eLife Assessment

This study addresses an important gap in drug discovery by delivering a rigorous, large-scale evaluation of widely used co-folding methods for predicting ligand-bound protein complexes and virtual screening. A key strength is the comprehensive benchmarking framework, which leverages structures and chemical compounds that were absent from the AI models training set, thereby providing particularly compelling and unbiased evidence of co-folding performance. The findings clearly delineate the complementary roles of deep learning-based co-folding and physics-based docking, offering practical guidance for their rational integration into drug discovery workflows. Overall, the conclusions are well supported by thorough analyses across a representative set of cases.

eLife Assessment

This is an important study addressing a debated question in brain repair research by testing whether NeuroD1 can convert brain immune cells into nerve cells using a virus-free genetic approach and live imaging. The compelling evidence presented here supports that, under the conditions tested, NeuroD1-expressing cells do not become nerve cells and instead retain their original identity. This work will be of interest to neuro-immunologists.

eLife Assessment

This study characterises the heterogeneity and developmental origins of macrophages in the thymus and demonstrates a role for Csf1r-expressing myeloid cells in the first step of T cell development. The state-of-the-art experiments provide convincing evidence, and the assessors concerns were addressed in the revised submission. These results provide an important advance that furthers our understanding of thymus biology, especially in view of the contribution of heterogenous thymic macrophage subpopulations.

eLife Assessment

AIRE has been well known to contribute to immune self-tolerance in the thymus by expressing auto-antigens. In this manuscript, the authors describe unexpected findings about the interaction of AIRE with AID in B cells, and its function in the immune system, thereby contributing to a fundamental understanding of the broader functions of AIRE. The strength of this manuscript is that, by employing biochemical and genetic experiments, the authors convincingly show interaction between AIRE and AID and subsequent AIRE's function in the GC responses.

eLife Assessment

The manuscript is important in that it has the potential to advance our understanding of how liver regeneration is orchestrated after injury of pericentral hepatocytes, which are a target of many drugs and toxins. The findings are solid and suggest that midlobular hepatocytes are protected from toxin-induced injury by a genetic program delaying proliferation to prevent cell death. The effects of individual actors in the proposed program are convincingly shown but whether they act in concert and whether cell cycle arrest is indeed the protective mechanism remains to be determined.

eLife Assessment

The work provides a valuable analytical and technical framework for relating spatial microRNA patterns to therapeutic response and features of the tumor immune environment in a BRCA1-associated model of triple-negative breast cancer. The evidence supporting the main conclusions is solid, although additional validation and statistical analyses would strengthen claims regarding biomarker performance and the specific contribution of spatial measurements.

eLife Assessment

This Review Article provides a comprehensive overview of whole-brain activity changes induced by brain stimulation and effectively summarizes the current state of the field. However, the integrative framework spanning spatial and mechanistic scales, which is presented in the discussion, should be introduced earlier to guide the reader. A more cohesive conceptual framework throughout the manuscript would improve the synthesis of the literature and enhance accessibility.

eLife Assessment

This study presents an important finding regarding the role of oxytocin neurons in thermogenesis and behavioral thermoregulation. The use of numerous converging methods, including behavior, fiber photometry, optogenetics, thermal recordings, metabolic analyses, and more, produces a multi-dimensional dataset delivering findings that provide solid support for the conclusions. The conclusions could be further strengthen by more extensive analyses of behavior and determining whether it is the release of oxytocin (rather than co-release of glutamate) from the PVN that is critical for the transition between behavioral states, nevertheless, the manuscript had many strengths, the findings are novel, and this work opens new doors for understanding the role of the PVT in thermoregulation. This work will be of strong interest to the thermoregulation, social behavior, and oxytocin signaling communities.

eLife Assessment

The manuscript presents a primary important finding, namely that microbial riboflavin-derived MR1 ligands are pharmacological activators of human MAIT cells and that MR1 ligand stimulation enhances MAIT-mediated tumor killing across multiple tumor models. While the evidence presented is generally solid, there are some limitations of the in vitro and in vivo models used, as well as some overstatements about the broader applicability of the research, which should be revised.

eLife Assessment

This study shows that partial cone photoreceptor loss induces pathway-specific circuit remodeling in the mouse retina, with alpha OFF-sustained and OFF-transient retinal ganglion cells adapting differently through changes in their pre- and postsynaptic circuits. The results are valuable because they provide a key understanding of the diversity of circuit remodeling in retinal degeneration. The data are convincing, although clearer reporting of the numbers of independent animals and retinas, a more rigorous distinction between compensation and circuit change, and discussion of the functional consequences would strengthen the mechanistic insights.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a useful finding on using diverse experimental systems to understand how neuromodulatory signals shape glial inflammatory signaling; however, the strength of evidence is inadequate. The astrocyte-enrichment method used may permit contamination by microglia, oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, or neurons, complicating attribution of TNF expression specifically to astrocytes. This concern is compounded by the strong microglial response to Gi manipulation and the lack of quantitative validation of chemogenetic cell-type specificity in vivo. These weaknesses have hindered further evaluation of the claims.

eLife Assessment

This important study shows that neural responses to visual input during active vision are more closely aligned with self-generated eye movements than with fixation onset. The evidence for neural responses being more aligned to saccade-related events than fixation-related events is convincing, but the evidence for the more novel finding that neural responses are most closely aligned to peak saccade curvature is currently incomplete. This work will be of interest to visual perception and sensory processing researchers.

eLife Assessment

This is a valuable manuscript that leverages information already being collected in mosquito surveillance, but that is currently discarded, building on ideas developed during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The work is rigorous, involving ample data from real-world surveillance, independent laboratory testing, and simulation modeling to validate the inference method. The evidence is solid for demonstrating feasibility and biological plausibility.

eLife Assessment

This work makes an important contribution to understanding the role of calreticulin and the Del52 variant in calcium homeostasis in cells based on convincing evidence. There was some question as to whether the work in vitro fully recapitulated the physiological setting in which the homozygous Del52 variant has been reported to have defects in calcium homeostasis. Nonetheless, the studies are well performed using appropriate methods to address these questions and make an important contribution to the understanding of calreticulin, and the Del52 variant, function in health and disease.

