Aortic dissection typically presents acutely with sudden, severe tearing chest or back pain, often described as lancinating in quality. [5-6] Approximately 50% of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm may progress to dissection without timely intervention. [5] In contrast, thoracic aortic aneurysm is usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during physical examination or imaging for other indications. [5]

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Potential interactions among the tipping elements of the Earth system could generate tipping cascades. The far we stay below the 2ºC, the less likely it will be the occurrence of tipping cascades.