Aside from the article and interview, this peer reviewed source also explained the rising cost for higher education

Business Insider

financial aid which

The increase in demand proves college offers many advantages and that outweighs the cost

The Department of Education expected 20.4 million students in 2017, 5.1 million more than in 2000.

Insider discussed the same reasons for the rise in college education as Reis stated in her interview.

but either way there is no price tag on the value of education.

if you use

they need to pay the professors rising salaries and state funding being at a minimum.

unaffordable and what if the degree isn’t worth the money.

all together

The Rise on College Tuition and the Value of the Degree

when you’re in high school and you question who you want to be and what do you want to do with your life?

Work Cited

Since it is the first draft I’

Rainbow Six Siege

My big question is can video games have a social function

“ Calm down John school

Steinberg, Scott. “How Video Games Can Make You Smarter.” CNN, Cable News Network, 31 Jan. 2011,

Adachi, P. J. C., & Willoughby, T. (2012). Do video games promote positive youth development? Journal of Adolescent Research. Doi

I made the choice of referring to the audience as “you”.

It reminds me of my senior project with all the resources that I had to use/

So now, we again ask ourselves, why do we laugh? After lengthy research on the matter, we are able to recognize that there is no simple way to answer this question. However, it seems as though laughter tends to have an immense social impact on our lives. Externally, laughter affects our mental health, social interaction in comfortable and uncomfortable situations, and contributes to the longevity of our desired relationships. As far as internally, laughter excites multiple sections of the brain simultaneously, creating a feeling of intense emotion that compels us to produce absurd noises involuntarily. Laughter, in turn, seems to be the key to our long-lasting personal integrity, and is the gateway to our healthy relationships

Not only for communicating socially, but also for stress relief, mental health, etc.

Producing it involves creating incongruity (e.g., McGhee, 1979; Shultz, 1976), which requires a cognitive understanding of norms and how those norms can be violated (e.g., putting a cup on one’s head).” (Hoicka, Akhtar ¶1). “Jokes are intended for an audience and need to be shared…”; “Observational studies suggest infants produce humor. Parents of 8-month-olds reported most infants deliberately repeated actions to re-elicit laughter from others.” (Reddy, 2001) (Hoicka, Akhtar),

were often

orresponding with this claim, is an article published by NBC News and written by Robert Provine, Ph.D., a professor of psychology at the University of Maryland. I

This claim suggests that laughter may be considered as an evolutionary trait.

They noticed that electrical stimulation of a 2 cm square area on her left supplementary motor area…”, located at the top of the Frontal Lobes, “…consistently made the girl laugh spontaneously

Taking this information into account, I decided to further my research by consulting some articles pertaining to the question.

Mentioned in an excerpt from the Lancet Vol. 358, published by the Lancet Publishing group and written by

(Pilotte)

I went on to ask him, “What occurs in the brain during laughter?”

Obviously, people laugh because they find something funny. Others laugh to fit in socially, to express their attraction toward someone, to relieve stress, or as a nervous reaction.”

our mouth’s as

but also internally that contributes

So why do we laugh?

Scott, Sophie. “Why we laugh.” TED Talk. 30 April 2015. Lecture. 1 March 2020. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxLRv0FEndM 

Provine, Robert. “A Big Mystery: Why Do We Laugh?” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 14 Dec. 2003, www.nbcnews.com/id/3077386/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/big-mystery-why-do-we-laugh/#.XmBKhhdKh0t.

Academic (peer reviewed) Journal.

Gana, the mother of the baby carried

morning

Brain scan s

They scanned

do dogs just see the person who feeds them or do they love us? 

hat cognitive ethology is the joining science for understanding the subjective emotional empathetic and moral lives of animals.

Which brings about the special on CBS This Morning (How Dogs Love Us by Dr Burns) where an experiment that was done on a family dog named Katie

Although individual beliefs are evident.

Males were significantly less likely than females to believe that animals experience complex emotions (depression, anxiety, love and grief). Males were also less likely to believe animals showed changes in eating patterns when they experience grief.

There is still a debate about whether or not animals feel emotions

Anthrozoos. The Emotional Lives of Companion Animals: Attachment and Subjective Claims by Owners of Cats and Dogs).

Cats

“Researchers spend decades observing animals and see individuals” (Sarafina, National Geographic)

at some other concepts

For example, when a person is feeling sad and the dog comes and sits on the side of its human and puts its head on their lap.

By matching a person’s personality traits with a dog who is similar.

During the eighteen months John would train the puppy in

ethology

They’re behavior

he most likely explanation for the animal’s refusal to give up the corpse; grief (Watson)

six species of marine mammals have been seen clinging to the body of a dead fellow mammal, probably a mate or a relative?

