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  1. Last 7 days
    1. A 22-year-old man complained of a shadow in his right eye and was diagnosed with retinal detachment secondary to a retinal hemangioblastoma. His family history was noncontributory and physical examination normal except for a right epididymal cyst. Laboratory studies were unremarkable. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of his brain revealed a hypervascular lesion in the medulla (large arrow; Figure A) and a smaller lesion at the medullary-spinal cord junction (small arrow; Figure A). A T2-weighted abdominal MRI demonstrated innumerable pancreatic cysts (Figure B) and multiple benign-appearing renal cysts. After surgical resection of the retinal hemangioblastoma, the patient remains asymptomatic. What is the diagnosis?

      PatientID: None

      KindredID: 1

      Case: M, 22Y0M, Ethnicity Unknown

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: No notable family history.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000541; HP:0010797; HP:0009711; HP:0030424; HP:0005562; HP:0001737 (Retinal detachment, Hemangioblastoma, Retinal capillary hemangioblastoma, Epididymal cyst, Multiple renal cysts, Pancreatic cysts)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Complained of a shadow in his right eye and was diagnosed with retinal detachment secondary to a retinal hemangioblastoma. MRI of the brain revealed a hyper vascular lesion in the medulla and a smaller lesion at the medullary-spinal cord junction. Weighted abdominal MRI revealed innumerable pancreatic cysts and multiple benign-appearing renal cysts. After surgical resection of the retinal hemangioblastoma, the patient remains asymptomatic.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

      Variant: p.K159* (c.474_475insT)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVarID: N/A

      CAID: CA432423112, https://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvsOrDescriptor=NM_000551.3%3Ac.474_475insT

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: Reported as: NT474INST. Authors state that this is believed to be a novel sporadic mutation.

      MutationType: insertion; plus_1_frameshift_variant; stop_gained

      CivicName: K159* (c.474_475insT)

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

    1. DIP–22–22Renal cysts, pancreatic cyst, and accessory spleen1

      PatientID: IP (Proband)

      KindredID: D

      Case: F, 22Y0M, Hungarian

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: Index patient was a young woman who presented with cerebellar hemangioblastoma, multiple renal cysts, retinal detachment with vitreous hemorrhage, pancreatic cyst, spinal cord hemangiomas, and recurrence of the cerebellar lesion. Family members were not available for clinical and genetic screening, but family history revealed that the patient's father died of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0006880; HP:0005562; HP:0001737; HP:0000541; HP:0007902; HP:0009713 (Cerebellar hemangioblastoma, Multiple renal cysts, Pancreatic cysts, Retinal detachment, Vitreous hemorrhage, Spinal hemangioblastoma)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient underwent surgery for cerebellar hemangioblastoma at the age of 22 years. Multiple renal cysts and retinal detachment with vitreous hemorrhage were also observed. At the age of 26 years, pancreatic cyst, spinal cord hemangiomas, and recurrence of the cerebellar lesion were found. Diagnosed with VHL Type 1.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0002666; HP:0009711; HP:0005584 (Pheochromocytoma, Retinal capillary hemangioma, Renal cell carcinoma)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

      Variant: Exon 2 Deletion (c.341-?_463+?del)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVarID: N/A

      CAID: N/A

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: N/A

      MutationType: exon_loss_variant

      CivicName: Exon 2 Deletion

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

    1. PatientID: 13

      KindredID: 13

      Case: M, 48Y0M, Chinese

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0009726; HP:0005562; HP:0010797 (Renal neoplasm,Multiple renal cysts, Hemangioblastoma)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient 13 was a 48-year-old male with a medical history of synchronous bilateral solid renal tumors, multiple renal cysts, CNS hemangioblastoma.

      CaseNotHPOs:None

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

      Variant: p.C162W (c.486C>G)

      LegacyVariant: c.699C>G

      CaseProblemVariant Free Text: N/A

      ClinVar: 223227, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/223227/

      CAID: CA357016

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: N/A

      MutationType: missense_transversion

      CivicName: C162W(c.486C>G)

