- Sep 2015
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more people to marry earlier in life
This has had to have been a mistake for them. Taking on this type of responsibility is a lot of work.
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women’s role in the family became more complicated
A women role will always be complicated.
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a group of about 80 slaves set out for Spanish Florida under a banner that read “Liberty!,” burning plantations and killing at least 20 white settlers as they marched.
Fighting for Justice!
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idea that government was put in place by the people
This would only be fair because they are able to keep tabs on them while they do the same.
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many of these assemblies saw it as their duty to check the power of the governor and ensure that he did not take too much power within colonial government.
It only shows that they were not to trustworthy of their governor as well.
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charter colonies had the most complex system of government, formed by political corporations or interest groups who drew up a charter that clearly delineated powers between executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of government.
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These crown governors could veto any decision made by the legislative assemblies in the provincial colonies.
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cared for the poor in their communities
It's nice of them to care for their community. Their trying to build their community up.
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colonial government also had more power in a variety of areas.
This gave them the upper hand to make decisions. As if they were process of making new laws for their colony.
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sizeable free black community that made up about 10% of the city’s population
Slaves are in the process of winning their full rights.
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South Carolina also banned the freeing of slaves unless the freed slave left the colony.
But they could not free the slaves.
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Virginia planters used the law to maximize the profitability of their slaves and closely regulate every aspect of their daily lives.
Money can sure bring the evil out in a lot of people.
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By 1750, slavery was legal in every North American English colony,
This is disgusting, how could that even be?
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The most common disagreement in colonial politics was between the elected assemblies and the royal governor. Generally, the various colonial legislatures were divided int
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In 1754 a force of British colonists and Native American allies, led by young George Washington, attacked and killed a French diplomat. This incident led to a war,
That was how the seven years' started.
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Virginia, the oldest of the English mainland colonies, imported its first slaves in 1619
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www.understandingslavery.com www.understandingslavery.com
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chains and fettered two together.
They been already been ripped away from their pride, why humiliate them more?
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Africans still resisted:
They fought for their rights and they deserve it.
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violently affected by the seasickness than the Europeans
Europeans were the ones to spread the disease and at the time, why not blame the Africans when they're already physically harmed
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and cut one of his legs so round the bone, that he could not move, the nerves being cut through; others cut our cooks throat to the pipe, and others wounded three of the sailors, and threw one of them overboard in that condition, from the forecastle into the sea.
wow.
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I have seen some of these poor African prisoners most severely cut for attempting to do so, and hourly whipped for not eating.
I don't understand.
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us arm'd, they fell in crouds and parcels on our men, upon the deck unawares, and stabbed one of the stoutest of us all, who receiv'd fourteen or fifteen wounds of their knives, and so expir'd. Next they assaulted our boatswain, and cut one of his legs so round the bone, that he could not move, the nerves being cut through; others cut our cooks throat to the pipe, and others wounded three of the sailors, and threw one of them overboard in that condition, from the forecastle into the sea.
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in, and cut one of his legs so round the bone, that he could not move, the nerves being cut through; others cut our cooks throat to the pipe, and others wounded three of the sailors, and threw one of them overboard in that condition, from the forecastle into the sea.
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transatlantic slave trade provided such a workforce.
Slaves didn't have much of a choice.
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New laws gave legal sanction to the enslavement of people of African descent for life.
African deserves to be treated as human beings
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desperation that drove some slaves to suicide
this is heartbreaking. How can anyone be so inhumane as to be completely unapprehensive of others' basic needs.
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Wars offered the most common means for colonists to acquire Native American slaves
In that case can we say that waging wars were just a tactic to gain more slaves for the labor that was in high demand for plantations?
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Events across the ocean continued to influence the lives of American colonists. Civil war, religious conflict, and nation building transformed seventeenth-century Britain and remade societies on both sides of the ocean
Needed to gain control. In the seventeen century the greed would get worse.
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Native Americans saw fledgling settlements turned into unstoppable beachheads of vast new populations that increasingly monopolized resources and remade the land into something else entirely.
right infront of them they saw all that was going to disappear. Sad.
