Oscar Wilde: Overview Born: 1854 in Dublin, Ireland Key Movement: Promoted the Aesthetic Movement ("art for art's sake") Known for being a "dandy" – fashionable, witty, and flamboyant One of the most successful playwrights of late Victorian London Imprisoned in 1895 for "gross indecency" due to homosexual relationships Died: 1900 in Paris, France Famous Wilde Quotes: "To live is the rarest thing in the world. Most people exist, that is all." "I have nothing to declare except my genius." "Experience is simply the name we give our mistakes." "A man can be happy with any woman as long as he does not love her." "One should always be in love. That is the reason why one should never marry." "Art is the most intense form of individualism that the world has known." Wilde's Major Works: Poetry:

Poems (1891) The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898) Fairy Tales:

The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888) The House of Pomegranates (1891) Novel:

The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) Plays:

Lady Windermere’s Fan (1892) A Woman of No Importance (1893) The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) Salomé (1893) The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) Setting: Late Victorian England Main Characters:

Ernest Worthing (actually named Jack): A young aristocrat who creates an alter ego, "Ernest," for his escapades. Algernon Moncrieff: Another young aristocrat who also leads a double life. Plot:

The characters assume false identities, leading to humorous misunderstandings. Marriage is a central theme, mocked as a hypocritical social institution, often used for social advancement. The play satirizes Victorian social norms and exposes the absurdities of aristocratic life. Themes & Concepts: Irony: The central paradox is the difference between being "Ernest" (honest) and "earnest" (sincere). None of the characters are truly truthful. Marriage: Satirized as a social tool rather than a romantic institution, often depicted as absurd and hypocritical. Social Hypocrisy: Wilde critiques the superficiality and materialism of the Victorian aristocracy. False Identities: The characters’ use of false identities highlights the theme of deception and social pretension. Characters: Lady Bracknell: Embodies the stereotypical Victorian aristocrat—arrogant, concerned with social status, and materialistic. Comedy of Manners: The play is a "comedy of manners", a genre focused on the behaviors and hypocrisies of high society. Key Insights on Wilde's Work: Wilde’s plays, especially The Importance of Being Earnest, are a satire of Victorian norms, especially marriage, morality, and social status. Irony and wit are central to Wilde’s style, often revealing contradictions within the society he critiques. Aestheticism: Wilde’s emphasis on art for art’s sake and his rejection of moral didacticism are evident in his works.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) Background: Born: 1806 in Durham, England. Family: 1st daughter of wealthy parents (owned sugar plantations in Jamaica). Education: Home-schooled, avid reader of history, philosophy, and literature. Father: Stern, protective, and tyrannical—forbade his children to marry. Tough Times: At age 15, developed a serious respiratory ailment and suffered a spinal injury from a horse-riding accident. Mother died; family business faltered. Moved to Italy with her brother, but he drowned in a sailing accident a year later. Returned to London, ill, emotionally broken, and grief-stricken; became reclusive for 5 years. A Love Story: Published Poems in 1844, praising Robert Browning. Over 20 months, exchanged 574 letters with Robert Browning. 1845: Robert Browning sent her a telegram: "I love your verses... and I love you too." Father strongly opposed the relationship; kept it secret. Eloped in 1846, but father never forgave her. Woman with a Cause: The Brownings moved to Italy where she lived the rest of her life. Wrote about Italian politics, slavery, child labor, male domination, and women's intellectual freedom. Popularity decreased due to her controversial topics but remained well-read across Europe. Died in Florence in 1861. Robert Browning (1812-1889) Background: Influenced by Percy Shelley. Became an atheist and liberal at 14, later distanced from these views. Early career: Less appreciated than his wife, Elizabeth Barrett (often called "Elizabeth Barrett’s husband"). Later rival of Lord Alfred Tennyson. Known for dramatic monologue. Dramatic Monologue: A form of writing that offers insight into the thoughts, feelings, and motivations of the speaker. Browning perfected this form. Allows readers to understand events from the speaker’s perspective, with truth and reality often fluctuating. "My Last Duchess": Setting: Late Italian Renaissance. Speaker: Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. Duchess: Lucrezia di Cosimo de’ Medici (his late wife). Themes: Power: The Duke’s control over the Duchess. Control: His attempt to dominate her even in death. Influence: The Duke’s view of how his wife should behave. Absence of Love: The Duke's emotional detachment from the Duchess. Irony: The Duke’s regard for the Duchess is superficial and possessive. The Duke’s view of self: He sees himself as an authority figure, but his actions reveal insecurity. Poem as Art: The Duke values art, reflected in his art collection, including a painting of Neptune taming a sea monster, which parallels his control over the Duchess. The Duchess is seen as an object, idealized and controlled, fitting the "saint" vs. "whore" trope in art and literature. Women in Art: Historically viewed as objects to be admired and controlled (in literature, music, painting, sculpture). The female figure is often idealized or perfected by men. Two dominant stereotypes: "Saint" (pure, virtuous) vs. "Whore" (degraded, sexualized).