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

    1. A 29-year-old hypertensive male with genetic proven VHL syndrome came to the Endocrinology department for evaluation. There was neither any history of paroxysm of sweating or palpitation nor any stigmata of hypercortisolism. He had undergone surgery for cervical (C2–C3) hemangioblastoma 2 years back. His elder sister also had features suggestive of Type 1 VHL syndrome (cerebellar hemangioblastomas, RCC of the left kidney, bilateral renal cysts, and pancreatic serous cystic neoplasm). However, her adrenal glands were normal. None of the other family members have features suggestive of VHL syndrome.Noncontrast computed tomography of the abdomen of our patient revealed a well-defined hypodense (<10 Hounsfield Unit) lesion of 3.2 cm × 3 cm in the left adrenal gland having central necrosis. There was more than 50% washout in postcontrast delayed image suggestive of adrenal adenoma [Figure 1]. In bilateral kidneys, there were multiple hypodense lesions with intense enhancement (RCC) along with nonenhancing cystic areas (renal cysts). Pancreas also showed multiple well-defined fluid attenuating cysts. On hormonal evaluation, plasma-free metanephrine (51.1 pg/ml; Normal < 65 pg/ml) and free normetanephrine (87.3 pg/ml; Normal < 180 pg/ml) levels were within normal limits. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (267 μg/dl; Normal 167–591 μg/dl) and electrolytes were also normal. Normal values of 8 am serum cortisol (16.89 μg/dl), midnight awake cortisol (1.96 μg/dl) and overnight 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (0.81 μg/dl) ruled out the possibility of endogenous hypercortisolism. Although biochemically there was no evidence of pheochromocytoma, metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy was done on high suspicion of it for an adrenal mass in an established case of VHL. However, MIBG scan failed to show any abnormal tracer uptake in the abdomen.Figure 1: Computed tomography scan of adrenal adenoma. (a) Plain computed tomography abdomen showing homogenous, well defined left adrenal mass. (b) Early postcontrast image showing peripheral enhancement of the left adrenal mass. (c) Delayed postcontrast image showing more than 50% washout of contrastClick here to viewThen, the patient underwent left-sided adrenalectomy after controlling hypertension. On gross examination of the adrenal mass, an encapsulated gray-brown lesion measuring 3 cm × 3 cm × 3 cm in size with areas of hemorrhage was found. On microscopic examination, the tumor cells with clear cytoplasm were arranged in a nesting pattern [Figure 2]a. There was no significant atypia of the tumor cells and mitotic figures were also absent. On immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells were positive for Inhibin and Melan A [Figure 2]b and [Figure 2]c and negative for synaptophysin, thereby confirming adrenocortical adenoma and excluding pheochromocytoma. The adjacent adrenal gland was normal. For the largest focus of RCC, right-sided partial nephrectomy was done 3 months later. On histopathological examination, the tumor was circumscribed and measured 4 cm × 3 cm × 2 cm in dimensions. The cut section showed areas of hemorrhage and congestion without any areas of necrosis. On microscopy, the tumor had a sharp demarcation from normal parenchyma and the renal capsule without any evidence of infiltration [Figure 3]a. The tumor cells had minimal atypia, abundant clear/vacuolated cytoplasm, low nuclear grade, and rare mitosis. The morphological features were compatible with the clear cell type of RCC [Figure 3]b.Figure 2: Histopathology of adrenal tumor. (a) H and E stain (×200) of adrenal tumor showing tumor cells with clear cytoplasm arranged in a nesting pattern. (b) Immunohistochemistry of Melan A (×100) of adrenal tumor showing diffuse cytoplasmic positivity in tumor cells. (c) Immunohistochemistry of Inhibin (×100) of adrenal tumor showing strong cytoplasmic positivity in tumor cellsClick here to viewFigure 3: Histopathology of renal tumor. (a) The low magnification image (H and E stain ×100) of renal tumor shows the sharp demarcation between the tumor (left side) and adjacent normal renal parenchyma (right side). (b) The high magnification image (H and E ×400) of renal tumor shows the tumor cells with clear cytoplasm, low nuclear grade, intricate capillary network and lakes of red blood cellsClick here to viewGenetic analysis of VHL gene in this patient revealed a heterogeneous 5' splice site variation of intron 1 of the VHL gene that affects splice site of exon 1 (c. 340 + 1G > A). This mutation was pathogenic for VHL syndrome and previously reported in a few cases.[4],[5],[6]

      PatientID: None

      KindredID: 1

      Case: M, 29Y0M, Ethnicity Unknown

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: His elder sister also had features suggestive of Type 1 VHL syndrome (cerebellar hemangioblastomas, RCC of the left kidney, bilateral renal cysts, and pancreatic serous cystic neoplasm). However, her adrenal glands were normal. None of the other family members have features suggestive of VHL syndrome.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0009713; HP:0000822; HP:0006770; HP:0005562; HP:0001737; HP:0008256 (Spinal Hemangioblastoma, Hypertension, Clear cell renal cell carcinoma, Multiple renal cysts, Pancreatic cysts, Adrenocortical adenoma)

      CaseHPOFreeText: CT of the abdomen revealed a lesion in the left adrenal gland having central necrosis. There was more than 50% washout in postcontrast delayed image suggestive of adrenal adenoma (later confirmed by immunohistochemistry to be an adrenocortical adenoma). In bilateral kidneys, there were multiple lesions with intense enhancement (RCC - morphological features were compatible with the clear cell type of RCC) along with nonenhancing cystic areas (renal cysts). Pancreas also showed multiple well-defined fluid attenuating cysts.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:000266; HP:0001962; HP:0003118; HP:0001069 (Pheochromocytoma, Palpitations, Increased circulating cortisol level, Episodic hyperhidrosis)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: No history of paroxysm of sweating or palpitation nor any stigmata of hypercortisolism. Immunochemistry excluded the possibility of the adrenal lesion being pheochromocytoma.

