making Britain.” Bodley Head | Making Britain, www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/bodley-head.

The National Service League (1902-1914) was a advocacy group who were in favour of a four year mandatory military training for men ages 18 to 30.

Lord Roberts became the second President and would continue to campaign for the National Service League advocacy for forced military service. They would use advertising strategies to compel citizens to enlist by marketing conscription to citizens as "universal training" or "compulsory volunteering". They felt as if the British military was inadequate and feared a possible invasion by the German army that they wanted all citizens to acquire military training.

“National Service League.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Mar. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service_League

The Herald was a newspaper created in 1877 and lasted until 2013. It focused on covering historic events such as world wars, the women's movement and general daily life from a liberal perspective.

“International Herald Tribune.” The New York Times, The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/column/iht-retrospective.

William Edwards Cook (1881-1959) is an American artist and Architect. He lived in Rome where he was chosen to paint Pope Pius X for the Vatican. This portrait launched his career and he was highly requested to paint other portraits. He also assisted with the hospital for the French wounded.

He is mentioned later in the chapter to have been good friends with Gertrude Stein. It is said he taught Gertrude how to drive, as he was a taxi driver in Paris. Stein would contribute to the war efforts by driving around wounded soldiers and refugees for the American Fund for the French Wounded. They would write letters back and forth to each other and Cook inspired Gertrude to write in English to appeal to a larger demographic.

“William Edwards Cook.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16, June. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edwards_Cook.

The American Fund for French Wounded was an organization created by women living abroad in Europe to relieve and assist hospitals in France. It was designed to mock the American Red Cross society, an humanitarian charitable organizations that provide services during disasters and to the less fortunate. They helped gather supplies and provided emergency medical work to wounded soldiers and refugees. Volunteers were admired and were seen as an alliance.

“American Fund for French Wounded Records.” American Fund for French Wounded Records, archives.nypl.org/mss/73.

“American Fund for French Wounded.” Internet Archive, archive.org/stream/americanfundforf00newy/americanfundforf00newy_djvu.txt.

The Russian-Japanese War was fought from 1904 till 1905 between the Russian and Japanese Empires about territorial disputes over Manchuria. This had been an ongoing conflict for years but it was not until Russia gained control over Port Arthur, a naval port located in the Liaodong Peninsula, Japan attacked and officially declared war.

The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth proposed by President Theodore Roosevelt. It acknowledged Russia would withdraw its power out of Asia and Japan regain control of Port Arthur.

France and Russia had formed an alliance before World War 1. Due to this, French citizens feared a conscription crisis. France would later enter the war with Russia to fight a double front war against Germany.

“The Treaty of Portsmouth and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 .” U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/portsmouth-treaty

“Franco-Russian Alliance.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 June 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Russian Alliance.