Wechsler Adult lntelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most widely used intelligence test for adults

Thus a 10-year-old child who does as well as the average 10-year-old child has an IQ of 100 (10 ÷ 10 × 100), whereas an 8-year-old child who does as well as the average 10-year-old child would have an IQ of 125 (10 ÷ 8 × 100)

Intelligence Quotient (IQ), a measure of intelligence that is adjusted for age.

mental age, which is the age at which a person is performing intellectually

The Flynn effect refers to the observation that scores on intelligence tests worldwide have increased substantially over the past decades

standardization of a test involves giving it to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average score on the test at each age level.

autistic savants, people who score low on intelligence tests overall but who nevertheless may have exceptional skills in a given domain, such as math, music, art, or in being able to recite statistics in a given sport

triarchic model, practical intelligence, refers primarily to intelligence that cannot be gained from books or formal learning

Convergent Thinking, thinking that is directed toward finding the correct answer to a given problem, are different from those associated with Divergent Thinking, the ability to generate many different ideas or solutions to a single problem

Creative Intelligence, the ability to adapt to new situations and create new ideas, and/or Practical Intelligence, the ability to demonstrate common sense and street- smarts.

Analytical Intelligence, academic problem solving and performing calculations, but that they do not typically assess

Triarchic (three-part) Theory of Intelligence that proposes that people may display more or less analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence. Sternberg

Specific Intelligence “s”, a measure of specific skills in narrow domains.

the construct that the different abilities and skills measured on intelligence tests have in common the General Intelligence Factor (g).

articulation disorder refers to the inability to correctly produce speech sounds (phonemes) because of imprecise placement, timing, pressure, speed, or flow of movement of the lips, tongue, or throat

Stuttering is a speech disorder in which sounds, syllables, or words are repeated or last longer than normal.

Critical thinking, or a detailed examination of beliefs, courses of action, and evidence, involves teaching children how to think. The purpose of critical thinking is to evaluate information in ways that help us make informed decisions.

Metacognition refers to the knowledge we have about our own thinking and our ability to use this awareness to regulate our own cognitive processes

nowledge base, knowledge in particular areas that makes learning new information easier, expands

utilization deficiency refers to a child using an appropriate strategy, but it fails to aid their performance.

In a production deficiency the child does not spontaneously use a memory strategy, and has to be prompted to do so

mediation deficiency occurs when a child does not grasp the strategy being taught, and thus, does not benefit from its use.

The child uses Inductive Reasoning, which is a logical process in which multiple premises believed to be true are combined to obtain a specific conclusion

Concrete Operational Stage of cognitive development (Crain, 2005). This involves mastering the use of logic in concrete ways.

BMI is at or above the 85th percentile for their age are considered overweight, while children who are at or above the 95th percentile are considered obese

Body Mass Index (BMI) which expresses the relationship of height to weight.

sexual abuse is defined as any sexual contact between a child and an adult or a much older child. Incest refers to sexual contact between a child and family members.

Child Abuse and Neglect as: Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious harm

children develop their own conceptions of the attributes associated with maleness or femaleness which is referred to as Gender Schemas

Gender Roles, or the expectations associated with being male or female, are learned in one’s culture throughout childhood and into adulthood

This self-identification based on a continuum from male to female is known as Gender Identity.

response initiation, the ability to not initiate a behavior before you have evaluated all of the information, response inhibition, the ability to stop a behavior that has already begun, and delayed gratification, the ability to hold out for a larger reward by forgoing a smaller immediate reward

This focus on external qualities is referred to as the categorical self.

Self-concept is our self-description according to various categories, such as our external and internal qualities. In contrast, self- esteem is an evaluative judgment about who we are.

This “vocabulary spurt” typically involves 10-20 new words per week and is accomplished through a process called fast-mapping

Theory of mind refers to the ability to think about other people’s thoughts. This mental mind reading helps humans to understand and predict the reactions of others, thus playing a crucial role in social development.

Theory-Theory is the tendency of children to generate theories to explain everything they encounter. This concept implies that humans are naturally inclined to find reasons and generate explanations for why things occur.

Neo-Piagetians, or those theorists who provide “new” interpretations of Piaget’s theory

autobiographical memory, or our personal narrative. As you may recall in Chapter 3 the concept of infantile amnesia was introduced

episodic memories are tied to specific events in time.

Semantic memories are memories for facts and knowledge that are not tied to a timeline,

Non-declarative memories, sometimes referred to as implicit memories, are typically automated skills that do not require conscious recollection.

Declarative memories, sometimes referred to as explicit memories, are memories for facts or events that we can consciously recollect.

long-term memory, which is also known as permanent memory. A basic division of long-term memory is between declarative and non-declarative memory

clustering rehearsal, the person rehearses previous material while adding in additional information. If a list of words is read out loud to you, you are likely to rehearse each word as you hear it along with any previous words you were given

Executive function (EF) refers to self-regulatory processes, such as the ability to inhibit a behavior or cognitive flexibility, that enable adaptive responses to new situations or to reach a specific goal.

working memory. Working memory is the component of memory in which current conscious mental activity occurs. Working memory often requires conscious effort and adequate use of attention to function effectively

Sensory memory (also called the sensory register) is the first stage of the memory system, and it stores sensory input in its raw form for a very brief duration; essentially long enough for the brain to register and start processing the information

sustained attention, or the ability to stay on task for long periods of time.

our ability to focus on a single task or stimulus, while ignoring distracting information, called selective attention

he ability to switch our focus between tasks or external stimuli is called divided attention or multitasking

As children learn to think in words, they do so aloud before eventually closing their lips and engaging in Private Speech or inner speech.

Egocentric Speech or a practice engaged in because of a child’s inability to see things from another’s point of view.

Scaffolding is the temporary support that parents or teachers give a child to do a task.

cognition, language, social-emotional, motor, and adaptive behavior.

infants who were circumcised without anesthesia experienced more pain and fear during routine childhood vaccines.

Lateralization is the process in which different functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain.

Cortex or the thin outer covering of the brain involved in voluntary activity and thinking.

Myelin, a coating of fatty tissues around the axon of the neuron (Carlson, 2014).

Synaptic Pruning, where neural connections are reduced thereby making those that are used much stronger

his period of rapid neural growth is referred to as Synaptic Blooming.