The Victorian Age Victorian Age 1837-1901 •“Victorian” literally describes things & events from the reign of Queen Victoria •England’s longest reigning queen, ruling from 1837 to 1901 •Reflected Queen's own ethics= prudish, repressed, & old fashioned •Often think of sobriety, hard work, & joyless abstinence from worldly pleasures Victorian era • Refers to the time during the reign of Queen Victoria • Characterized by English imperialism (England was rapidly expanding) • Time of rigid morals & repressed sexuality • Reading became a new past time because theatre regarded as “immoral” • Homosexual behavior regarded as a criminal offense - writers like Oscar Wilde sentenced to hard labor for engaging in “homosexual activities” Key Factors of Change: • Advancements in Technology • The Industrial Revolution • The Growth of the British Empire • Scientific Discovery • Questioning of Religious Authority • Mandatory Education and Increased Literacy LITERACY and LITERATURE • Literacy increased significantly • In 1837, about half the male adult population could read and write to some extent; by the end of the century, basic literacy was universal. • Compulsory national education- requires children to attend school until the age of ten • Steam-powered printing presses allowed publishers to print more material more cheaply than ever 19th Century novel • Novel- the leading form of literature in the Victorian age • high point of British literature • Famous Victorian writers include: the Bronte sisters, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Charles Dickens, Oscar Wilde, and Lewis Carroll Victorian Poetry • Bridge between the earlier “Romantics” and the modernist poets of the 20th Century • Several important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning and her husband, Robert Browning • Features a resurgence of Medieval interests blended with contemporary concerns

George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788–1824) Biography and Lifestyle Extravagant Lifestyle: Known for a life full of romance, scandal, and luxury. A famous figure in both literary and social circles. Celebrity Status: Byron was regarded as a “sex symbol” of the time, admired for his handsome looks, charm, and captivating personality. Affairs and Controversy: Famous for his love affairs, some of which were rumored to be incestuous. His personal life often overshadowed his literary output. Friendship with the Shelleys: Close friends with Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley. Byron’s lifestyle and beliefs influenced Romanticism, particularly in its rebellious, individualistic spirit. Greek Revolution: Byron fought for Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire and became a national hero in Greece, viewed almost as a modern version of a Greek god. The Byronic Hero Origin: First developed by Lord Byron in his works, particularly in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Manfred. Definition: A type of complex, charismatic, and often tragic character, marked by deep inner conflict, emotional turmoil, and rebellion against societal norms. Characteristics of the Byronic Hero: Intelligent & Cunning: The Byronic hero is often highly intelligent and able to navigate complex situations, but may use this intelligence for personal or morally ambiguous ends. Ruthless & Arrogant: This character tends to be self-centered, disregarding social conventions and authority. Depressive & Emotional: Deep emotional complexity, often grappling with sorrow, guilt, or a sense of alienation. Self-serving & Justice-driven: While morally flawed, the Byronic hero is often guided by a personal sense of justice rather than adherence to the law. Seductive & Sexually Appealing: The hero is usually a romantic figure, possessing a magnetic charisma that attracts others. Examples in Literature and Popular Culture: Literary Examples: Phantom (from The Phantom of the Opera) Jay Gatsby (from The Great Gatsby) Heathcliff (from Wuthering Heights) Popular Culture: Sherlock Holmes Han Solo (from Star Wars) Dr. Gregory House (from House) John Keats (1795–1821) Biography and Themes Early Life: Keats initially studied medicine and natural history before turning to literature and poetry. Love of Learning: He was passionate about gaining knowledge, and his self-education in literature reflected his intellectual curiosity. Close Family Bonds: Keats was very close to his brothers, especially Tom, whose death deeply affected him. Themes in Keats' Poetry: Philosophical Exploration of Life and Death: Keats frequently explored the transience of life and the inevitability of death, themes likely influenced by his own diagnosis with tuberculosis, which was fatal at the time. Longing for the Unattainable: A central theme in Keats' poetry is the idea of yearning for things that are unattainable, particularly beauty and immortality. Mortality: Death, both personal and the death of loved ones, is a significant theme. Keats himself died young, at age 26, from tuberculosis. The Role of the Poet: He often explored the poet's role in seeking beauty and truth, while acknowledging the sorrow and limitations of life. Major Influences: Criticism in His Lifetime: Keats was not taken seriously by many of his contemporaries, who considered him too young and not yet fully developed as a writer. Love Life: His relationship with Fanny Brawne is a notable part of his personal life, and he wrote extensively about her in his poetry. Despite his love for her, their relationship was marked by separation, largely due to Keats' illness. Keats' Major Works and Themes: 1. Death and Mortality: "When I Have Fears that I May Cease to Be": Keats expresses his fear of dying before fulfilling his creative potential and experiencing the beauty of life. "La Belle Dame sans Merci": A ballad about a knight who falls under the spell of a mysterious and beautiful woman, symbolizing unattainable love and the destructive power of desire. 2. The Power of Beauty and Imagination: "Ode to a Nightingale": A meditation on the fleeting nature of life and the contrast between the transcendent beauty of the nightingale’s song and the mortal limitations of the human condition. "Ode on a Grecian Urn": Explores the contrast between eternal, frozen beauty (represented by the urn) and the impermanence of human life. "To Autumn": A celebration of the beauty of the changing seasons, while acknowledging the inevitability of death and the cyclical nature of life. Conclusion: Romanticism and Legacy Byron’s Legacy: Byron’s development of the Byronic hero left a lasting mark on literature, influencing both literary characters and broader cultural archetypes. His complex personal life, political involvement, and literary works cemented his status as one of the central figures of the Romantic movement.