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Slave marriages were not recognized in colonial law. Some enslaved men and women married “abroad”; that is, they married individuals who were not owned by the same master and did not live on the same plantation. These husbands and wives had to travel miles at a time, typically only once a week on Sundays, to visit their spouses. Legal or religious authority did not protect these marriages, and masters could refuse to let their slaves visit a spouse, or even sell a slave to a new master hundreds of miles away from their spouse and children.
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Thomas Phillips
1694 master of slave
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Puritans
they had assumed the responsibility of purifying the churches from political corruption hence the name Puritans
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Bacon’s Rebellion
The declaration of Bacon against William Berkeley for his protection of the Native Indians and waging war against the Indians.
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Slavery was particularly troublesome for some pacifist Quakers of Pennsylvania on the grounds that it required violence
Yet, it did not stop them.
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Persistently independent and with republican sympathies, the settlers refused a governor and instead elected a president and council
I do not understand the difference between a governor and a president.
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housands of other Indians fled the region or were sold into slavery
Wow sold for slavery, I dont blame them for fleeing.
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Native American slaves died quickly, mostly from disease, but others were murdered or died from starvation. The demands of growing plantation economies required a more reliable labor force
Then they started to get slaves elsewhere.
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educated a substantial number of slaves
This minister must have not believed in slavery.
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English traders fomented Indian war in order to purchase and enslave captives, and planters justified the use of an enslaved workforce by claiming white servants were “good for nothing at all.
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“I can’t think there is any intrinsic value in one color more than another, nor that white is better than black, only we think it so because we are so.”
Thomas Phillips
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www.swarthmore.edu www.swarthmore.edu
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you are banished from out of our jurisdiction
The courts decided it was better if she were someone else's problem.
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covenant of grace
This refers to gaining heaven as a free gift
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covenant of works
This refers to the teaching that states doing good deeds would gain one heaven.
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a thing not tolerable nor comely in the sight of God
The court is talking about the masculine role that Hutchinson had assumed
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three years ago we were all in peace.
I dont understand.
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historymatters.gmu.edu historymatters.gmu.edu
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f white and black acting together to challenge authority
Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it. - George Santayana
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barbarous enemy
Bacon's referring to "the Indians"
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For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians
Bacon is talking about the protection Berkeley was providing for the Indians.
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divide and separate us who have suffered by their oppressions.
A difficult situtation happening.
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That in whatsoever place, house, or ship, any of the said persons shall reside, be hid, or protected, we declare the owners, masters, or inhabitants of the said places to be confederates and traitors
Protected... which is always needed.
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cries of blood
Barbarous murders. Blood were shed everywhere.
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Bacon and his supporters rose up and plundered the elite’s estates and slaughtered nearby Indians.
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www.bartleby.com www.bartleby.com
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And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.
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And God said, Let there be light: 2 Cor. 4.6 and there was light
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www.digitalhistory.uh.edu www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
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In contrast, England appointed Virginia's governor, while in Maryland, the governor was appointed by the Calvert family, which owned the colony.
The one wealthy family decided the fates of the rest of the colonists.
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Puritan had made a covenant with God to establish a truly Christian community
I believe they the puritans were trying to exposed there community to become a christian. This has all to do with being religious and in a way I think that they want to control peoples mind and talk them into believing whatever it is that they believe in.
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When God gives us a special commission He wants it strictly observed in every article....
Seems that they're saying God is important, which he is, but of course everyone has their own beliefs, and that is respected.
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etween God and man, ministers and congregations, magistrates and members of their community, and men and their families--were envisioned in terms of a covenant or contract which rested on consent and mutual responsibilities.
Mutual responsiblities are important.
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God Almighty in His most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the Condition of mankind, as in all times some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity; others mean and in subjection.
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God of Israel
I thought that the Puritans were Christians, but reading " God of Israel " has me confused? Were the Puritans the followers of Christ or Moses?
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the Puritan had made a covenant with God to establish a truly Christian community,
This explains why the Puritans had the mind set of cleansing the churches.
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Puritan
The were the followers of James Calvin and their mission was to purify the church of any political corruption hence their name Puritans.