eLife Assessment

The work presented represents important new evidence linking the cascade of neural processes triggered by memory-based prediction errors. The study uses an impressive collection of approaches and methods to characterize and measure cognitive control, arousal, and memory changes as a function of memory-based violations. The analyses are technically sophisticated and rigorous and, taken together, provide solid evidence that there are multiple processes accompanying prediction errors, and that they differentially relate to successful encoding.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript presents an important and timely contribution by incorporating desolvation barriers into coarse-grained models of biomolecular condensates. The findings are convincing, supported by a clear physical model and systematic simulations showing effects on phase behavior, packing, and dynamics. Some clarification and broader context would improve the manuscript, but it provides a foundation that will be of use for developing more realistic coarse-grained interaction schemes.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable perspective on platelet-mediated fibrin compaction, proposing that fibrin fibers undergo "winding" or coiling, a concept with potential relevance for thrombosis and clot mechanics. While the revised manuscript has improved substantially, with clearer presentation, appropriately softened language, and high-quality experimental data, direct evidence for a causal link between cytoskeletal swirling and fibrin winding/compaction is still incomplete; in particular, the actomyosin dependence and rotational fiber movements are consistent with the proposed model but do not exclude alternative mechanisms. The winding/swirl mechanism should therefore be viewed as a hypothesis supported by the observations rather than a mechanism directly demonstrated by the experiments. With this qualification, the evidence is solid and support the main conclusions.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study examines how the rodent prelimbic cortex represents learned and generalized threat over time and identifies distinct stable and dynamic neuronal populations that contribute to these representations. The evidence is convincing, supported by longitudinal calcium imaging, appropriate control groups, and sophisticated analyses showing that the relevant neural signals cannot be explained simply by freezing behavior. The work provides a conceptual framework for understanding how stable threat-related representations supporting memory generalization and discrimination can be maintained despite ongoing changes in neuronal ensemble composition.

eLife Assessment

This is a valuable study on the electrophysiological and computational underpinnings of the accumulation of intermittent glimpses of sensory evidence for decisions. The authors present convincing EEG and behavioural evidence to support their claims. The work will be of interest to cognitive and systems neuroscientists working on decision-making.

eLife Assessment

This important study measures the development of hearing in the zebra finch and shows that two-day-old hatchlings have no detectable electrophysiological response to 95 dB SPL clicks. Because this stimulus carries energy across a broad range of sound frequencies and is some 60 dB louder than faint, high-pitched parental calls, the findings challenge prior proposals that such calls serve as a channel for heat-dependent prenatal developmental programming. Two reviewers found the evidence on the absence of auditory responses convincing, supported by auditory brainstem recordings using validated methods with appropriate controls and by a separate laser vibrometry experiment ruling out detection through egg vibration. A third reviewer disputed these findings and questioned whether absent physiological markers of hearing definitively establish deafness. On the evidence presented, embryonic hearing is unlikely to mediate the developmental effects reported for heat whistle playback. Whether those effects reflect some other pathway or require re-interrogation of the behavioral phenomenon is now the open question, alongside a need for auditory measurements more sensitive than the auditory brainstem response.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript presents important work on macrostructure formation in a freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium, focusing on its ability to aggregate and buckle. The authors employ a wide range of experiments and approaches, including time-lapse imaging and 3D theoretical modelling, to establish the physical dynamics of filaments, such as gliding motility and buckling. They demonstrate that, in addition to gliding motility, filament length and flexibility are essential for the ability of cyanobacteria to capture particles and form aggregates. Overall, the study provides convincing evidence and advances our understanding of the role of microbial motility in the environment. It will be of broad interest to biophysicists and environmental microbiologists.

eLife Assessment

This study presents valuable findings regarding the role of the P2X7 receptor in retinoic acid signaling-mediated retinal remodeling following photoreceptor degeneration. However, the evidence supporting the main conclusions is currently incomplete, as key comparisons are confounded by differences in genetic background, and the cellular source of receptor expression is not sufficiently resolved. While the work offers mechanistic insights of interest to researchers studying retinal degeneration, additional experimental controls are needed to fully support the authors' claims.

eLife Assessment

This important work considerably advances our understanding of the nature of ongoing thought across individuals and across task contexts. Using a combination of fMRI brain data and experience sampling, they find that activation of the MDN leads to greater stability of deliberate task-focused thoughts during task performance. The evidence supporting the claims is convincing and both analytically strong and creative, offering a novel approach to capture thought stability and its relationship to independent brain maps. The findings will be of broad interest to cognitive scientists and neuroimagers.

eLife Assessment

This important study presents compelling evidence for dopamine-based representation learning in the mouse olfactory tubercle. While this work suggests that gradient descent in deep networks serves as a helpful framework for understanding neural representations, the empirical evidence provided remains incomplete. Nonetheless, this work will be of significant interest to systems and computational neuroscientists, cognitive scientists, and machine learning theorists.

eLife Assessment

This revised submission remains a valuable contribution to influenza surveillance. After further addressing a previously highlighted methodological issue, the claims of providing an early warning tool aligns more with the reported study results and is a solid addition to the evidence base.

eLife Assessment

This important study compares how different classes of drugs act on the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, a key antiviral target, and shows that many of them work by controlling whether the enzyme assembles into its active dimeric form. The evidence, based on a range of complementary biophysical methods, is convincing and points to the interface between the two protein protomers, including a newly found binding site, as a promising target for broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. This work will be of interest to biochemists and virologists working on treatments for coronaviruses.

eLife Assessment

This study presents important findings that genome-wide DNA double-strand breaks trigger large-scale genomic amplification (DIGA), which does not require origin re-licensing, but is dependent on some proteins that are involved in break-induced replication (BIR). While the findings and model are compelling, the evidence supporting the claims is largely incomplete, as it depends primarily on a single assay to examine amplification. This work will be of interest to scientists in the DNA repair, replication, and cell cycle fields, as well as cancer biologists.

eLife Assessment

This valuable paper by Dong et al. describes an analysis of mutant phenotypes of the Rab GTPases Rab5, Rab7 and Rab11 in Drosophila second order olfactory neuron development. The revised version presents a convincing characterization and comparison of the different rab mutants on projection neuron development, with clear differences for the three rabs and by inference for the early, late and recycling endosomal functions executed by each.

eLife Assessment

This fundamental study delivers a population reference panel for long-read sequencing-based structural variants and demonstrates its utility for disease association analyses in the UK Biobank, expanding genetic discovery beyond conventional SNV-based approaches. The authors provide convincing evidence through extensive benchmarking and systematic analyses that the panel improves structural variant detection and can support fine-mapping of trait associations. The broader impact will depend on timely access to the imputed UK Biobank resource, or on provision of a practical, reproducible pipeline and associated summary statistics.

