he did not hesitate

Meanwhile, Salim’s mother shows no comfort or satisfaction from her outings. This is very clear in her long silences after coming back from her outings.

He does not offer any concessions that would contradict his beliefs or values regarding colonialism and imperialism.

He had two lives: one, open, seen exacdy )ike the livesknow, full of relative truth and or |jfe running its C0Urse inof his friends and acquaintances, accjdental, conjunction of cir-secret

gluttony

and when Gurov grew cold to themtheir beauty excited his hatred, and the lace on their linen seemed to himlike scales.

and he immediately looked round him, anxiously wonder-ing whether any one had seen them.

who would themselveshave been glad to sin if they had been able;

Her expression, her gait, her dress,and the way she did her hair told him that she was a lady, that she wasmarried, that she was in Yalta for the first time and alone, and that shewas dull there

Experience often repeated, truly bitter experience, had taught him longago that with decent people, especially Moscow people— always slow tomove and irresolute —every intimacy, which at first so agreeably diversi-fies life and appears a light and charming adventure, inevitably grows intoa regular problem of extreme intricacy, and in the long run the situationbecomes unbearable.

She read a great deal, used phonetic spell-ing, called her husband, not Dmitri, but Dimitri, and he secretly consid-ered her unintelligent, narrow, inelegant, was afraid of her, and did notlike to be at home. He had begun being unfaithful to her long ago— hadbeen unfaithful to her often, and, probably on that account, almost alwaysspoke ill of women, and when they were talked about in his presence,used to call them the lower race.

called her simply “the lady with the dog

ouS ofmedium height, wearing a Wmt; a white Pomer-anTnddXX7snhe8meeJ'hedrhien'

the possibilities ofvariation in repetition

Work in a range of fields seems tobe converging in its investigation of the ways in which subjects areproduced by unwarranted if inevitable positings of unity' andidentity,

we findsomething like a common mechanism.

Foucault notes in The History ofSexuality that the emergence, in the 19th centuiy, of medical andpsychiatric discourses defining homosexuals as a deviant classfacilitated social control, but also made possiblethe formation of a ‘reverse’ discourse: homosexuality began tospeak in its own behalf, to demand that its legitimacy or ‘naturality’be acknowledged, often in the same vocabulary, using the samecategories by which it was medically disqualified

Ultimately,psychoanalysis reaffirms the lesson one might draw from the mostserious and celebrated novels: that identity is a failure;

Jacques Lacan’s account of what he calls ‘the mirror stage’ locatesthe beginnings of identity in the moment when the infantidentifies with his or her image in the mirror, perceiving himselfor herself as whole, as what he or she wants to be.

Thus, the basis of sexual identity is anidentification with a parent: one desires as the parent does, as ifimitating the parent’s desire and becoming a rival for the lovedobject.

discourse

The champions of literary educationhave hoped, on the contrary, that literature would make us betterpeople through vicarious experience and the mechanismsof identification.

Literature has long beenblamed for encouraging the young to see themselves as charactersin novels and to seek fulfilment in analogous ways

Theorists have therefore argued that novels, by making theindividuality of the individual their central focus, construct anideology of individual identity whose neglect of larger socialissues critics should question.

The power of literary representations depends, I suggested inChapter 2, on their special combination of singularity andexemplarity

If the possibilities of thought and action are determinedby a series of systems which the subject does not control or evenunderstand, then the subject is ‘decentred’ in the sense that it is nota source or centre to which one refers to explain events.

dominant modern tradition in the study of literature has treatedthe individuality of the individual as something given, a core which is109

first, is the selfsomething given or something made and, second, should it beconceived in individual or in social terms?