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www.digitalhistory.uh.edu www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
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came unarmed into our houses, without bows or arrows, or other weapons, with deer, turkeys, fish, furs, and other provisions to sell and truck with us for glass, beads, and other trifle
They lulled the colonists into a false sense of security.
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not sparing either age or sex, man, women or child; so sudden in their cruel execution that few or none discerned the weapon or blow that brought them to destruction....
Things like this are still happening in some parts of the world, and it just make sense when people say "lets not re live the past," it is a good point.
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the colonists discovered that Virginia was an ideal place to cultivate tobacco,
The soil they had was great.
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Our hands, which before were tied with gentleness and fair usage, are now set at liberty by the treacherous violence of the savages.
I feel like this phase talks about the violence that we have been through and we want a world with peace.
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And not being content with taking away life alone, they fell after again upon the dead, making, as well as they could, a fresh murder, defacing, dragging, and mangling the dead carcasses into many pieces, and carrying away some parts in derision
This paragraph shows the barbarity of the savages to the extreme extent. After murdering the innocent people, the savages weren't satisfied enough so they decided to chop the dead bodies into smaller pieces. I wonder if there is any extent to being inhumane?
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Yea, such was the treacherous dissimulation of that people who then had contrived our destruction
It tells us about the secret planning of the Native Americans to execute a massive massacre on the English colonies.
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Powhatan
He's the famous Pocahontas's father.
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The New England climate and soil made large-scale plantation agriculture impractical, so the system of large landholders using masses of slaves or indentured servants to grow labor-intensive crops never took hold.
these slaves were treated poorly
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He launched a surprise attack and in a single day (March 22, 1622) killed 347 colonists, or one-fourth of all the colonists in Virginia.
He wanted to be greedy
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The reliance on new imports of slaves increased the likelihood of resistance, however, and escaped slaves managed to create several free settlements, called quilombos.
I wonder f the free slaves were able to help one of their kind to get out of slavery?
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Spanish missionaries brought Indians into enclosed missions, whereas Jesuits more often lived with or alongside Indian groups.
During that time, slavery still occurred.
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When Oñate sacked the Pueblo city of Acoma, the “sky city,” the Spaniards slaughtered nearly half of its roughly 1,500 inhabitants, including women and children. Oñate ordered one foot cut off of every surviving male over 15 and he enslaved the remaining women and children.1
I was wondering if he wanted to become a dictator?
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Dutch women maintained separate legal identities from their husbands and could therefore hold property and inherit full estates
The rights for woman is being shown here.
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The French preference for trade over permanent settlement fostered more cooperative and mutually beneficial relationships with Native Americans than was typical among the Spanish and English
partnership of trade.
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Powhatan
Wahunsenacawh
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He navigated Indian diplomacy, claiming that he was captured and sentenced to death but Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas, intervened to save his life
so pocahontas was real!
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The Crown granted missionaries the right to live among Timucua and Guale villagers in the late 1500s and early 1600s and encouraged settlement through the encomienda system (grants of Indian labor).
They were granted the right to keep living where they had lived for hundreds of years.
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European explorers, meanwhile, had hoped to find great wealth in Florida, but reality never aligned with their imaginations.
They were looking for gold and gems.
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Conquest
1) The goals of the Spanish were to build empires both secular and religious. The religious goals were to win people for Catholic church and the secular goals were to gain more power over the southern and northern america to have access to the wealth and gold.
2) The greatest killer was the smallpox diseases that almost erased human life which was spread through direct human contact. Other diseases that killed Native Americans were influenza, malaria, whooping cough, diphtheria, and measles. European also brought in large domestic animals such as sheep, cattle, pig, and horse and plants e.g corn, avocado, squash, pineapple, peanuts, potatoes, etc which was more nutritious than the wheat, rice, barley and oats that the Native Americans were used to consuming.
3) The Europeans claimed their right on claiming the land in America by the authority of the pope. Europeans also claimed to have conquered the native Americans and discovered the land. They claimed possession by occupying the land.
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Slaves and Indians occupied the lowest rungs of the social ladder
Native Americans were enslaved and left out on all of advantages in their own country.
