Floridi, in developing his information ethics theory (henceforth FIE)[2], argued that the purview of computer ethics – indeed of ethics in general – should be widened to include much more than simply human beings, their actions, intentions and characters. He developed FIE as another “macroethics” (his term) which is similar to utilitarianism, deontologism, contractualism, and virtue ethics, because it is intended to be applicable to all ethical situations. On the other hand, FIE is different from these more traditional Western theories because it is not intended to replace them, but rather to supplement them with further ethical considerations that go beyond the traditional theories, and that can be overridden, sometimes, by traditional ethical considerations.

Górniak may well be right. Computer ethics today appears to be evolving into a broader and even more important field, which might reasonably be called “global information ethics”. Global networks, especially the Internet, are connecting people all over the earth. For the first time in history, efforts to develop mutually agreed standards of conduct, and efforts to advance and defend human values, are being made in a truly global context. So, for the first time in the history of the earth, ethics and values will be debated and transformed in a context that is not limited to a particular geographic region, or constrained by a specific religion or culture. This could be one of the most important social developments in history

In the late 1990s, a similar approach to computer ethics, called “value-sensitive computer design”, emerged based upon the insight that potential computer-ethics problems can be avoided, while new technology is under development, by anticipating possible harm to human values and designing new technology from the very beginning in ways that prevent such harm.

Because of the breadth of Wiener’s concerns and the applicability of his ideas and methods to every kind of information technology, the term “information ethics” is an apt name for the new field of ethics that he founded. As a result, the term “computer ethics”, as it is typically used today, names only a subfield of Wiener’s much broader concerns.

Although he coined the name “cybernetics” for his new science, Wiener apparently did not see himself as also creating a new branch of ethics. As a result, he did not coin a name like “computer ethics” or “information ethics”. These terms came into use decades later. (See the discussion below.) In spite of this, Wiener’s three relevant books (1948, 1950, 1963) do lay down a powerful foundation, and do use an effective methodology, for today’s field of computer and information ethics. His thinking, however, was far ahead of other scholars; and, at the time, many people considered him to be an eccentric scientist who was engaging in flights of fantasy about ethics. Apparently, no one – not even Wiener himself – recognized the profound importance of his ethics achievements; and nearly two decades would pass before some of the social and ethical impacts of information technology, which Wiener had predicted in the late 1940s, would become obvious to other scholars and to the general public.

Two years later he published The Human Use of Human Beings (1950), a book in which he explored a number of ethical issues that computer and information technology would likely generate. The issues that he identified in those two books, plus his later book God and Golem, Inc. (1963), included topics that are still important today: computers and security, computers and unemployment, responsibilities of computer professionals, computers for persons with disabilities, information networks and globalization, virtual communities, teleworking, merging of human bodies with machines, robot ethics, artificial intelligence, computers and religion, and a number of other subjects.

In the mid 1940s, innovative developments in science and philosophy led to the creation of a new branch of ethics that would later be called “computer ethics” or “information ethics”. The founder of this new philosophical field was the American scholar Norbert Wiener, a professor of mathematics and engineering at MIT.

“Computer and information ethics”, in the present essay, is understood as that branch of applied ethics which studies and analyzes such social and ethical impacts of ICT.

By following their daily operations, their conversations, their meetings with farmers and chats with the diners who do indeed spend large sums at their establishment, you slowly realize the point in it all: that making great food, and indeed any great art, requires balancing profits with attention to detail, with patience for the slow process of creating something that will nourish us and the land for generations to come.

If I sit on my couch and scroll my feed for a Wiseman-length of time — who among us hasn’t — I’m effectively watching a little documentary about human behavior, authored by me, or at least whatever interests the algorithm ascribes to me. This is cool, but it’s also scary. Working simply and nimbly his whole career, Wiseman has maintained tremendous independence; I might be tempted to think my own little documentary does the same.

It is earnestly to be hoped that scholars of KO from other regions not represented here, such as India, Japan, and Korea, will undertake the exposition and interpretation of their premodern library classification systems for the benefit of a global audience

Most notably, the fact that books are typically arrayed in sequence upon shelves has encouraged the understanding of library classifications used as shelf classification as lines composed of points in which “each particular book represents a specific point in [the] line” (Shera 1965, 97; cf. Sayers 1955, 5–6; 19). Corresponding to this assumption has been another according to which “a library classification is a sequence (a one-dimensional, linear order) of terms [denoting classes — TMD]” (Mills 1964, 41, italics his) in which each of the subject or form classes composing a given library classification scheme will occupy a unique position within the sequence of classes (Shera 1965, 98). Linearity and uniqueness may be termed postulates of positional rigidity and affect the classing of books and other resources within a collection: as one commentator has observed, “[s]helf classification can show a book in one place, at one subject, in one relation, and that only”

