Sea ice decline due to global warming is affecting plant productivity in arctic regions.

This paper explains the effects of low temperatures on the development of arctic plants.

This paper talks about the implications that alterations in the phenology of E. grandiflorum might have on its surrounding environment specially pollinators and herbivores.

This source compiled the data from 13 ITEX sites and analyzed how the phenology, growth, and reproduction of plants in Tundra regions was affected by warming climate.

This paper adds on by going more in depth on how an increase in temperature near the poles is affecting the photosynthetic activity in the plants living in these regions.

Changes in plant phrenology prove that plants are being influenced by environmental changes.

Maxwell builds on this data by presenting the different models used to study the effect of climate change in the Arctic ecosystems.

Sea ice decline due to global warming is affecting plant productivity in arctic regions.

Heat sums have increased over time for flowering and senescence. Warming induced early leaf bud bursts, growth, and reproduction but did not affect senescence. Study was performed in multiple sites in the arctic region over a course of four years.

Warming induced early leaf bud bursts, growth, and reproduction but did not affect senescence. Study was performed in multiple sites in the arctic region over a course of four years.

The meaning of a generalist flower can mean different things to different people. This review aims to assess these different meanings in the context of the ecological processes such as pollination.

Measuring pollinator performance is significant to conservation efforts. However, comparing pollinator performance among pollinator groups is difficult due to the differences in collection methods and the diversity of the pollinators. This review resolves vague concepts.

The author studied the way the species of insects obtain the flowers nectar. Specifically, the flowers that have a greater length to their nectar. This research was to determine how specific insects can obtain nectar and what specific plants they have to go to gain what they are looking for.

The Authore studied how length of mouth parts and tubes will affect the vistiation from bumble bees

The author researched the floral structure and what components are in their nectar in three different "Apocynaceae" species. Reviewing these components can verify the similarities each plant may have with each other.

The author studied how hummingbirds pollinate flowers

The author studied the biology of flower plant "Angadenia berteroi" and how they breed.

Arbulo et. al. studies the proboscis length of two Uruguayan bumblebees in relation to the depth of the floral tube. The study found both species of bumblebees used the cultivated species of flowers. However, they did so in different amounts.

How tube length will determine the type of pollination

The author researched other articles based on pollinators and nectary reward

Several co-authors of this paper participated in a recent IARPA project to help build a reliable database of civil unrest events across countries in Latin America.

The curve mentioned here is the progress curve analysis of organizational development. Using the formula for this curve, the time interval between the creation of the n-th and (n + 1)-th aggregate is given by:

$$\tau_n = \tau_1 n^{-b}$$

If b is zero in the formula above, then the creation of aggregates would depend only on the previous number of aggregates. However, in the authors' experiments, b is different from zero, which indicates that there is some perturbation (escalations and de-escalations) to the process of aggregates creation.

The authors propose a way of predicting the final number of reshares of a given post on social networks.

The authors propose a tool, called Perseus, that makes it easy for the user to analyze large graphs by supporting the coupled summarization of graph properties and structures, guiding attention to outliers, and allowing the user to interactively explore normal and anomalous node behaviors.

A phase transition is an abrupt, discontinuous change in the properties of a system. It happens, for instance, when a liquid turns into a gas. The equation describing such transition is the one shown here in the paper:

$$(T_c - t)^{-1}$$

In the context of the paper, the authors model the onset of an event as a phase transition using the formula above. They also argue that this formula can be used to predict the future time for an onset of a real-world outburst.

This paper explains how the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alhpa regulates the transcription of VEGF necessary for angiogenesis.

This paper explains that the number of red blood cells is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms in the kidney. Low levels of oxygen results in anemia or low numbers of red blood cells, which induces erythropoietin production. As erythropoietin is produced, HIF is regulated which regulated genes for angiogenesis.

The loss of the PTEN gene activates the expression of HIF-1a. PTEN normally inhibits the response of Akt to hypoxic conditions. When not inhibited by PTEN Akt activates HIF-1a and HIF-1a is a transcription factors which aids in multiple mechanisms for tumor growth and progression (such as blood vessel formation). This paper discusses how the loss of PTEN is a mechanism tumors use to aid in progression by constitutively activating HIF-1a.

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database provides a collection of sequences that represents transcripts and proteins, which are used for research.

This paper explains how genome-wide scans have been used to detect positive selection within a species, which gives great insight to the human population.

This paper explains how long-range haplotype methods can be used in correlation with genome wide scans to detect positive natural selection.

This paper explains how chronic mountain sickness associated with high altitudes is a major health issue.

Researchers conducted a study to exploit a possible population to determine the effects of erythropoietic responses and chronic mountain sickness. The results concluded that there was no associated polymorphisms linked to candidate genes.

This paper discusses the effect of gender on hemoglobin levels in Han Chinese and Tibetan Plateau inhabitants as a mechanism for high altitude adaptation. In Han populations a correlation was seen between increased altitude and increased hemoglobin levels (men having higher hemoglobin concentration than women), this correlation was not see in Tibetan highland inhabitants, or between genders of Tibetan highland individuals. The data suggests that the difference in hemoglobin concentrations between Han and Tibetan populations is dependent on gender.

This paper shows that the Tibetan and Andean populations have adapted to the high altitude through multiple physiological traits. Researchers assessed the basal and maximal oxygen consumption between the two populations and found that Tibetan and Andean populations had a higher oxygen consumption than low altitude populations. The results also revealed genetic variance in the Tibetan population, which suggested the potential for natural selection. Such genetic variance was higher in women as oxygen saturation of hemoglobin was higher.

The relationship of feathers and scales are explored in this research paper.

The location and amount of a morphogen ( a chemical which causes/allows for development of traits), Beta-catenin is visualised during development, showing very similar patterns. This led the author to conclude that they both evolved from the same thing.

Review from the 1970’s discussing the formation of integuments (hard protective layer covering the body), scales, hair. The age of this review gives an insight into previous hypotheses and the historical research on this matter.

The different hypothesis of the time are explored including; scales being a precursor to non scaled animals, ossified (boney) scales being a precursor to scales found on current reptiles and the evolution of hair from sensory appendages.

Turing's landmark paper where he put forward the reaction diffusion theory to explain morphogenesis.

This theory states that two evenly distributed chemicals interact with each other, and by inhibiting and activating each other, then rearrange to form chemical gradients which can then form patterns.