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Much of the city was built on large artificial islands called chinampas which the Aztecs constructed by dredging mud and rich sediment from the bottom of the lake and depositing it over time to form new landscapes
Building cities from mud and rich sediment is very awe inspiring. It presents the Aztecs as very hard working native civilization. One can only imagine how much physical effort they must have put in.
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. In central America the Maya built massive temples, sustained large populations, and constructed a complex and long-lasting civilization with a written language, advanced mathematics, and stunningly accurate calendars
The Maya civilization was filled with smart and witty human population. Their architecture and sharpness in math and physics is world known.
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Mercenaries joined the conquest and raced to capture the human and material wealth of the New World.
The above statement elicits that the Native Americans were thought of as mere worthless creatures who could be used as pleased by the Spaniards.
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three crops in particular–corn, beans, and squash, the so-called “three sisters”–provided nutritional needs necessary to sustain cities and civilizations.
The important crops but, were there any others that they planted for?
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. But native populations adapted: they fished, hunted small mammals, and gathered nuts and berries. Native peoples spread across North America
Reasons why people evolved to who they are now as people.
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Montezuma was killed along with a third of Cortes’s men in la noche triste, the “night of sorrows.”
Was this the man whom some one burned his feet?
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Pigs ran rampant through the Americas, transforming the landscape as the spread throughout both continents.
How did the pigs running wild through the American lands transform the landscape?
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After two years of conflict, a million-person strong empire was toppled by disease, dissension, and a thousand European conquerors.
When society goes, it goes fast.
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But without the rich gold and silver mines of Mexico, the plantation-friendly climate of the Caribbean, or the exploitive potential of large Indian empires, North America offered little incentive for Spanish officials.
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cias.rit.edu cias.rit.edu
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As time went on, the wife became pregnant. Her and her husband were very, very happy.
This couple sounds like Adam and Eve. How Eve had the fruit from the forbidden tree and how Eve and Adam were sent to the water world as a punishment.
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clpccd.blackboard.com clpccd.blackboard.com
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- According to King Afonso, what have been the detrimental effects of the Portuguese presence in his kingdom?
- The Portuguese imports, by bringing them in and setting up shops with the goods that are prohibited it is causing the Kongolese people to not comply with the laws.
- What steps has he taken to deal with the problems caused by the Portuguese?
- They passed a law that states if a white man wishes to purchase goods they first must notify 3 noblemen as to their intentions.
- Why is he appealing directly to the Portuguese king for aid? *I believe that since this King has modeled himself after the Portuguese kingdom and imitating their royal court that he felt like a peer to the Portuguese king and could ask for assistance, especially since the king of Portuguese had written him previously stating that if they ever needed anything, they had only to ask.
- Does King Afonso see the Portuguese presence in his kingdom as a right or a privilege?
- I think he sees them as a privilege.
- How does King Afonso distinguish legitimate and illegitimate trade in slaves?
- King Alfonso seems to distinguish the legitimate and illegitimate by the noblemen and sons of noblemen and relatives as the illegitimate slaves.
- What elements of Portuguese culture does he welcome? Why?
- Alfonso seems to welcome the Catholic church from the culture since they believe that they are saved if the die.
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www.swarthmore.edu www.swarthmore.edu
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The milk in the breasts of the women with infants dried up and thus in a short while the infants perished.
Wow, how sad to have to go through that.
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Spaniards who immediately behaved like ravening wild beasts, wolves, tigers, or lions that had been starved for many days.
criminals, a way of jail in a sense they starved.
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not only stabbing them and dismembering them but cutting them to pieces as if dealing with sheep in the slaughter house.
I really do not understand their need to dismember their victims
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But I should not say "than beasts" for, thanks be to God, they have treated beasts with some respect;
They treated the animals with more respect than the did the slaves because they were harder to replace.
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www.gateway-africa.com www.gateway-africa.com
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Were there any study questions for this story ?
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- Aug 2015
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Native Americans lacked the immunities that Europeans and Africans had developed over centuries of deadly epidemic
How many decades had to go by before Latin America's immunological system could fight against those diseases?