Did you know

(Article)

Watson, Traci. Whales Mourn Their Dead Just Like US National Geographic       https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/07/whales-death-grief-      animals-science.html

Safina, Carl. Beyond Words What Animals Think and Feel July,2015 (book)  

ScienceonNBCNews.Nbcnews.com/id/26316788/ns/technology-and science/mama-gorill

CBS This Morning Brain Scan Reveals Emotions of Dogs

Bekoff, Marc. Animal passions and Beastly Virtues: Cognitive Ethology as The Unifying Science for Understanding the Subjective, Emotional, Empathy and Moral Lives of Animals. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science March 2006, Vol 41 Issue 1, p71-104.

Anthrozoos. The Role of Gender in Public Perception of Whether Animals Can Experience Grief and Other Emotions. June 2014, Vol27 Issue 2, o251-266  (Article) ISSN0892-7936

Maybe animals do feel emotions.

More interactive and absorbing than passive forms of entertainment like movies and TV, video games promote higher levels of engagement because observers are actively and enthusiastically involved with on-screen activity

In the article that I found, CNN “ How video games can make you Smarter” brings up a lot of good points to tell about

It feels good when you accomplish something because we don’t get that kind of positive feedback in reality and makes people feel less of themselves.

Feedback that can come in many ways like a “than you”, “awesome job”, or even a “ Nicely done”

A very important thin touche

A game developer named Jane Mcgonigal presented the idea to the world that gaming can make a better world.

An example of games assess player performance

A lot of people think video games are time wasters but now there’s a growing amount of people who think that video games have educational purposes.

Quote

According to Lougheed “one clear advantage associated with games is an enhanced ability to learn from failure. Just as being killed by the ogre repeatedly eventually allows a gamer to figure out how to solve that problem, losing a virtual patient to DKA can be an effective way of learning how not to lose a real patient” (Lougheed)

Video games help provide brand new learning aspects of what our brain can do and other things like faster reflexes

he goal of the presented study was to examine whether strategic video game play predicted self-reported problem solving skills among a sample of 1,492 adolescents (50.8 % female), over the four high school years

In a study that Adachi conducted,

example you have to think of ways that can help you

Rainbow Six Siege, Overwatch

There are many things video games are helpful with is to make people figuring out situations with solving different problems on their own.

I was five when I got my first ever gaming system. I

Does video games help with communication skills?

Lougheed, Tim. “Video games bring new aspects to medical education and training.” CMAJ:  Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 191, no. 37, 16 Sept. 2019, p. E1034+. Gale

Steinberg, Scott. “How Video Games Can Make You Smarter.” CNN, Cable News Network, 31 Jan. 2011, 

McGonigal, Jane  “Gaming can Make a Better .” TED. Mar. 2010. Lecture.

Gee, Mary. “Educational video games.” The Science Teacher, vol. 77, no. 4, Apr.-May 2010, p. 18.

Adachi, P. J. C., & Willoughby, T. (2012). Do video games promote positive youth development? Journal of Adolescent Research. Doi

made the choice of referring to the audience as “you.”

It reminds me of my other years of schooling with all the resources that I had to use back then.

I decided to interview a former foster mother

llegal Immigration and Legal Immigration would still have to overcome the same struggles to be able to be green card holders. Illegal Immigrantion  and Legal Immigrantion are looking for a fresh start in the United States for a chance to succeed. The United States is taking that from them and their loved ones with no hesitation. I believe A Re-evaluation should occur for Illegal Immigration. 

Donald J. Trump is doing this for various reasons, “no empirical study has looked at the direct connection between election outcomes and immigration in the U.S. Immigration plays a big role in society for years now All 15% of undocumented Immigrants who requested asylum were deported before getting an asylum hearing”.

security. Principally responsible for immigration with additions of in countering transnational crimes). 

How is ICE

Legal Immigrantion are those who have been able to pass their test and now have the chance to be able to withhold a green card which grants them residency in the United States

The United states is hurting the lives of others

Illegal Immigrants need to pass a test that often contains information that many native U.S citizens don’t even know.

