"Migrants can contribute much to the destination economy’s efficiency and growth, especially over the long term. Low-skilled migrants perform many jobs that locals are unwilling to take, or they would ask wages above what consumers are willing to pay." The idea that a country with more free trade makes it ideal for refugees fosters benefits for both sides. A country with more trade can increase business opportunities and employment, and refugees benefit from working lower-paying jobs, raising productivity.

https://2017-2021.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Refugee-Resettlement-The-Impact-on-International-Trade-Flows-1.pdf

"Meanwhile, conflict, violence, and persecution continue to drive large numbers of people out of their home countries. The number of refugees has more than doubled over the last decade." It could be argued that this increase in refugees is beneficial for the global economy according to Global Refuge, "As they find their footing, refugees contribute significant tax revenue, stimulate the economy, raise productivity, improve local worker wages, boost innovation, and often generate international trade because of their connections to various countries." However, much tension can grow between nationals and refugees within the labor force, creating a lot of costs and benefits for the increase of refugees.

https://www.globalrefuge.org/news/what-are-the-economic-benefits-of-refugees-lirs/#:~:text=As%20they%20find%20their%20footing,their%20connections%20to%20various%20countries.

As society advances, companies demand for more educated workers seem to increase. It is backed up the University of Arizona that more education generally leads to higher productivity: "Education is arguably one of the primary factors that cause income inequality. Recent studies show that the earnings gap between workers with a Bachelor’s or more advanced degree and workers with a high school diploma has been widening." The gap in education allows for more inequality in income, that negatively affects the economy. However, this inequality of education generally comes from a child's home life, whether it's abuse, war, or financial instability. It needs to be addressed that people are forced into a cycle of inequality because of how they started out.

https://www.uagc.edu/blog/income-inequality-and-the-earnings-gap-between-educated-and-non-educated

Essentially what this figure is trying to exemplify is that when individuals are "endowed" greater assets or finance than others, it creates an income inequality. For example, people from wealthy families have a head start over those who aren't, forcing the ones born in poverty to be trapped in that cycle. Furthermore, people with more access to educational services have a higher potential of generating increased income for themselves, furthering the economic gap.

"The most impactful sanctions, however, have been the penalties Washington levied on Russian financial institutions. On Tuesday, after Putin recognized two breakaway regions in eastern Ukraine, the Biden administration implemented “full blocking” sanctions—a complete asset freeze and transaction ban—on VEB.RF, a bank that operates as a Kremlin slush fund with over $50 billion in assets. This marked the first time the United States had used its most fearsome sanctions cudgel against a major Russian state-owned bank." This action taken by the OFAC is backed up by the U.S. Treasury (https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0608), as the whole idea of the sanction is attack the "core infrastructure of the Russian financial system." Russia continues to decide that the war effort needs run on, yet nearly "nearly 80 percent of all banking assets in Russia and will have a deep and long-lasting effect on the Russian economy and financial system."

"Just because threatening sanctions failed, however, doesn’t mean the United States should abandon them altogether." This quote on it's own shows that Russia has little to no fear for the consequences that may come about for their full-invasion in Ukraine. Despite that fact that economic sanctions are destroying the functionality of Russian banks, it has only scaled the war to a greater an extent as Russia developed a mindset of win or lose.