eLife Assessment

Muenker and colleagues use an optical tweezer setup to apply oscillatory forces to endocytosed/phagocytosed glass beads over a wide frequency range (from ~1 to 1000 Hz) and probe cytoplasmic material properties at multiple time scales in six different cell types. Using statistical methods and principal component analysis, they find that the active and passive mechanical properties of cells can be described by 6 parameters (from power law fits) that allow characterizing the viscous and elastic nature of the cytoplasmic material as well as an effective active energy driven by cellular metabolism. Overall, this is a very well done and important work, using compelling and state-of-the-art methods.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study reports a series of artificial-selection experiments for microbiomes associated with improved drought performance in rice. A major strength is the solid experimental design using multiple starting soil communities, which can guide others in designing related experiments. While interpretation of the results is constrained by inadvertent microbial dispersal between samples, the limited effectiveness of the sterile controls and the absence of healthy well-watered plants, the work nevertheless provides a helpful proof of concept for host-mediated microbiome selection, identifying candidate taxa, functions and simplified communities for downstream study. As a first step towards microbiome engineering in this area, it will be of particular interest to colleagues working in plant-microbiome interactions, microbial community selection and microbiome design.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study combines experiments and theory to investigate the role of spontaneous correlated activity in establishing aligned topographic maps of neural activity in higher-order sensory areas and will be of interest to researchers studying multisensory integration and brain development. The revised work presents solid evidence that spontaneous activity is correlated and spatially organized across the relevant cortical areas and that, in a computational model, an intermediate level of such correlation can refine a coarse initial connectivity scaffold into aligned maps containing neurons responsive to one or both sensory modalities.

eLife Assessment

This study in the Drosophila antennal lobe, which contains multiple non-equivalent sensory channels, provides valuable new insight into how early-life sensory experience can produce lasting, cell-type-specific changes in neural circuit function. The work demonstrates that glial-mediated pruning during a defined developmental window leads to persistent suppression of odor responses in one olfactory neuron type, while sparing another. The evidence is convincing and supported by multiple complementary approaches, although some mechanistic interpretations remain speculative and would benefit from additional functional testing.

eLife Assessment

This is an important study that provides evidence that GATA6-dependent programming of peritoneal macrophages helps to regulate lipid metabolism and influences eosinophil survival. The evidence linking GATA6 deficiency to altered lipid profiles and eosinophil accumulation is solid, although the proposed mechanistic pathway connecting sphingolipid remodelling, LTE4 production and eosinophil survival currently remains incomplete. Strengthening these links and/or appropriately calming the conclusions would help to increase the impact of the study.

eLife Assessment

Avoidance of UV and blue light by the nematode C. elegans is mediated by the unusual transmembrane protein LITE-1, a non-canonical photoreceptor. In this valuable work, the authors report the surprising finding that LITE-1 function is also required for avoidance of very high concentrations of the food-associated odorant diacetyl. Although no molecular evidence is provided, the paper reports convincing studies indicating that LITE-1 can serve as a chemoreceptor for very high concentrations of diacetyl, adding an unexpected layer of complexity to the function of this unusual protein.

eLife Assessment

This study provides a valuable contribution to our understanding of the neural basis of perceptual decision-making by jointly modeling behavioral outcomes and EEG signals in a contrast comparison task. The methods and analyses are solid, systematically comparing standard models assuming continuous evidence accumulation with models that track evidence without temporal integration (extrema detection). The authors show that behavior and neural signals are equally consistent with both alternatives, highlighting limitations in current modeling approaches and questioning the generality of evidence accumulation mechanisms.

eLife Assessment

This fundamental study, supported by convincing evidence, identifies the specific neuronal components that enable HIF-1 signaling in specific serotonergic neurons to regulate effectors in peripheral tissues. Specifically, stabilizing HIF-1 in ADF and NSM serotonergic neurons is sufficient to extend lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans, and these physiological benefits require several oxygen-sensing neurons, as well as neurotransmitters (GABA and tyramine), and a neuropeptide (NLP-17). The strengths of the study include rigorous experimental design, high quality data, the use of multiple genetic tools, and functional dissection using the well-validated C. elegans model.

eLife Assessment

This important study combines anatomical tracing, tissue clearing, and functional manipulations to demonstrate lateralized brainstem control of hepatic glucose metabolism and identify a site of sympathetic nerve crossover supplying the liver. The evidence supporting the anatomical organization of hepatic sympathetic innervation is compelling, and the functional studies provide solid support for a role of asymmetric sympathetic outflow in regulating glucose homeostasis. While some uncertainty remains regarding the contribution of sensory innervation and the extent to which these findings generalize beyond mice, the work provides an invaluable advance in understanding neural regulation of liver metabolism.

eLife Assessment

This important study links blood-derived dietary content to sustained increases in sleep in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Using multiple independent approaches, the authors provide convincing evidence for blood-induced changes in sleep. These findings have broad implications for understanding how specialized diets regulate sleep across species and for mosquito vector biology.

eLife Assessment

This important study demonstrates how individual taste preferences change over time, how these changes are reflected in cortical activity, and how sensory experience contributes to reshaping both. The evidence is convincing and broadly supports the main conclusions. The findings should be of interest to neuroscientists studying sensory processing and cortical plasticity.

eLife Assessment

This useful study introduces MULTI i2, a robust and high-throughput method to measure Plasmodium falciparum viability in the presence of drugs. This new assay has the premise to offer significant time and cost savings over the traditional Parasite Reduction Rate (PRR) assay and should enable faster screening of drug combinations, which is urgently needed in the field. The assay is well validated, with convincing data showing it can reproduce known drug interactions and identify new interaction patterns, but the study falls short of demonstrating broad applicability.

eLife Assessment

This study reports a novel function for syntaxin 11, a specialized SNARE protein critical for the immune system whose mutations cause familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 4. The data convincingly show that depletion of STX11 impairs store-operated calcium entry in Jurkat T cells and that this defect is recapitulated in primary cells from a patient suffering from the disease; the authors further show that the syntaxin interacts with the pore subunit of the ORAI1 channel and propose that it primes the channel by promoting the assembly of multimers before activation by its endogenous ligand, the ER Ca2+ sensing protein STIM1. This is a conceptually important claim that challenges the prevailing view that all structural transitions in ORAI1 are STIM-driven. The high-quality data strongly support the interpretations, but the discussion would be strengthened if the authors suggest alternative mechanisms and mention earlier studies reporting ORAI1 regulation by vesicular trafficking.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study provides insights into the role of steroid signaling during tumorigenesis in the adult male drosophila accessory gland (functional equivalent of the prostate gland in mammals), hinting at a possible counterintuitive anti-tumoral role of sex hormones during prostate cancer in certain patients. While the Drosophila model provides an elegant way to study the hypothesis derived from the Cancer Atlas analysis, the analyses of public prostate cancer expression data are incomplete and critical knowledge on patients' treatment modalities and normalization across different datasets is missing. This work would be of interest to prostate cancer researchers as it suggests that the absence of androgen receptor signaling in humans could constitute a mechanism promoting tumor escape.