What is Immigration, I

larger Illegal Immigration

What is Immigration? How is ICE treating Illegal Immigrantion? 

home land which

2017 Radford, Jynna and Luis noe-Bustamante facts on u.s immigrants, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2019/06/03/facts-on-u-s-immigrants/)

Illegal. Immigrants

there attention

That being said, she had a somewhat broader audience. Not only does she cover the oppression of both Spanish and English cultures, but the oppression of women. She is speaking to the woman who shames Spanish people for speaking their language in the United States, a country which was built by immigrants. She is speaking to the mother who shames her daughter for speaking Spanglish or traditional Spanish, because she should only speak pure Chicana Spanish. Her own culture did not give women the proper pronoun, letting men dominate once again. The intangible border affects all humans alike. 

her piece as a memoir.

english and spanish

n boca cerrada no entran moscas. “Flies don’t enter a closed mouth” is a saying I kept hearing when I was a child. Ser !tabla- dora was to be a gossip and a liar, to talk too much. Muchachitas bien criadas, well-bred girls don’t answer back. Es una (alta de respeto to talk back to one’s mother or father. I remember one of the sins I’d recite to the priest in the confession box the few times I went to confession: talking back to my mother, hablar pa’ ‘tras, repelar. Hocicona, repelona, chismosa, having a big mouth, questioning, carrying tales are all signs of being mal criada. In my culture they are all words that are derogatory if applied to women – I’ve never heard them applied to men” (Anzaldua

On the other hand, there are a few white moderates, not nearly enough

Quoting what another Christian man wrote to him in a letter, essentially not to rush the process in which the rights of black people can be accomplished. This man’s justification is that it has taken Christianity almost 2000 years to achieve the great power it now has, great things take a great deal of time in his opinion

“I had also hoped that the white moderate would reject the myth of time. I received a letter this morning from a white brother in Texas which said, “All Christians know that the colored people will receive equal rights eventually, but is it possible that you are in too great of a religious hurry? It has taken Christianity almost 2000 years to accomplish what it has. The teachings of Christ take time to come to earth.” All that is said here grows out of a tragic misconception of time. It is the strangely irrational notion that there is something in the very flow of time that will inevitably cure all ills. Actually, time is neutral. It can be used either destructively or constructively. I am coming to feel that the people of ill will have used time much more effectively than the people of good will. We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the vitriolic words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the good people. We must come to see that human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability. It comes through the tireless efforts and persistent work of men willing to be coworkers with God, and without this hard work time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation” (King).

Getting his purpose across to

purpose directly because a letter is supposed to be direct to it’s usually small audience.

The genre of Martin Luther King’s writing, in its simplest form, is a letter

purpose of his message is emphasizing the importance of time in our lives, specifically the present. H

He explains the pragmatic view and the poetic view,

how he identifies and relates to his audience. All great public speakers are able to pertain to what they are trying to say to their intended audience. 

“So much attention to time, very odd, especially for people freshly graduated from college who justifiably feel they have all the time in the world. Maybe today we should take another look at the subject. From my experience, there are two basic ways to regard time, or anything else: The Pragmatic and the poetic” (Collins). Although time starts to melt into the purpose of his speech after this, it is a writing strategy writers use in speech writing when figuring out the structure of their writing

urate insight of his audience’s feeling towards these types of speeches.

This is an untraditional way of starting a speech and was effective in catching their attention. He is able to use a relevant shared experience, by both him and most of his audience, to draw them in.

under speech

Without these three major components a writer cannot clearly convey his message to his readers. 

Lastly you

Thinking of writing as a form of conversation a writer has to identify: the genre they chose to write about, the targeted audience of their piece, and the purpose behind their writing.

In every strong writer there is a writing process that must contain these three things in order to thrive. 

Changes I made: I tweaked the formatting of the essay (double spaced = MLA FORMAT) Correct a few minor grammar issues I had not spotted during my first few reads Added more to MLK and Anzaldua’s piece, which included some of my own thoughts

the bible

 “Los Chicanos, how patient we seem, how very patient. There is the quiet of the Indian about us. We know how to survive. When other races have given up their tongue, we’ve kept ours. We know what it is to live under the hammer blow of the dominant norteamericano culture. But more than we count the blows, we count the days the weeks the years the centuries the eons until the white laws and commerce and customs will rot in the deserts they’ve created, lie bleached. Humildes yet proud, quietos yet wild, nosotros losmexicanos-Chicanos will walk by the crumbling ashes as we go about our business. Stubborn, persevering, impenetrable as stone, yet possessing a malleability that renders us unbreakable, we, the mestizas and mestizos, will remain.” (Anzaldua 44

“Chicana feminists often skirt around each other with suspicion and hesitation. For the longest time I couldn’t figure it out. Then it dawned on me. To be close to another Chicana is like looking into the mirror. We are afraid of what we’ll see there. Pena. Shame. Low estimation of self. In childhood we are told that our language is wrong. Repeated attacks on our native tongue diminish our sense of self. The attacks continue throughout our lives. Chicanas feel uncomfortable talking in Spanish to Latinas, afraid of their censure. Their language was not outlawed in their countries. They had a whole lifetime of being immersed in their native tongue; generations, centuries in which Spanish was a first language, taught in school, heard on radio and TV, and read in the newspaper.” (Anzaldua 38-39)

uch as we

her audience which would be other Chicanas such as herself or others who suffer from being outcasted based on their native language.