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Men typically hunted and women typically gathered and prepared wild foods. Rich and diverse diets fueled massive population growth across the continent.
Which is already known thats how things go with a man and a woman. The growth has been massive and things have became bigger through out the world is with the foods. Foods is what fuel us, and adapt us to this world.
history7
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When crop yields began to decline, farmers would simply move to another field and allow the land to recover and the forest to regrow before they would again cut the forest, burn the undergrowth, and restart the cycle
By moving to field to field when you are done with one to let the the one you just used to re grow is how the crop would stay and be able to have it and be able to be smart about the crop grow.
History7
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Portuguese established forts along the Atlantic coast of Africa during the fifteenth century, inaugurating centuries of European colonization there
The Portuguese empire made a very important role in colonization.
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Native Americans lacked the immunities that Europeans and Africans had developed over centuries of deadly epidemics and so when Europeans arrived, carrying smallpox, typhus, influenza, diphtheria, measles, and hepatitis, plagues decimated native communities. Death rates tended to be highest near European communities who traveled with children, as children tended to carry the deadliest diseases.9 Many died in war and slavery, but millions died in epidemics. All told, in fact, some scholars estimate that as much as 90 percent of the population of the Americas perished within the first century and a half of European contact
Disease is destroying millions, but how long did it take for less and less to die from these diseases?
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By presuming the natives had no humanity, the Spaniards utterly abandoned theirs.
Why was it always presumed that slaves, Indians and Black people alike, had no humanity?
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Native cultures understood ancestry as matrilineal: family and clan identity proceeded along the female line, through mothers and daughters, rather than fathers and sons.
This is a wonderful example of how some cultures can be so different and still thrive.
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One single building, Pueblo Bonito, stretched over two acres and rose five stories.
Is this building still standing today? Can you go and see it?
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Cahokia experienced what one archeologist has called a “big bang” around the year 1050 that included “a virtually instantaneous and pervasive shift in all things political, social, and ideological.”4
What was the catalyst of this "big bang?"
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“They are very gentle and without knowledge of what is evil; nor the sins of murder or theft,
This shows proof that native american's do not want any conflict with anyone who enters their land from the statment that Columbus said.
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www.gateway-africa.com www.gateway-africa.com
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Obatala, another god, reflected upon this situation, then went to Olorun for permission to create dry land for all kinds of living creatures to inhabit.
This verse states that the God of Earth is Obatala.
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When Obatala returned to his home in the sky for a visit, Olokun summoned the great waves of her vast oceans and sent them surging across the land.
Why did she wait for the return of Obatala to unleash her fury? Obatala was a God, right?
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He was given permission, so he sought advice from Orunmila, oldest son of Olorun and the god of prophecy.
This shows intelligence, looking for wisdom in others before performing a task.
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The new people built huts as Obatala had done, and soon Ife prospered and became a city
The beginning.
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This story talks about how Chief god Olorun ruled everything that was above the sky and beyond. Olokun was in charge of everything that was below it. Olorun asked for permission from Obatala for some changes to be made. This story has to do with creating the world like The first book of Moses " Gensis 1".
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cias.rit.edu cias.rit.edu
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Everyday she had something new that she had to have. These were the results of being pregnant and carrying her child.
When I was pregnant I had odd cravings too, but come on, you don't get everything you want. Humanity is shown as quite greedy here.
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So pretty soon, the otter decided he said, “ I think there is some dirt or mud way, way down at the bottom of the ocean. IF we brought up some of that mud, perhaps we could put it on turtle’s back and perhaps this creature from the sky world could live and sustain herself on the back of turtle.”
Help thy neighbor.
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In the sky world, there were beautiful, beautiful trees and wonderful plants with bright colors and delicious fruits to be eaten.
Sounds as if they are describing Heaven
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they flew underneath her and sure enough they caught her
Shows you are never alone in any situation, nature is something important to us too.
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www.bartleby.com www.bartleby.com
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And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.
God separated the Earth from Heaven into 2 kingdoms
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And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
Circle of life was forming for the best that God could make it
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And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
God felt like after he created one species of animals he was determined to make bigger and better ones for the circle of life.
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