Keats’ Legacy: Keats, though largely unappreciated during his lifetime, is now regarded as one of the most important English poets. His work remains a quintessential representation of the Romantic focus on beauty, nature, and the exploration of mortality.

Gothic Literature: Shelley and Polidori Readings, Notes, and Supplemental Materials Gothic Literature:

Read: Elements-of-the-Gothic-Novel-Handout (1).pdf Download Elements-of-the-Gothic-Novel-Handout (1).pdf

Read: From the Mountain to the Monsters Article.pdf Download From the Mountain to the Monsters Article.pdf

Read: Gothic vs HorrorLinks to an external site.

Mary Shelley:

1. Read a brief biography of Mary W. Shelley Download biography of Mary W. Shelley

2. Read the article: "A Fable for All Times" Download "A Fable for All Times" that explains the background of Mary Shelley's writing of Frankenstein

3. Read Chapters 1, 5, 18, 24 of FRANKENSTEINLinks to an external site. and the letters that follow chapter 24. Side Note: The chapters can be accessed by clicking on the BLUE chapter titles on Project Gutenberg link.

4. Auditory Learner? - Consider Listening to the required chapters or even the whole book: Librivox - FrankensteinLinks to an external site.

Supplemental Materials that may be helpful:

1. Consider looking for a Summary of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (there are a number of them out there)

2. Consider watching the lecture Frankenstein 200 Panel: Creation and ConsequenceLinks to an external site.

Licenses & Attributions:

1. "Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley." Concise Dictionary of British Literary Biography, vol. 3, Gale, 1992. Biography in Context, http://link.galegroup.com.ntcc.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/K1655000050/BIC1?u=lln_ntcc&xid=fa096686. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.

2. Lesser, Wendy. “A Fable for All Times: Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.” The Threepenny Review, no. 49, 1992, pp. 17–19. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4384075Links to an external site..

3. Project Gutenberg - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

4. LibriVox - Public Domain - Educational Use

5. No info

6. Creative Commons (reuse allowed)

Polidori:

1. Read a biography of John William Polidori Download John William Polidori

2. Read: "The Vampyre" by John William PolidoriLinks to an external site.

3. Auditory Learner? - Consider listening to "The Vampyre" by John William PolidoriLinks to an external site. (please note that you will need to scroll down to Track 15 to listen to "The Vampyre." The whole story takes 44 minutes to listen to!

Licenses & Attributions:

1. "John (William) Polidori." St. James Guide to Horror, Ghost & Gothic Writers, Gale, 1998. Biography in Context, http://link.galegroup.com.ntcc.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/K2409000279/BIC1?Links to an external site.u=lln_ntcc&xid=63aa9188. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.

