have distinct identities and characteristic

Some have suggested that what is thought to be an anti-achievement peer culture among African American youth is actually a youth culture rooted in other aspects of culture - authenticity, hip-hop consump- tion culture, and "Black" ways of speakin

growing up in one's ethnic community - even if disadvantaged - can lead to school success, whereas growing up and being edu- cated among disadvantaged African Americans, for African American and second- generation children alike, can lead to poor outcomes through the problems associated with ghetto poverty and disadvanta

This theory maintains that voluntary minority students see school success as a major means to upward mobility, believing that the strategies that hold for middle- class Whites hold for them, whereas involuntary minorities view the opportunity structure as primarily closed to them and their family members.

Yet, for many first- and second-generation immigrant minority students, culture is depicted with relatively more maturity, defined by values and beliefs stemming from the strong influence of hard-working immigrant parents (for a similar discussion, see Slaughter-Defoe, Nakagawa, Takanishi, & Johnson, 1990

Their conclusion was unanimous: the Human Genome Proj­ect revealed that the human species cannot be divided into biological races. ƒ I President Clinton famously announced, ‘I believe one of the great truths to emerge from this triumphant expedition inside the human genome is that in genetic terms, all human beings, regardless of race, are more than 99.9 per­cent the same.”7’

Scholars in a number of fields have puzzled over the ques­tion, How did the Irish, Italians, Slavs, and Jews “become white”?

before the eighteenth-century boom in the African slave trade, between one-half and two-thirds of all early white immigrants to the British colonies in the West­ern Hemisphere came as unfree laborers, some 300,000 to 400,000 people.”10At first, European settlers in the American colonies gave the blacks they shipped from Africa and the indigenous people they captured the same status as white indentured servants

Race is very real as a political grouping of human beings and has ac­tual consequences for people’s health, wealth, social status, reputation, and opportunities in life. The fact that dividing people into races has biological effects does not change the fact that this division is a political exercise. The * distinction between the two meanings of race—as a biological versus a po liticai grouping—is monumentally import

Another option was simply to randomly bestow common American names such as Smith, Brown, and Clark.

Head lice were by no means universal among recruits, but a general policy of short hair made dealing with the problem much simpler.

These processes-the tearing down of the old selves and the building of new ones-could, of course, be carried out simultaneously.

would take place as the chil- dren boarded a steamer to take them south