eLife Assessment

In this solid work, Fukui et al. re-examined the ATP hydrolysis mechanism in GHKL ATPases, revealing a cooperative role for two conserved acidic residues rather than a single one. This valuable study used a range of biochemical and structural techniques on various mutants from different members of the GHKL ATPase family to test and validate their proposed mechanism. An updated and extended mechanistic model of ATP hydrolysis by this class of enzymes is proposed.

eLife Assessment

This work provides important findings that reveal a mechanistic model of how VDAC2 influences BAX activation in mitochondria during BAX-mediated apoptosis. The experimentally supported model is convincing, with several experiments strengthening its validity. Major strengths include the complementary biochemical, biophysical, structural, and computational approaches, as well as the study's broad relevance.

eLife Assessment

This paper provides a useful assessment of the role of macrophages in the development of functional paw withdrawal, which is a feature in the mouse model of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIND). The authors suggest a role for E-selectin as a critical molecule promoting VIPN, acting via immune cell recruitment and inflammasome-mediated signalling; however, their data on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo remains somewhat incomplete. This study will be of interest for immunologists.

eLife Assessment

This important study examines the dynamics of late endosomes and lysosomes (LEL) in cultured astrocytes, leading to a model of how synaptic activity might regulate astrocytic specializations surrounding synapses via the lysosomal calcium channel TRPML1, LEL motility, and proteins involved in regulating actin-membrane association. The experimental work is convincing, including appropriate controls and combining different tools (multiple markers, pharmacology, genetic knock-downs) to test each conclusion, although issues with the specificity of some of the drugs or confounding factors arising from genetic knock-downs limit the strength of some conclusions. Dysfunction in glia-neuron crosstalk as well as lysosomal dysfunction are increasingly recognized as highly relevant for neurodegenerative disease development, so this manuscript will be of interest to the wider neuroscience community, as well as scientists interested in the cell biology of astrocytes and lysosomes.

eLife Assessment

This study provides a useful advance in generating mouse oligodendrocytes by direct lineage conversion from cortical astrocytes. The authors demonstrate that Sox10 converts astrocytes to MBP+ oligodendrocytes, whereas Olig2 expression converts astrocytes to PDFRalpha+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. The data supporting the conclusions are convincing with comprehensive transcriptomic analysis.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a useful database resource containing protein conformations generated through molecular dynamics simulations, with extensive quality evaluation and benchmarking. While the database is well-constructed and professionally organized, the evidence supporting its claimed representation of protein conformational landscapes is incomplete, as the short simulation times and starting structure bias prevent true Boltzmann sampling of the conformational space.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study investigates communication from the anterior cingulate cortex to the hippocampus during learning. The optogenetic evidence supporting the functional connection including the interneurons likely to be involved, is convincing. However, the evidence linking this pathway to learning and memory and certain aspects of the statistical interpretation remain limited. Overall, the work will be of interest to neuroscientists studying cortical-hippocampal interactions and learning and memory.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study uses EEG and computational modeling to investigate hemispheric oscillatory asymmetries in unilateral spatial neglect. The work benefits from rare patient data and a careful multimethod approach. The study manuscript provides convincing evidence contributing to our understanding of the neural dynamics underlying spatial neglect.

eLife Assessment

The study presents a valuable conceptual framework by classifying pattern-forming gene subnetworks into three established categories. By meticulously enumerating and simulating various network topologies, the authors provide a systematic catalog of these patterning motifs. However, the supporting evidence remains incomplete, as the mathematical generalizations rely on simplified assumptions that may not hold in more complex or realistic scenarios.

eLife Assessment

This important study uses a combination of experimental and modeling approaches to investigate the role of actomyosin in epithelial invagination during Ciona siphon tube morphogenesis. Several types of convincing quantitative analyses and modeling approaches are presented that support a model in which bidirectional relocation of actomyosin drives invagination. Since epithelial invagination contributes to the morphogenesis of many developing organs, this work has the potential to appeal to both cell biologists and developmental biologists.

eLife Assessment

The main contribution of this potentially useful manuscript is a standardized comparative MRI resource covering multiple avian clades, complemented by histological cross-validation and diffusion-based connectivity analyses. Such a resource could significantly enhance accessibility to internal avian brain anatomy for evolutionary neurobiology. Its central claim that avian brain compartments exhibit modular diversification aligns with the existing literature. However, uncertainties regarding data availability, concerns with the tractography pipeline, and insufficient recognition of prior work lead to the conclusion that the methods, data, and analyses are incomplete.

eLife Assessment

This work has much novelty, supportive data, and the potential for changing thinking about melanoma biology with the discovery of MRGPRX4 as a relatively melanoma-specific G protein-coupled receptor. MRGPRX4 is normally restricted to peripheral sensory neurons, but it is aberrantly expressed in human melanomas; melanomas with neural-crest-like/invasive features were most likely affected. When ectopically expressed in murine melanocytes, MRGPRX4 drives melanoma development with metastasis; the mechanism appears to involve ligand-independent receptor signaling. Overall, the text presents this as a novel model of oncogenesis driven by re-expression of a sensory GPCR - this is an important study with compelling data.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study reveals a role for lactylation in influenza polymerase function and virus replication. The evidence supporting the claims is solid, although the direct involvement of ATAT1 and SIRT1 in this modification and the functional relevance of the identified sites can be further substantiated. These findings will appeal broadly to influenza virologists studying polymerase regulation, as well as researchers investigating the functional roles of lactylation.

eLife Assessment

This important study shows that self-supervised pretraining on related fungal genomes can substantially improve sequence-to-expression prediction in budding yeast. The evidence for the main conclusion is convincing, with careful comparisons to models trained from random initialization and clear gains on held-out expression data. The broader claims about the optimal evolutionary scope and transfer of regulatory grammar are less fully supported.