2. Project Gutenberg -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

3. LibriVox - Public Domain - Educational Use

Romanticism: Key Themes & Concepts Emphasis on Emotion & Imagination: Romanticism values emotional expression over rationality and imagination over reason. The Romantics believed that human experience was richer than what could be expressed through logic and science. The Sublime: The experience of awe, beauty, and sometimes fear in the face of nature's power. Nature is often depicted as vast, untamable, and overwhelming. Individualism & Self-Expression: Romantic poets celebrate the individual, especially the creative or visionary artist. The notion of the artist as a solitary genius becomes central. Rejection of Industrialization: Romantics were critical of industrial society’s dehumanizing effects, and they often idealized nature, simplicity, and a return to rural life. Nostalgia for the Past: Romanticism often reflects a yearning for a more innocent or authentic time, whether medieval or classical. Key Poets & Works 1. William Wordsworth Key Themes: The beauty and spirituality of nature, the importance of personal emotion, and the relationship between nature and the human mind. Famous Work: Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey Wordsworth’s reflection on the power of memory, nature's restorative power, and the transformative influence of time. Key ideas: the divine in nature, transcendence, memory as a source of wisdom. 2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge Key Themes: Imagination, the supernatural, the sublime, and the connection between the mind and the external world. Famous Work: Kubla Khan A dream-like vision of the construction of an exotic palace and the natural landscape surrounding it. Themes: The tension between reason and imagination, the idea of the creative act, and the incompleteness of the poem as a metaphor for the limitations of artistic creation. Key terms: the "sublime," "visionary," "dream-state." 3. Lord Byron (George Gordon Byron) Key Themes: The Byronic hero (a brooding, defiant, rebellious character), individualism, and the tension between personal desire and societal constraints. Famous Work: She Walks in Beauty A lyrical poem focusing on the beauty of a woman, using vivid imagery to suggest both external and internal harmony. Byron’s work often explores themes of love, nature, and melancholy, but with a focus on complex, often tragic characters. Supplemental Material: Consider watching the "Drunk History" episode on Byron to gain a lighthearted but informative take on his life and impact. 4. Percy Bysshe Shelley Key Themes: Political radicalism, the power of the poet, the fragility of life, the impermanence of human achievements. Famous Work: A Lament A poem expressing sorrow for the loss of a loved one and the inability to stop death. Shelley often dealt with themes of change, revolution, and the ideal of the poet as an agent of change. 5. John Keats Key Themes: The transience of life, beauty, the role of art and imagination, the desire for immortality. Famous Works: When I Have Fears that I May Cease to Be Keats expresses his fear of dying before he has had the chance to fully experience life or realize his creative potential. Key themes: mortality, creative ambition, the fleeting nature of existence. La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad A ballad describing the tragic and eerie encounter between a knight and a mysterious fairy-like woman, symbolizing unrequited love, desire, and death. Themes: the supernatural, beauty and its dangers, the destructive power of idealized love. Supplemental Notes: "The Byronic Hero" A term used to describe a certain type of character found in Byron’s works and later Romantic literature. These heroes are typically rebellious, flawed, and deeply introspective, often embodying the disillusionment and isolation of the period. Byron’s influence is pervasive in the development of Romanticism's focus on individualism, self-doubt, and the critique of societal norms. The Sublime in Nature Key Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, and Keats often depict nature as a powerful force that challenges human understanding. Nature as a Mirror of the Self: For Wordsworth, nature serves as a source of solace and spiritual wisdom. Coleridge’s natural landscapes are often dream-like and fantastical, while Shelley’s poetry explores nature as both beautiful and destructive. Imagination & Creativity For many Romantic poets, creativity is a divine force. Coleridge, for example, wrote extensively about the act of creation and the visionary potential of the poet's mind. Poetry becomes a means to access transcendent truths about existence, time, and the human condition. The Role of the Poet The Romantic poet is often seen as a prophet or visionary who interprets the world in a way that others cannot. They are sensitive to the emotional and spiritual truths that lie beneath surface reality. Further Considerations: Context of Romanticism: Romanticism arose as a response to the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, both of which emphasized reason, order, and progress. The Romantics rebelled against these ideas, seeking to rediscover emotion, mystery, and the irrational. Nature: Nature in Romantic poetry is not just a backdrop but a central character, often reflecting the inner emotional state of the poet or the human soul.

