Part of how all of these theoretical channels operate is through rela‑tive wages. For example, a technology that replaces unskilled work‑ers and complements skilled workers would result in a relative wage

wide variety of topics are covered, including, for example, the effectsof AI on competition policy (Varian, forthcoming), on innovation (Cock‑burn, Henderson, and Stern, forthcoming), on international trade (Gold‑farb and Trefler, forthcoming), on inequality (Sachs, forthcoming), andon productivity growth (Brynjolfsson, Rock, and Syverson, forthcom‑ing), among others.

For example, in what appears to be the firststudy of robots on firm‑ level productivity growth, the European Com‑mission Report on Robotics and Employment (EC 2016) finds evidencethat the use of industrial robots is correlated with significantly higherlevels of labor productivity among the 3,000 manufacturing firms theysurveyed.

Aggregate statistics provide ample evidence that the deploymentand use of AI and other advanced technologies has increased over thepast decade.