eLife Assessment

This important study investigates how experimentally introducing two facultative bacterial endosymbionts into the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, affects aphid performance, dispersal, and damage to cereal host plants. The authors provide solid evidence that the two symbionts can generate contrasting phenotypes: Rickettsiella increases plant damage while reducing wing formation and dispersal, whereas Regiella reduces aphid population growth and feeding damage. The successful establishment and stable transmission of these novel symbiont-host associations, combined with experiments spanning individual, whole-plant, population and mesocosm scales, are notable strengths of the work; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unresolved, evidence for horizontal transmission is indirect, and some population-level conclusions rely on relatively small sample sizes or effects that are not consistently detected across time points, and therefore the potential application of these findings to pest management remains promising but speculative. The study will be of broad interest to researchers working on insect symbiosis, plant-insect interactions, and biologically based approaches to pest management.

eLife Assessment

Using a range of complementary approaches, this study examines how type I and type II interferon (IFN) programs exert opposing effects on macrophage responses relevant to tuberculosis. The work addresses a key biological question and provides valuable mechanistic insights. However, the data to support several key conclusions is incomplete and requires further strengthening; in particular, the role of ferritin needs to be established more definitively, the TNF stimulation findings should be validated in the context of M. tuberculosis infection, and in vivo evidence is needed to support the proposed therapeutic strategy. Additionally, aspects of iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and the translatability of the findings between mouse and human macrophages would benefit from greater clarity and deeper mechanistic investigation.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study provides a proof of concept for the utility of transcriptomic methods to develop novel diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis. A comprehensive analysis using a suite of machine learning models provides convincing evidence for the use of mRNA biomarkers to distinguish between infected and disease-free animals. The analysis also provides major insights into both the levels of individual variation in expression between animals as well as systematic changes with respect to the time from infection.

eLife Assessment

In this fundamental manuscript, Richter et al. present a thorough anatomical characterization of the Drosophila melanogaster larval pharyngeal sensory system, which is involved in taste-guided behaviors.This study fills a major gap in the larval sensory map, providing a detailed neuroanatomical foundation for future investigations into sensory circuits and behavior. The exceptional data will significantly enrich the field of Drosophila neurobiology.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a potentially valuable approach to generate a systems vaccinology framework for enabling the design of optimized poxvirus-based MVA vaccines. The developed Boolean modelling framework provides a novel computational approach to predict immune response dynamics against vaccine candidates, which is validated against previously published data and used to test/predict the response for new genetically modified MVA vaccine candidates. However, the strength of evidence is currently incomplete, as key aspects of model construction, calibration, interpretation, validation, and reproducibility, as well as comparability of the used vaccine candidates, require further clarification and supporting information.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable finding on a potential new regulatory mechanism for cellular proliferation in the mammalian cochlea, taking advantage of the organoid-forming potential of cells from the greater epithelial ridge (GER), or Kolliker's organ, a transient structure in the developing cochlea. The authors highlight three potential regulators - galectin 1, galectin 3, and Myc - providing solid evidence for potential roles in modulating the proliferation of cochlear GER cells using gene expression studies, single-cell profiling, pharmacological inhibition, and genetic overexpression both in vitro and in vivo. However, some of the analyses and interpretations are incomplete, and a better understanding of how the compounds and the gene overexpression studies affect the cells and modulate cell survival/death would aid a fuller interpretation of the data.

eLife Assessment

This is an important study that uses a tripartite transdiagnostic framework to separate depression-specific, anxiety-specific, and shared psychopathology dimensions and relate them to mood variability and mood reactivity to reward prediction errors across several large non-clinical cohorts and a clinical sample. The evidence is compelling: large samples, a well-characterised gambling task, rigorous computational and psychometric analyses (i.e., split-half replication of the factor structure, convergent results with non-orthogonalised factors, an explicitly specified risk-attitude model, diagnostic breakdown and power analyses for the clinical cohort) and replication of the depression-specific blunting of reward prediction error sensitivity in patients. Anxiety-specific associations emerge reliably only when data are pooled and are likely underpowered clinically given co-morbid anxious depression, a constraint the authors now state explicitly. The work advances a mechanistic account of how distinct symptom dimensions shape reward-based mood updating.

eLife Assessment

This important study reports that Sox17 is key to the formation and function of the Sertoli valve, a transition region between the rete testis and seminiferous tubules that remains an understudied domain of testicular biology. The supporting data are convincing. This work will be of interest to developmental and reproductive biologists, as well as andrologists who work on male fertility and men's health.

eLife Assessment

The results of this study are important and the approach to dissect the developmental contribution of RIF1 function is convincing. The finding that replication timing and gene expression may be independently controlled is intriguing and provides a strong foundation for future research. The work will be of interest for researchers both in the transcription and the replication field, especially for scientists investigating the interplay between the two processes.

eLife Assessment

In this manuscript, the authors analyse the nanoscale localisation of α5β1 and αVβ3 integrins in integrin adhesion complexes (IAC) by dual-colour STORM and DNA-Paint and assess the spatial organisation at the nano and mesoscale of their main adaptors (paxillin, talin and vinculin). This is an important work that provides detailed analyses that reveal how elements of these complex structures are really organised at the nanoscale, an essential perspective for a better understanding of how IACs function and regulate mechanotransduction processes. The evidence presented is convincing, using complementary super-resolution imaging techniques and subsequent computational modelling that enabled a quantitative assessment of the resulting data.

eLife Assessment

This important study compares how different classes of drugs act on the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, a key antiviral target, and shows that many of them work by controlling whether the enzyme assembles into its active dimeric form. The evidence, based on a range of complementary biophysical methods, is convincing and points to the interface between the two protein protomers, including a newly found binding site, as a promising target for broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. This work will be of interest to biochemists and virologists working on treatments for coronaviruses.

eLife Assessment

This is a fundamental study on the sensory roles of cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) in mammals, revealing how the apical extension is used as an amplifier of chemical changes in content of the CSF. Specifically, the authors show compelling evidence that PKD2L1 is predominantly a pH-sensing channel in CSF-cNs and link its apical localization to dual phasic and sustained responses underlying CSF chemosensation.