The Romantic Period (1785-1830) Overview Timeframe: Late 18th century to 19th century Cultural Shift: Rejection of the Age of Enlightenment (focus on reason). Key Features of Romanticism Focus Areas:

Nature Emotion Symbolism The sublime (awe-inspiring experiences) Characteristics:

Spontaneity: Emphasis on imagination and personal expression. Individual Experience: Authenticity derived from feelings and intuition. Key Themes in Romantic Poetry Emotions:

Authenticity through feeling and personal experience. Importance of intuition. Nature:

Themes of time, love, death, art, and religion. Settings depicted as picturesque and exotic; celebrating the uncivilized and uncorrupted. The Sublime:

Incorporation of the supernatural. Themes that evoke mystery, darkness, and mysticism. Language:

Simple, direct language that conveys the poet’s feelings. Use of figurative language: imagery, metaphors, and similes. Early Romantics: William Blake Overview:

First-generation Romantic poet known for visionary works. Authored Songs of Innocence and Experience, exploring "two Contrary States of the Human Soul." Artistic Contributions:

Developed illuminated plates as both painter and engraver. Influenced many subsequent Romantic poets. Rejected common conventions and was considered ahead of his time.

William Wordsworth: Key Notes Overview Born: April 7, 1770 Died: April 23, 1850 Movement: Major figure in the Romantic movement. Key Themes: Nature and its beauty Emotion and human experience The ordinary and its significance Key Poems "Composed Upon Westminster Bridge"

Link: Read the poem Written: September 3, 1802 Overview: Captures a serene morning moment in London from Westminster Bridge. Celebrates the city’s beauty and tranquility. Themes: Nature vs. urban life Beauty in the ordinary, even in a bustling city Tone: Calm, reflective, appreciative "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" (Daffodils)

Link: Read the poem Overview: Describes the speaker’s encounter with a field of daffodils, evoking feelings of joy and inspiration. The memory of the flowers brings solace and happiness in solitude. Themes: Nature’s impact on the human spirit The relationship between memory and emotion Transience and beauty Tone: Joyful, nostalgic, and uplifting Conclusion Wordsworth's poetry emphasizes the connection between nature and human emotion, celebrating the beauty found in both rural and urban landscapes. His work reflects the core values of the Romantic movement, focusing on individual experience and appreciation for the natural world.

Jane Austen: Key Notes Overview Notable Works:

Pride and Prejudice (1813) Emma Sense and Sensibility Mansfield Park Sanditon Writing Style:

Sharp social commentary Wit and irony Publication Context:

Wrote anonymously; societal norms discouraged female authorship Gained recognition posthumously Life and Context Birth and Death:

Lived 1775-1817 Died, likely from Hodgkin's lymphoma, at 41 Family and Personal Life:

Extensive correspondence with sister Cassandra; most letters were destroyed Engaged with themes relevant to the landed gentry Social Commentary:

Critiques marriage, class, and gender dynamics of her time Themes in Pride and Prejudice First Impressions:

Initial perceptions often misleading; emphasizes growth in understanding. Love and Marriage:

Explores the conflict between romantic love and societal expectations. Marriage as a means of financial security vs. emotional connection. Society and Class:

Critiques social hierarchies and class dynamics. Focus on the lives and struggles of women in a patriarchal society. Chapter 1 Overview Famous Opening Line:

Establishes the connection between wealthy single men and mothers seeking husbands for their daughters. Characters Introduced:

The Bennet family, particularly the eager Mrs. Bennet. Tone:

Comedic yet critical view of social norms regarding marriage and gender roles. Recommendations Further Reading:

Full text of Pride and Prejudice available on Project Gutenberg. Various adaptations for visual storytelling. Explore More:

Visit the Jane Austen website for additional insights on her life and works. Conclusion Austen's exploration of love, society, and the complexities of relationships continues to resonate, making her a crucial figure in English literature.

William Blake: Key Points General Overview First Generation Romantic Poet Influenced many Romantic poets. Known for illuminated plates (artistic engravings). Personal Beliefs Advocated for marriage based on love. Taught his illiterate wife to read, write, and engrave. Visionary and Mystic Rejected conventions, perceived as eccentric or insane. Key Poems "The Lamb" (from Songs of Innocence) Tone: Gentle, nurturing, reverent. Feelings: Peace, innocence, wonder. Theme: Conception of God as loving and gentle. Celebrates creation's purity and innocence. "The Tyger" (from Songs of Experience) Tone: Awe-inspiring, ominous, contemplative. Feelings: Fear, respect, complexity. Theme: Conception of God as fierce and powerful. Explores the duality of creation—beauty and terror. Emotional Contrast "The Lamb" vs. "The Tyger": Innocence vs. Experience: "The Lamb" embodies childhood purity. "The Tyger" grapples with existential fear and the darker aspects of creation. "The Chimney Sweeper" Poems "The Chimney Sweeper" (Innocence) Tone: Hopeful, gentle. Feelings: Innocence, faith, comfort. Theme: Child finds solace in the idea of divine reward. Portrays belief in redemption amidst suffering. "The Chimney Sweeper" (Experience) Tone: Cynical, harsh, somber. Feelings: Despair, loss, disillusionment. Theme: Exposes exploitation of child labor and failure of organized religion. Reflects loss of innocence and harsh reality. Summary Blake’s poems explore the dual states of the human soul: innocence and experience. Uses contrasting tones and themes to critique societal norms and express the full spectrum of human emotion.