In the case of books — and, mutandis mutandis, other information resources — , there is no lack of characteristics that can serve as the basis for the definition of classes. To cite but a few examples, classifications of books can, in principle, be constructed around their physical size; the nature of their binding; their date of publication; their place of publication; the names of their authors or, should these be lacking, their titles; the subjects whereof they treat; the genres of writing that they represent; the languages in which they are written; the audiences for which they are written; or their provenance (cf. Bliss 1939, 23; Cutter 1904, 15; Hulme 1950 [1911–1912], 4–5, with Dousa 2017; Richardson 1901, 60–65). Historically, however, library classifications have tended to be based on a limited set of bibliographic attributes — namely, the → subject content and/or literary form of books (Bliss 1939, 24; Cutter 1904, 16; Hulme 1950 [1911–1912], 5; Mills 1968, 3). For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as “subject-classification[s]” (Bliss 1939, 25) or “subject classification schemes” (e.g., IFLA Working Group on Guidelines for National Bibliographic Agencies 2012, 22; Hider 2012, 162–170). Insofar as the subjects of books constitute objects of knowledge, some commentators have also characterized them as “knowledge organization classification systems” (Beghtol 2010). Yet if subject content and literary form have tended to be the primary foundations upon which library classifications have been built, one should not overlook the fact that, very often, some other attributes, such as the names of authors and date of publication, have served as principles for the sub-arrangement of books and other items within classes (cf. Sayers 1955, 14) and that physical features, such as size, have often governed the actual arrangement of books on shelves (cf. Brown 1898, 102–103; Mills 1968, 2). Very few, if any, library classifications have been, in practice, pure subject classifications.

Mas, sobretudo, creio que na vida, por vezes, é importante arriscar-se, para experimentar emoções. Daqui a dez anos, quando for a uma farmácia solicitar um anticoncepcional masculino, observarei sua confecção elegante e me lembrarei de quando o experimentava em mim. Isso também é uma emoção"

Batching is the process of having an extended session of a single activity and then subsequently blocking yourself from doing it for the rest of the day.

“The world had become an arctic prison from which no escape was possible, all its creatures trapped as securely as were the trees, already lifeless inside their deadly resplendent armour.”

In a peculiar way, the unreality of the outer world appeared to be an extension of my own disturbed state of mind. Thus, the novel can be seen as an exploration of the relationship between inner and outer worlds, a look at how mental landscapes interact with and affect physical landscapes. As Lethem puts it, “as in Kafka, Poe and Ishiguro’s The Unconsoled, the essential disturbance resides in an inextricable interplay between inner and outer worlds.”

“I think there are two types of writers, the architects and the gardeners,” George R. R. Martin said: The architects plan everything ahead of time, like an architect building a house. They know how many rooms are going to be in the house, what kind of roof they’re going to have, where the wires are going to run, what kind of plumbing there’s going to be. They have the whole thing designed and blueprinted out before they even nail the first board up. The gardeners dig a hole, drop in a seed, and water it.

There needs to be a term for an alternative way of building worlds, the world-building-in-negative that is practiced by Kavan and Abe (and forebears and contemporaries like Edgar Allan Poe, Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett, John Hawkes, and J. G. Ballard). Some have called this process “inferred world-building” or “world-conjuring,” but “world-blocking” may be more apt. The term works in opposing directions to get at the paradox of these types of texts. A “block” is something that obstructs, but is also a unit, like a brick, for building (i.e., “building block”). The verb “to block” means to hinder or hamper, but it also means to plot out the movements of an actor on a stage or movie set. World-blockers, then, build worlds through obstruction; they block out the moves of their world by blocking our full access to them.

Clement of Alexandria suggests that Plato traveled to Heliopolis (a notion that Strabo also held) and was a disciple of the Egyptian priest Sechnuphis. Plutarch adds the detail that Plato sold oil to the Egyptians while in Egypt to offset his travel expenses. And Strabo suggests that Plato and his travel companion courted the favor of the priests of Heliopolis to “let them learn some of the principles of their doctrines.” We find additional accounts of Plato’s sojourn in Egypt in the writings of Diogenes Laertius and Cicero.

um gesto dançado não é só efemeridade pura, mas tem potência de inscrição nos nossos corpos e pode reclamar sua existência tardiamente.