eLife Assessment

This important study reports that neural activity in the auditory cortex (field L) of singing male zebra finches can be modulated by the presence of a female conspecific. These findings extend recent work showing that the activity of dopaminergic neurons in songbirds is also affected by an audience. Solid evidence is presented for the importance of singing context in modulating auditory processing during vocal production, but the study does not yet fully establish that these effects arise specifically from audience-dependent modulation of auditory feedback, as opposed to possible acoustic, temporal, or recording-related confounds. This work should be of interest to researchers studying the context dependence of sensory processing, the role of auditory feedback, and vocal communication during courtship behavior.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides mechanistic evidence for how the tea-adapted Kanzawa spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai, overcomes the catechin-based defenses of green tea plants. The work identifies the horizontally transferred dioxygenase DOG15 as a key contributor to host adaptation and supports a two-step model involving evolutionary modification of enzyme activity together with strong inducible upregulation upon feeding on tea. The evidence is convincing because comparative behavioral and toxicological assays, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, RNAi-mediated functional validation, and recombinant enzyme assays converge to link DOG15 activity and expression with improved performance on tea. The revised manuscript appropriately acknowledges that the products of catechin cleavage have not yet been characterized and that additional detoxification pathways may contribute to tea adaptation, providing a balanced interpretation of the otherwise strong mechanistic evidence.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study presents a real-time system for identifying multiple unrestrained marmosets in a home cage setting using a combination of facial features and color-coded beads. While there is solid evidence that the system has a precision comparable to human experimenters in the tested scenarios, there is limited evidence that this would generalize to unconstrained multi-animal environments

eLife Assessment

This important study investigates how distinct honeybee viruses differentially alter flight performance through interactions with octopamine signaling pathways. The combination of behavioral flight assays, pharmacological perturbation, and transcriptomic analyses provides solid evidence that virus-specific effects on flight are associated with octopamine signaling. The data presented also establish a framework for additional analyses that may strengthen the proposed mechanistic model, including quantification of endogenous octopamine levels and receptor specificity studies.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript reports an important study in which the authors apply smFRET imaging to probe HIV-1 Env conformational dynamics in the presence of antibodies. Previous implementations of smFRET imaging of HIV-1 Env, which focus on gp120 conformation, have yielded limited information on antibodies that target gp41. Through the cutting-edge application of smFRET imaging, the study provides convincing insights into the mechanisms of action of relevant antibodies.

eLife Assessment

This important study investigates the role of Nav1.7 voltage-gated sodium channels in regulating excitability of human dorsal root ganglion (hDRG) neurons. The authors characterize a previously identified Nav1.7 channel inhibitor using recombinant channels and human neurons. The study convincingly shows that inhibition of Nav1.7 channels with AM-2099 causes a modest decrease in neuronal excitability and prolongs the refractory period. This work offers new insights into the mechanism of clinically relevant pharmacological targets for pain relief.

eLife Assessment

A computational model potentially provides important new insights into the circuit mechanisms underlying navigational control in insects. The authors compare high speed video recordings of ants with detailed predictions from a new computational model. The similarities between model and behavioral data are striking and convincingly suggest how complex behavioral motifs can emerge from a simple neural circuit.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study advances our understanding of habituation and related potentiation behavior in a single-celled organism, Stentor. The authors provide convincing evidence for their claims in the form of extensive data on habituation behavior. The work will be of interest to cell biologists, neuroscientists, and also scientists broadly interested in behavior in non-neural organisms.

eLife Assessment

This valuable work discusses the phylogenetic conservation of the hippocampal region and primary sensory cortical regions in mammalian species. The authors propose that species-specific differences in behavior and mnemonic functions may be due to differences in cortico-hippocampal connectivity patterns. However, the manuscript, in its present form, is speculative, and the strength of evidence for this proposition is incomplete.

[Editors’ note: the final version of this work has been published in the journal Hippocampus (https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.70119)]

eLife Assessment

In this study, electroencephalography was recorded during a binocular-rivalry paradigm in which participants viewed a target and a distractor stimulus. The stimuli were independently frequency-tagged, allowing the researchers to track target and distractor processing over time. The findings suggest that parietal alpha oscillations initially segregate competing inputs, followed by frontal theta activity associated with suppression of distractor representations. The significance of these findings is valuable, although the strength of the evidence remains incomplete, because of specific experiment design choices and methodological limitations.

eLife Assessment

This important study introduces a method, based on active control, for determining the functional connectivity between neurons or groups of neurons. While the theory is derived for a linear model with a perfectly observed control signal, the authors present compelling evidence that their method will work even when the system is nonlinear and the control signal is not fully observed. Furthermore, they provide a practical recipe for doing so.

eLife Assessment

This work presents a software and hardware suite for targeted photostimulation that can be used in vivo. The package is a well-designed and documented hardware/software suite with a comprehensive build guide. This tool will likely promote important neuroscience advances through targeted real-time perturbation of the cerebral cortex. Overall, this manuscript makes a compelling case on how to design and make available power tools for the research community.

eLife Assessment

Mechanical transduction channels of sensory hair cells possess lipid scramblase activity. Membrane lipid disruption resulting from mechanical transduction is thought to be restored by flippase activities. This fundamental study provides compelling evidence that ATP8B1, a P4-ATP flippase and its subunit TMEM30B, are key in mediating this restorative function in outer hair cells of the mammalian cochlea.

[Editors’ note, September 9, 2026: There is a potential confound with the findings shown in Figure 7 suggesting that specific targeting of ATP8B1 and TMEM30B subunits to the hair cell stereocilia is dependent on mechanoelectrical transduction channel activity. This does not affect the central findings or conclusions, but readers should be aware that a revised version of the paper is being prepared.]

eLife Assessment

This study used several approaches (computational modeling, neuronal cultures, rodent epilepsy model, and human intracranial recordings) to address a significant question in epilepsy research, with additional relevance to EEG studies more broadly: Are high frequency oscillations (or "fast ripples", defined as >200 Hz by the authors) distinct from randomly occurring clustering of spikes? The results suggest fast ripples can occur by chance and how this may occur. The significance was considered important and the strength of evidence convincing, with minor limitations related to the need to address behavioral state, explaining the results in relation to epileptiform activity described by others, and discussing implications.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study demonstrates molecular changes associated with age related impairment in oligodendrocyte differentiation and ability to myelinate. The identification of particular genes that are associated with this decline will provide potential future targets for therapeutic interventions. The reviewers felt that the quality of the evidence was convincing while identifying some minor weaknesses that were largely addressed in the review process.

eLife Assessment

This important work sets out to identify the neural substrates of associative fear responses in adult zebrafish. Through a compelling and innovative paradigm and analysis, the authors identify brain regions associated with individual differences in fear memory expression. While most findings are well supported, there is limited evidence that the four behavioral clusters represent discrete forms of associative fear-memory expression and the related interpretations would benefit from additional analysis or more cautious framing. Nonetheless, this study showcases the strength of zebrafish for systems-level neuroscience and will be of broad interest to the neuroscience community.