Restoration to 18th Century Notes Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Death of Cromwell: Leads to political instability. Charles II's Return: Parliament invites him to rule, marking the start of the Restoration. Initial Anarchy: Political turmoil follows; Charles II serves as a "figurehead." James II's Absolute Rule: Attempts to restore Catholicism create insecurity in Parliament. William of Orange's Intervention: Invited to intervene, leading to the Glorious Revolution (bloodless). The Bill of Rights: Establishes Parliament as the de facto ruler, with the king as titular head, ending conflict between king and Parliament. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) Background: Irish author, clergyman, and master of satire. Faced hardships: father died, raised in poverty by an uncle. Moved to England during the Glorious Revolution. Career Highlights: Became an Anglican priest. Wrote political tracts, poems, and notable satirical works. Notable Works: A Modest Proposal: Satirical essay addressing poverty in Ireland. Gulliver’s Travels: Most popular work, blending adventure with social critique. A Tale of a Tub: Another significant satire. Themes: Ranges from love/beauty to death/revenge; darker tones reflect personal struggles. A Modest Proposal (1729) Overview: Addresses poverty and overpopulation in Ireland through an absurd proposal. Key Elements: Humor: Uses absurdity to draw attention. Criticism: Critiques societal neglect of the poor. Moral Voice: Presents a moral argument ironically. Irony and Sarcasm: Highlights the ridiculousness of the proposal. Taboo Topics: Engages with sensitive issues to provoke discussion. Five Elements of Satire Ridicule: Makes subjects seem absurd, inviting scorn and amusement. Seriousness: Addresses significant societal issues humorously. Problem Identification: Aims to highlight and correct flaws in society. Mock-Heroic Tone: The speaker may be oblivious to their own absurdity. Modern Satire Examples The Onion: Satirical news outlet that parodies journalism. Comments on real and fictional events humorously. The Colbert Report: Satirical TV show featuring Stephen Colbert as a conservative pundit. Uses satire to critique political and media landscapes.

Restoration Reading & Supplementary Materials The Restoration in England (1660) The Restoration period marks the reinstatement of the monarchy in England with Charles II, following the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. This era saw the revival of the Church of England and the arts, which had been stifled during Cromwell’s Puritan rule. Charles II's reign (1660-1685) allowed for flourishing sports, science, and cultural pursuits.

In-depth Overview: YouTube Video on the Restoration Puritanism Humor: Horrible Histories Clip Culinary Insights: Supersizer’s Go...Restoration The Georgian Period in England (1714-1830) This period, named for the four Hanoverian kings named George, features influential writers and thinkers:

Samuel Pepys (d. 1703)

Known for his Diary, which offers a personal account of life from 1660-1669. Read an excerpt: Pepys Diary Great Plague Context: Diary of Samuel Pepys & Covid-19 Alexander Pope (d. 1744)

Renowned poet and satirist, famous for works like "An Essay on Man." Read Epistles I and VIII: Essay on Man Samuel Johnson (d. 1784)

Noted lexicographer known for A Dictionary of the English Language (1755). Explore Johnson's Dictionary: Johnson's Dictionary Online Jonathan Swift (d. 1745)

Famous for Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal, a satirical commentary on poverty in Ireland. Read A Modest Proposal: A Modest Proposal Read Chapters 1 and 2 of Gulliver's Travels: Gulliver's Travels Key Themes and Concepts Satire: Understanding Swift’s use of satire is crucial. His extreme proposals highlight societal indifference to poverty, using irony to provoke thought and action. Cultural Revival: The Restoration and Georgian periods marked a significant cultural revival, influencing literature, arts, and social thought.

