“The intellectuals are the dominant group’s ‘deputies’ exercising the subaltern functions of

“The task of the study of ideology, which tries to be free from value-judgments, is to understand the narrowness of each individual point of view and the interplay between these distinctive attitudes in the total social process.”

"The first to come is Spring; The one who is my image is called Love."

A miracle that led a miracle

sociology as the scientific study of a reality sui generis

However, topoi is a more general term which refers to the different topics/discourses that we can identify around a word. Semantic preference refers to the words which co-occur with a particular item all having some meaning in common. In this corpus we can see that the words co-occurring with 'illegal' are from lots of different semantic categories (entry, residence, work etc.)

The formula for calculating normalised frequency is: (observed frequency of your search term x basis of normalisation e.g. 1 million) / Total corpus size.

Annotation can be defined as “The process of adding […] interpretive, linguistic information to an electronic corpus of spoken and/or written language data” (Leech 1997). So annotation involves adding interpretive linguistic information to a text (e.g. part-of-speech). Markup provides non-linguistic objective, verifiable information (e.g. author, paragraph boundary). Tagging is a process of using specific conventions (tags) to a text for annotation/markup purposes (e.g. XML tags). The key distinction between annotation/markup is the type of information they add to a text. Tagging is then a method of annotation/markup.

(https://corpus.byu.edu/coca/). You can access the BNC free of charge through CQPweb (https://cqpweb.lancs.ac.uk/).

(https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/edacs/departments/englishlanguage/research/projects/clic/index.aspx)

There's the BAWE corpus (about 6 million words) and the Cambridge Academic English corpus (CAEC) (almost 4 million words). I am not sure whether those corpora are small enough for your research purposes. You can have a look at the list of academic corpora available through Sketch Engine (https://www.sketchengine.eu/user-guide/user-manual/corpora/corpora-list/).

if I am comparing a corpus of the work of Robert Burns with a general corpus of Late Modern English, does it make sense to remove Burns texts from the general corpus?

Markup is the way of adding annotation to the text. Tags are a part of the annotation itself. If you are applying a standard tagset (e.g. POS tags, USAS tags)

corpora are collections of natural language that are stored in electronic format. They provide evidence to help us identify patterns, trends and changes in language use that we might otherwise not be able to identify

I would argue that the difference between annotation (tagging) and markup, is that markup involves adding information (either linguistic or non-linguistic) to a text, whilst linguistic annotation explicitly involves adding linguistic information (and in this sense, might be viewed as a sub-category of markup as an umbrella term).

In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee worked in a particle physics lab named CERN. While there, he found that there was a need to share large amounts of documents. Because of the text at the time, researchers were already using markup languages so that they can write documents using a text-only format

Mantuan

both of these established — if we would speak la quale e 'l quale, a voler dir lo vero, the truth — to be the sacred precinct where fu stabilita per lo loco santo successors of great Peter have their throne