eLife Assessment

This study provides useful information for the Drosophila ageing community by characterising the auxin-based gene expression system (AGES) and identifying caveats associated with its use in adult flies. The authors provide solid evidence for sex-, age-, tissue- and dose-dependent variability in transgene induction, as well as effects of auxin feeding and AGES activation on stress resistance, metabolism, and lifespan. While the study would benefit from a broader characterisation of some of these limitations, the findings provide a helpful benchmark for researchers using AGES in ageing studies.

eLife Assessment

This important study integrates mouse genetics with sequencing, electrophysiological and behavioral tools to uncover the behavioral role and molecular profile of a developmentally defined subpopulation in the lateral septum. The data collected and analyzed are convincing, highlighting the role of this subpopulation in threat avoidance and stress, providing a framework by which developmental origin is linked to mature neuronal function. The work will be of interest to biologists and neuroscientists working on development and behavior.

eLife Assessment

This study examines how prefrontal population dynamics tune social behaviors, providing important findings that oxytocin receptor-expressing interneurons support sociosexual choice in female mice. The multidisciplinary evidence is convincing and could be strengthened by more comprehensive reporting of the methodology and a clearer distinction between inferential and directly tested insights from modelling. This work will be of interest to those interested in prefrontal cortex, oxytocin, and/or social behavior.

eLife Assessment

This important paper provides evidence that visual representations, as observed through drawing, preferentially preserve topological features over metric features. Across three experiments with different age groups and creative converging methods, they demonstrate that holes and T-junctions are relatively preserved as compared to topologically irrelevant L-junctions, and Euclidian features like length or precise angle. Together, these data provide convincing evidence for topology as an organizing principle for spatial representation, but the work would be strengthened by considering a broader range of topological features, or by ruling out alternative accounts, like preserved memory for complex features, motor production limitations, or noisy compression, that may produce a similar pattern without a topological prior.

eLife Assessment

This important study introduces a Bayesian method to determine bacterial counts that accounts for the experimental noise inherent to dilution and plating methods and distinguishes it from biological uncertainty. The evidence supporting the conclusions is compelling, combining simulated data and experimental data. The method will be of interest to microbial ecologists, and potentially to the broader community interested in inference from biological data, even more so if the domain of application and the limitations are further clarified.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study examines how the prelimbic cortex represents learned and generalized threat over time and identifies potentially distinct stable and dynamic subnetworks that may support these functions. The work is conceptually interesting and is strengthened by the longitudinal calcium imaging approach and the inclusion of key control groups. However, the evidence supporting the claims is incomplete, particularly because the interpretations regarding inference, time-dependent representational change, and the dissociation of neural activity from freezing behavior extend beyond what is currently established by the data.

eLife Assessment

This work provides a fundamental advance through a detailed, integrative analysis of how the tsetse fly feeds on blood, demonstrating that successful penetration depends on subtle structural adaptations rather than extreme forces or unusual anatomy. By combining high-resolution imaging, innovative biomechanical measurements, and experiments on artificial skin, the study offers complementary and compelling evidence, with clear data supporting a robust mechanistic interpretation. These findings have broad significance, as they clarify the biomechanics of vector feeding and have implications for the transmission of diseases such as African trypanosomiasis across diverse hosts.

eLife Assessment

This important work addresses a very relevant biological question: what is the cellular basis of wound healing? Using the Drosophila pupal notum as a model, the paper provides an elegant, thorough, descriptive characterization of syncytia-driven wound closure using state-of-the-art confocal live imaging of the pupal notum. The authors meticulously characterize the cell-cell fusion events during wound healing and inhibit cell fusion to show to that it is necessary to speed wound closure. This study provides convincing evidence that cell fusion allows actin resources at be partitioned to the leading edge.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study addresses the effects of selection for aggression on fitness and life-history trade-offs in Drosophila melanogaster. The evidence presented is overall solid, however, the data as they are do not completely support the claims of increased survival of highly aggressive males at the expense of reproductive success. The main limitation is the choice to use males from only one aggressive Drosophila line, that do not allow disambiguation between nonaggression-related factors and aggression-related factors influencing lifespan.

eLife Assessment

This potentially valuable study investigates the anti-senescence effects of red light exposure, proposing that reduced SIRT4 levels enhance fatty acid metabolism and H3K9ac, thereby attenuating ageing-related phenotypes. The authors use multiple approaches, including cultured cells, animal models, and molecular analyses, to support their conclusions. Following revision, many of the concerns previously raised by the reviewers have been addressed. The evidence is solid, whereas additional controls and stronger mechanistic data are still needed to fully substantiate the proposed pathway, particularly the mechanism by which red light exposure leads to reduced SIRT4 levels.

eLife Assessment

This study presents valuable findings on the role of specific dopamine neurons for aversive learning and modulation of innate behavior in Drosophila larvae. The authors present convincing evidence backed up by detailed behavioral quantification and rigorous testing. Their data confirms previous findings and will be of interest to the learning and memory community.

eLife Assessment

In this solid work, Fukui et al. re-examined the ATP hydrolysis mechanism in GHKL ATPases, revealing a cooperative role for two conserved acidic residues rather than a single one. This valuable study used a range of biochemical and structural techniques on various mutants from different members of the GHKL ATPase family to test and validate their proposed mechanism. An updated and extended mechanistic model of ATP hydrolysis by this class of enzymes is proposed.

eLife Assessment

This study offers valuable insights into brain responses to somatosensory and visual temporal and spatial tasks in the auditory cortex of Deaf and hearing individuals. The evidence for a sensorily-bound representation in the deprived cortex -- rather than abstract -- is solid; however, the study will benefit from some additional analyses to better clarify and contextualise the results. This work will be of broad interest to neuroscientists investigating brain plasticity and development.

eLife Assessment

This study provides a useful investigation of machine learning approaches that can lessen potential gaps in the prediction of behaviour from brain imaging data across majority and minority samples. The authors provide incomplete evidence to suggest that domain adaptation methods can mitigate these gaps. The analysis would benefit from further testing of model generalisability and the inclusion of recommended workflows for how the tested approaches can be used in future research. This work will be of interest to scientists using machine learning in brain imaging.