John Milton (1608-1674) Background Birth and Education: Born in London to a prosperous family; well-educated by tutors and at prestigious colleges (funded by his father). Early Aspirations: Planned to become an Anglican priest; a great believer in Cromwell and the Commonwealth. Personal Life: Married three times; briefly imprisoned after the monarchy was restored in 1660. Health: Became totally blind by 1652; died of kidney failure in 1674. Literary Contributions Poetic Works: Known for Latin elegies and English odes, considered models of poetic beauty. Philosophical Bridge: His works connect the Renaissance and the Reformation. Major Political Writer: Advocated for the English Revolution and defended the execution of Charles I. Paradise Lost Publication: Released in 1667; considered Milton's masterpiece. Form: Written in blank verse (Miltonic verse) – unrhymed iambic pentameter. Content: An epic poem that retells the story of Adam and Eve, beginning with themes from Genesis. Purpose: Aims to "justify the ways of God to men." Epic Poem Characteristics Long Narrative: Tells a comprehensive story involving significant themes. Warfare or Supernatural Elements: Engages with grand themes of conflict and divine intervention. In Medias Res: Begins in the midst of action rather than at the start. Cultural Ideals: Reflects and expresses the ideals and traditions of the time. Themes and Analysis Paradise Lost can be read as a representation of the failure of the English Revolution, with characters embodying Milton's critiques of the Anglican Church and exploring profound theological and philosophical questions. These notes summarize Milton's life, literary contributions, and the significance of Paradise Lost.

Historical Background Conflicts and Civil War King vs. Parliament: Growing tensions lead to the English Civil War (1642–1648). Key Events: Capture and beheading of Charles I. Establishment of the Commonwealth (1649). Oliver Cromwell: Puritan leader; ruled with authoritarianism, suppressing arts and leisure activities. Metaphysical Poets Definition and Characteristics Metaphysical Poets: A group of poets in 17th century England known for blending intellect and emotion. Key Traits: Use of metaphysical conceits: Extended, inventive metaphors. Simple language: Direct and clear expression. Rapid thought association: Engages the reader. Telescoping of images: Compact and layered imagery. Key Metaphysical Poets John Donne (1572-1631) Background: Inherited wealth; known for a lifestyle of pleasures. Secret marriage led to imprisonment; later took Anglican orders. Poetic Categories: Youthful Love Lyrics: Romantic themes. Sacred Verses: Reflections on spirituality after personal loss. Style: Frequent use of conceits and dramatic contrasts. Sharp, direct language; often concludes with surprising ideas. Flexible forms that adapt to themes. Major Work: "The Flea"

Key Questions: How does the flea symbolize seduction? Why is killing the flea considered "three sins in killing three"? How does the speaker respond to the lady after the flea's death? How might the lady argue against the speaker's logic? Andrew Marvell (1621-1678) Background: Politically active; wrote pamphlets and satires. Friend of John Milton; known for a controversial, often conflicted character. Notable Work: "To His Coy Mistress" Themes: Carpe diem: Urgency of love and time. Structure: IF: Idealized love without time constraints. BUT: Reality of time's passage. SO: Urges immediate action in love. Key Questions:

What is the speaker's goal in the poem? Is he proposing marriage or simply urging for intimacy? What is the nature of his argument? How logical and effective is his reasoning? New Criticism and Metaphysical Poets Reevaluation: New Criticism revisits these poets 300 years later. T.S. Eliot's View: Describes metaphysical poets as intellectual, combining disparate ideas into cohesive works. Distinction between intellectual poets and reflective poets, emphasizing depth of thought.

John Donne Metaphysical Poetry: Donne is a key figure in metaphysical poetry, known for his use of metaphysical conceits—extended metaphors that draw surprising connections between unlike objects.

"Death Be Not Proud": This poem personifies Death, arguing against its power and instilling a sense of defiance towards mortality. Read here. Analysis.

"The Flea": In this seduction poem, the flea becomes a metaphor for the speaker's argument that the act of love is trivialized by its connection to death. The speaker argues that killing the flea would be equivalent to committing multiple sins, referencing the idea of three lives in one. After the flea is killed, the speaker shifts tactics, trying to convince the woman that her honor is unaffected. Read here. Analysis.

Andrew Marvell "To His Coy Mistress": This carpe diem poem presents a logical progression in three stanzas: a hypothetical "If," a contrasting "But," and a conclusion "So." Marvell explores themes of time and beauty, urging his mistress to seize the moment of love. Read here. Analysis.

John Milton Paradise Lost: Considered one of the greatest epic poems, it explores themes of disobedience, free will, and redemption. Milton's portrayal of Satan as the epic hero challenges traditional notions of heroism. The poem opens with a focus on humanity's fall and Milton's intent to "justify the ways of God to men." Read the excerpt here. Analysis.

These readings collectively offer insights into the themes of love, mortality, and the human condition, characteristic of 17th-century poetry.