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

      Variant: c.340+1G>A

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVarID: 223190, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/223190/

      CAID: N/A

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: N/A

      MutationType: splice_site_variant

      CivicName: Splice Site (c.340+1G>A)

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

  2. Oct 2026
    1. PatientID: 2

      KindredID: 2

      Case: F, 44Y0M, Chinese

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0009726; HP:0005562; HP:0009711; HP:0001737; HP:0006770 (Renal neoplasm, Multiple renal cysts, Retinal capillary hemangioma, Pancreatic cysts, Clear cell renal cell carcinoma)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient 2 was a 44-year-old female with a medical history of asynchronous bilateral solid renal tumors some which were further characterized as clear cell RCC, multiple renal cysts, retinal angioma, pancreatic cysts.

      CaseNotHPOs:None

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

      Variant: p.N78S (c.233A>G)

      LegacyVariant: c.446A>G

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVar: 93326, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/93326/

      CAID: CA351749194

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: N/A

      MutationType: missense_transition

      CivicName: N78S (c.223A>G)

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

    2. PatientID: 7

      KindredID: 7

      Case: M, 48Y0M, Chinese

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0009726; HP:0005562; HP:0010797; HP:0001737; HP:0006770 (Renal neoplasm, Multiple renal cysts, Hemangioblastoma, Pancreatic cysts, Clear cell renal cell carcinoma)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient 7 had a medical history of a left solid renal tumor and multiple renal cysts. They also had central nervous system hemangioblastomas and pancreatic cysts.

      CaseNotHPOs:None

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

      Variant: p.N150Ifs*9 (c.447del)

      LegacyVariant: c.661delA

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAID: CA432421904, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvsOrDescriptor=NM_000551.3%3Ac.447del

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: N/A

      MutationType: minus_1_frameshift_variant

      CivicName: N150fs (c.447del)

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

    1. CIP35, Bilateral33––Renal cysts and pancreatic cyst1

      PatientID: IP (Proband)

      KindredID: C

      Case: M, 35Y0M, Hungarian

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: Index patient presented with cerebellar hemangioblastoma, renal cysts, pancreatic cyst and bilateral renal cell carcinomas. Family members were not available for clinical and genetic screening except a brother whose screening revealed no abnormality.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0006880; HP:0005562; HP:0005584; HP:0001737 (Cerebellar hemangioblastoma, Multiple renal cysts, Renal cell carcinoma, Pancreatic cysts)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient was operated for cerebellar hemangioblastoma at the age of 33 years. Preoperative clinical screening also showed renal cysts. Two years later, a pancreatic cyst and bilateral renal cell carcinomas were found and the patients underwent bilateral nephrectomy with subsequent chronic hemodialysis. Diagnosed with VHL Type 1.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0002666; HP:0009711 (Pheochromocytoma, Retinal capillary hemangioma)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

      Variant: Exon 3 Deletion (c.464-?_642+?del)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVarID: N/A

      CAID: N/A

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: Heterozygous deletion of Exon 3.

      MutationType: exon_loss_variant

      CivicName: Exon 3 Deletion

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

    1. 1HbCb age 18, Hbs age 19,Hbs age 31Renal cysts 

      PatientID: 1

      KindredID: 1

      Case: M, 31Y0M, Ethnicity Unknown

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: Mother with the same variant and presented with breast cancer at age 46 and cerebellar hemangioblastoma and renal cell carcinoma both at age 54. Maternal grandfather (id: 3) presented with cerebellar hemangioblastoma at age 65. Maternal great-uncle (id: 4) presented with prostate cancer at age 65. Maternal great-grandfather (id: 5) presented with cerebellar hemangioblastomas at age 69. Maternal grandmother and sister did not have the mutation. His maternal grandfather was not tested. No family history of retinal capillary hemangiomas or pheochromocytoma.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0006880; HP:0009713; HP:0005562 (Cerebellar hemangioblastoma, Spinal hemangioblastoma, Multiple renal cysts)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0002666; HP:0009711 (Pheochromocytoma, Retinal capillary hemangioma)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: Figure 1 (pedigree) and Table 1 (phenotype and age of onset data).

      Variant: Exon 1 Deletion (c.1-?_340+?del)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVarID: N/A

      CAID: N/A

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: N/A

      MutationType: exon_loss_variant

      CivicName: Exon 1 Deletion

      MultipleGeneVariants: Germline, FANCD2, Partial Deletion