Para mim, a dança tem disso: ela oferece a possibilidade de inventar um corpo, um mundo, um modo de ser específico, que não aqueles que se distribuem por aí, nas centrais de valores globais.

Cada vez que entrava em cena, lembrava o menino escondido, impedido, e expulsava a censura por meio do movimento, pelo gesto e pela força de ser o corpo que queria ser quando vi pela primeira vez o espetáculo. Um corpo descoberto, sem amarras, metamorfose constante e nu de identidade fixa.

Queria fazer parte daquilo, sentir o corpo como disponibilidade aberta, vibrante, exposta.

We live in dangerous times and need dangerous writing. How many pieces do you read that feel dangerous?

Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of rereading Reality Hunger is how its most sophisticated and nuanced ideas of the interplay between memoir and reportage, between facts and identity, have been utterly assimilated into everyday life. You don’t need to explain to the alt-right, or to most college students for that matter, that “the illusion of the facts will suffice.” Everyone understands, implicitly and instinctively, that you have your identity first and you make up your facts after.

The American Economic Association, to which Robert Lucas gave his address, was created in 1885, just when economics was starting to define itself as a distinct discipline. At its first meeting, the association’s founders proposed a platform that declared: “The conflict of labour and capital has brought to the front a vast number of social problems whose solution is impossible without the united efforts of church, state and science.” It would be a long path from that beginning to the market evangelism of recent decades.

El inicio en filosofía sería como su gemlen. en el sentido de que la filosofía se desarrolla desde su interior. Otra metáfora que se aplica a la empresa filosófica, además de la botánica. es la de los cimientos, tomada de la ingeniería. Ambas transmiten' la idea de algo que se rige por sí mismo, justa-mente lo que yo buscaba

It’s as if a zone is staked out for a variety of ideas and postures to flex and interact. This zone is the place where the arts play. It is not an apolitical place, it is just not owned by government. In this aesthetic space, the arts explore a less confined politics than the one that controls the state. The state is not the beginning, end, or the reason for this space.

Another bad approach to the arts under extreme conditions is the philosophy of escapism. Transportation via art—film, painting, novel—always has its place. The word ecstasy derives from the idea of standing outside oneself. Ecstatic experiences of art are necessary for our survival. But in times of fear and uncertainty the consumer of art can become a consumerist. In these cases, the viewer binge-watches or loses herself in the visual maze of Instagram for the sheer purpose of erasing herself. This is reasonable but it is not the primary reason why art is necessary. Escapism or ecstasy suggests an abnegation of thought: It renders the critic totally useless.

In his webpage “White Rapper FAQ,” Comedian Aamer Raman describes what exactly makes Azalea offensive: “A white rapper like Iggy Azalea acts out signifiers which the white majority associates with black culture — hyper sexuality, senseless materialism, an obsession with drugs, money and alcohol — as well as adopting clothing, speech and music — as a costume that they can put on and discard at will. It’s a cheap circus act.”

I have stood in such boxlike spaces before, alone with myself, and these moments seem connected to one another in a way I can’t quite specify. It is as though life is a board game, and here is the starting point to which I keep finding myself unexpectedly returned.

she has remained so essentially and naïvely original that “to this day I have no idea what she will do, say, or propose.

Em seu livro L’ordine simbolico della madre (A ordem simbólica da mãe), a filósofa italiana Luisa Muraro argumenta que a relação entre significante e significado é garantida pela presença física e afetiva da mãe.

A comunicação alfabética possui um ritmo que permite ao cérebro uma recepção lenta, sequencial, reversível. São estas as condições da crítica, que a modernidade considera condição essencial da democracia e da racionalidade. Porém, o que significa “crítica”? No sentido etimológico, crítica é a capacidade de distinguir, particularmente, de diferenciar entre a verdade e a falsidade das afirmações. Quando o ritmo da afirmação é acelerado, a possibilidade de interpretação crítica das afirmações reduz-se a um ponto de aniquilamento. McLuhan escreveu que quando a simultaneidade substitui a sequencialidade — ou seja, quando a afirmação se acelera sem limites — a mente perde sua capacidade de discriminação crítica, passando daquela condição a uma neomitológica.

"Houve uma onda da esquerda na América Latina e agora, ao que tudo indica, haverá uma onda conservadora. São processos naturais, a história funciona dentro de ciclos."

what it reveals about the creative process that keeps going on during the living process. How do the two interact? How are they kept separate? Most people are not creative, in the sense that they haven't the drive, confidence or talent to let creativity become a dominant factor in their lives. But they are very curious about those people who do. This easily explains the appeal of literary biography.