You said: make notes ChatGPT said: ChatGPT Here are concise notes on each of the key readings and poets:

John Donne Metaphysical Poetry Founder of metaphysical poetry. Known for metaphysical conceits (extended, surprising metaphors). "Death Be Not Proud" Theme: Defiance against Death. Personification: Death is addressed directly, diminishing its power. Analysis: Challenges the fear of mortality. Read here. More analysis. "The Flea" Theme: Seduction and persuasion. Conceit: The flea symbolizes the union of the lovers' blood. Religious references: Killing the flea equates to three sins (symbolizing the Trinity). Shift in argument: After the flea is killed, the speaker argues that her honor remains intact. Read here. More analysis. Andrew Marvell "To His Coy Mistress" Theme: Carpe diem (seize the day). Structure: Stanza 1: "If" (idealized love). Stanza 2: "But" (the inevitability of time). Stanza 3: "So" (urge to act). Imagery: Explores themes of time and beauty. Argument: Urges the mistress to embrace love now. Read here. More analysis. John Milton Paradise Lost Epic poem: Focuses on Adam and Eve's disobedience. Satan as hero: Challenges traditional heroism. Themes: Free will, redemption, and the nature of evil. Purpose: To "justify the ways of God to men." Opening lines: Discuss the fall of man and the consequences of disobedience.

This shares character dynamics, Kat parallels with Katherina, while Bianca represents Bianca Minola. They hold a theme of rebellion, both explore female rebellion. Also romantic conflict in the form of love and societal expectations. Humor, with it being similar to Shakespeare's comedic elements. Kat and Petruchio experience personal growth.

This is something that if a friend said, I would worry. It is saying is sleep, death, better than living. Saying that are the troubles of life better. I say the troubles of life are better. See the beauty in life. Stay motivated!

stress this word

metaphor for bad things that come with fortune

is?

The three estates in European feudal society were 1. Peasants, 2. Clergy, 3. Nobles

Contest to see who could write the best tale wins a dinner at the inn when they get back

showed all perspectives and wrote how all people talked, not just the great men of the time.

One of the first literature to use common vernacular

Possibly Chaucer

mix of French and Latin

Mixing of traditions, shift to Christian ideals

Hero- Beowulf Hero Qualities- Bravery, Strength, Generosity, Loyalty, Honesty. Allusions- Biblical Allusions

In "Beowulf," there are several Christian allusions that reflect the possible Christian influence of the Beowulf Poet. One significant allusion is the connection between Grendel and the biblical figure of Cain. Grendel is described as a descendant of Cain, the first murderer according to the Bible. This allusion establishes Grendel as a figure of inherent evil and chaos, aligning him with the concept of sin and punishment in Christian theology. Grendel’s lineage is marked by his exile from God’s favor, reflecting the idea of divine retribution for wrongdoing.

Chaos vs. Order Chaos- Chaos in "Beowulf" is represented by the monsters Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the dragon. These creatures are forces of destruction and evil that disrupt the social order and harmony of the human world. Grendel, in particular, brings terror and disorder to Hrothgar’s hall, a place that should be filled with joy and camarad

Restoration of Order- Restored by Beowulf by destroying monsters, Grendel, Grendel's Mother, and Dragon.

Being Remembered: The Traits of a Good King

Hrothgar, the Danish king, exemplifies several traits of a good king as described in the epic:

Generosity: Hrothgar is known for his generosity, especially in rewarding Beowulf for his heroism. He distributes treasure and gifts to his warriors and allies. Beating Other Tribes: Hrothgar's reign is marked by peace and prosperity rather than conquest. His leadership is more focused on maintaining stability and alliance rather than expanding territory. Paying Tribute for Peace: While Hrothgar does not engage in paying tribute in the direct sense, his wisdom and efforts to secure peace are evident. Earning Loyalty: Hrothgar earns loyalty through his just and benevolent rule, fostering strong bonds with his subjects. Having a Son: Hrothgar has no sons who are explicitly mentioned to succeed him, which is a concern he expresses in his speeches to Beowulf about the need for a worthy successor.

Beowulf’s Legacy

At his death, Beowulf is depicted as a good king. He has successfully ruled his kingdom for fifty years, maintaining peace and order. His final act of bravery in fighting the dragon, even though it results in his death, reflects his dedication to his people and his enduring legacy. He is mourned by his people, and his story is celebrated, indicating that he has achieved the ultimate goal of creating a lasting legacy and being remembered as a great and noble leader.

King Alfred, only english King to be called "the Great," and his equally impressive Grandson, Athelstan, first who could truly call himself "King of the English"

Battle of Maldon against the Vikings in 991

Monk Bede wrote his Ecclesiastical History of Britain

Offa, built Offa's Dyke along border between Wales and England, stretched over the Midlands

First to be converted to Christianity