eLife Assessment

This study addresses a fundamental question about how large-scale brain networks interact, and specifically how the default mode network exchanges information with sensory cortex. The analyses provide solid evidence for the claims made in the paper. The findings should be of broad interest to researchers studying brain network organization and dynamics.

eLife Assessment

This important study combines chromatin accessibility and genomic DNA sequence conservation data from low-coverage genome sequencing of related species (without assembly), for the in-silico identification of cis-regulatory elements in large genomes. The approach and results are compelling and well supported by the experimental validations. The work will be of interest to researchers working in the field of gene regulation and evolution, particularly because the methodology proposed can be applied to a large variety of experimental organisms.

eLife Assessment

The report by Liu and colleagues reports on an analysis of environmental adaptation across diverse lineages of the grass Phragmites australis differing by their level of ploidy. These results represent important findings for understanding the environmental adaptation of species complexes with mixed ploidy and the analysis reports solid evidence that lineages with distinct levels of ploidy occupy different climate niches. The use of regional survey in tandem with common garden experiment represents a convincing approach to suggest a correlation between ploidy and climate adaptation. This manuscript will be of interest to a broad community of ecological genomicists interested in how structural variation in gene dosage potentially affects the pattern of adaptation.

eLife Assessment

This study provides valuable insights into the cellular dynamics underlying accelerated tooth regeneration in a vertebrate model. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing across multiple time points, the authors present a well-structured analysis of cell populations, trajectories, and intercellular signaling events associated with this process. The strength of evidence is solid but only partially supported, as the conclusions are primarily supported by computational inference, without experimental validation of key findings.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript provides an important contribution to the field of platelet biogenesis, and the convincing evidence will advance our understanding of signal transduction driving the development of late megakaryopoiesis and platelet reactivity that results in bleeding diathesis. The paper is noteworthy for analyzing two related tyrosine phosphatases, using single or combined conditional gene knockouts at different developmental stages. Because SHP1 is a negative regulator and SHP2 is an activator, the synergistic effects found in the double knockout were surprising.

eLife Assessment

This important study demonstrates how ablation or silencing of hilar mossy cells in the mouse influences the primary location where the mossy cells project, the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. The anatomical findings are convincing and include altered adult-born granule cells and the shrinkage of the inner molecular layer following mossy cell ablation. However, the mechanisms and their functional significance are unclear, so more of these types of experiments/analyses would strengthen the study, especially the support for the broader conclusions.

eLife Assessment

This important study proposes a framework in which tutor-song memorization and performance-error computation arise from a shared predictive-cancellation circuit. The approach is solid, but the choice of learning rules, circuit architecture, and sparsity assumptions is not always sufficiently justified, and the model would benefit from a clearer mechanistic derivation and more concrete experimental predictions. This study would be relevant for researchers studying vocal learning and motor learning in general.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study analyzes how recurrent neural network can flexibly switch between multiple tasks. The evidence is solid, but reviewers have raised questions about the impacts of transient dynamics, whether the activity is actually chaotic, can inputs be used to switch between tasks, what determines overlap between tasks and others. In addition, there were more minor questions pertaining to whether the analyses are actually analytic or primarily based on numerical simulations, as well as the relationship to prior studies where the same network was optimized to perform multiple tasks simultaneously with different readouts.

eLife Assessment

The manuscript presents a compelling application of the microfluidic mother machine as a "selection" machine. While individual elements of the work have existed for many years across various research communities, the simplicity and elegance of this particular application should make it readily implementable and therefore a useful contribution. The proposed plans for revision are sound, particularly in light of the senior author's stated logistical constraints.

[Editors' note: this paper was reviewed by Review Commons.]

eLife Assessment

This study uses convincing analyses of publicly available connectomic and transcriptomic datasets to survey the anatomy and connectivity of neurosecretory cells in the Drosophila brain. The systems-level description of the neurosecretory system is complemented by selected functional experiments and predictions for circuit function and paracrine signaling networks that can now be tested in future studies. This important work will be of interest to neuroscientists working on hormonal signaling in Drosophila and other animals.

eLife Assessment

This study reports results characterizing two boundaries (homie and nhomie) flanking the TAD of a developmental gene. The study's thorough and mechanistic characterization of these boundaries provides useful information to the field, and the conclusions are well supported by convincing evidence. The novelty of the work is somewhat limited because the major conclusion is confirmatory in nature.

eLife Assessment

This study presents important evidence showing that the high susceptibility to sepsis of Kit-mutant mice is not due to mast cell deficiency. The revised manuscript, with solid data, focuses on refuting the notion that mast cells play a major role in sepsis. This paper would be of interest to researchers in mast cell biology and mucosal immunology.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a systematic analysis of interactions involving components of the outer membrane protein biogenesis machinery in Escherichia coli. The authors identify interactions between Bam-associated proteins and several pathways. The evidence supporting the principal conclusions is convincing, including several newly identified interactions as well as findings that reinforce previously proposed connections described in the literature. The resulting dataset provides a useful resource for future investigations of bacterial envelope homeostasis and the functions of poorly characterized genes.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study presents findings on how prokaryotic antibiotics affect translation in mitochondrial ribosomes. Using mitoribosome profiling, the authors provide solid evidence that most tested antibiotics act similarly on bacterial and mitochondrial translation. Additionally, this work shows that alternative translation initiation events exist in two specific mt-mRNAs (MT-ND1 and MT-ND5).

eLife Assessment

This study provides important insights into the crosstalk between ATG2A and components of the early secretory pathway. The authors employ an elegant proximity-labelling approach to identify two ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC)-localized proteins. They further identify ARFGAP1 and Rab1A as components of early autophagic membranes, which accumulate at the periphery of pre-autophagosomal structures induced by loss of ATG2. Overall, the study is well executed, and the evidence supporting the claims is convincing.

eLife Assessment

These results add to a growing body of literature demonstrating a role for IL-21 in T follicular helper cell expansion and differentiation, as well as in germinal center formation and maintenance. The authors use an IL21R ENU-induced mutant, together with complementary in vitro and in vivo experiments, to investigate the roles of STAT1 and STAT3 signaling downstream of IL-21R. The experimental approach is valuable, but the main conclusion is incompletely supported by the evidence, as the mutant exhibits a broad reduction in STAT signaling rather than a selective impairment of STAT1 signaling.

eLife Assessment

The study investigates how CD1c-restricted T cells respond to Mtb-infected APCs, leading to increased cytokine production and cytotoxic activity that may help control Mtb infection. The work is important and will interest researchers in the field. The supporting evidence is solid.