The genre of her writing is a memoir she talks about herself

 “There was a time when the church was very powerful. It was during that period that the early Christians rejoiced when they were deemed worthy to suffer for what they believed. In those days the church was not merely a thermometer that recorded the ideas and principles of popular opinion; it was the thermostat that transformed the mores of society. Wherever the early Christians entered a town the power structure got disturbed and immediately sought to convict them for being ‘disturbers of the peace’ and ‘outside agitators.’ But they went on with the conviction that they were ‘a colony of heaven’ and had to obey God rather than man. They were small in number but big in commitment. They were too God-intoxicated to be ‘astronomically intimidated.’ They brought an end to such ancient evils as infanticide and gladiatorial contest.” (King 5)

ings purpose is getting these religious

The genre King used to incorporate his writing into was a letter. A letter is very direct and personal that usually involves two-way communication.

which is how they all seem to speak of the future and what you are going to do now that you have graduated from college.

 Now that I have gone through the importance of audience and purpose I can move to the last element of the rhetorical situation, the genre.

Collin’s purpose is to inspire his audience.

Now moving back to Collins and determining his purpose.

Purpose is the reason for communication, the reason for deciding your topic of discussion

Take Collins commencement address for example, what is immediately thought of when hearing commencement speech?

explain how these three key terms are crucial to have in ones writing.

with Audience

Poet Laureate Billy Collins Gives Brilliant and Witty Commencement Address at Colorado College, 2008, http://www.graduationwisdom.com/speeches/0135-Billy-Collins-Gives-Brilliant-Witty-Commencement-Speech-Address-At-Colorado-College-2008.htm. 2/18/2020

is to inspire his audience.

tional speech and  partly poetry

He makes an instant connection to his current audience.

Billy Collins once gave a Commencement Address in 2008 that demonstrates  his understanding of knowing your audience and how to connect to them.

Her purpose is clear. S

Anzaldua knows how her audienc

Anzaldua connects with her fellow “Chicanas” (

Gloria Anzaldua was another writer who knew and understood the importance of knowing the intended audience

King used his letter to target his audience of the eight clergymen,

genre focused on  inspirational prose.

able to connect with  his readers through his letter.

Martin Luther King Jr., by knowing his audience, i

will captivate the reader.

he reason could be  to provide information, entertainment, persuade or explain a point of view. T

if you

Focusing and adapting writing to a certain genre will facilitate the writer to connect and resonate with their reader and hopefully accomplish the writer’s purpose.

Works Cited Anzaldua, Gloria. How to Tame a Wild Tongue.The New Mestiza,  Borderlands/La Frontera,1987,https://www.everettsd.org/cms/lib07/WA01920133/Centricity/Domain/965/Anzaldua-Wild-Tongue.pdf Accessed 9 Feb. 2020   Collins, Billy. Commencement Address Colorado College, 2008, 2 Oct. 2013, www.graduationwisdom.com/speeches/0135-Billy-Collins-Gives-Brilliant-Witty-Commencement-Speech-Address-At-Colorado-College-2008.htm. Accessed 9 Feb. 2020   King, Martin Luther, Jr.  “Letter from Birmingham Jail” King Research and Education Institute. 16 April 1963. https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Letter_Birmingham_Jail.pdf   Accessed 9 Feb. 2020  

Taking an audience-centered approach is important because a speaker’s effectiveness will be improved if the presentation is created and delivered in an appropriate manner. When determining the purpose, each author had to ask themselves the question, “what am I trying to accomplish with this piece of writing?”. Whether it is to inform, persuade, or entertain, the key to effectively getting across the intended message is that it communicates the writer’s purpose to the audience for whom it is intended. When these three work together, a writer is able to complete a “successful” writing piece. 

The intended audience of this piece was most likely towards those who speak english and don’t understand spanish culture.

in the form of a memoir

he aims his audience more towards the educators

ike Billy Collins commencement address, Donovan Livingston’s commencement address was also very powerful and inspirational to his graduating class as well as other students

that he is not better than any of those before him, therefore making his advice seem more fitting for those listening

s audience, intended purpose, and genre to accomplish his goal of preparing his graduating class for their quickly approaching future

n Billy Collins commencement address, he

ntends on reaching towards.

. It is more broadly defined by Blau and Burak as a “category of artistic composition, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter” (3). A writing’s purpose is the message that is trying to be portrayed, or the goal of which the audience

Writing in the Works

your targeted audienc

in which it would be presented to

Collins, Billy. “Commencement Speech Transcript.” Poet Laureate Billy Collins Gives Brilliand and Witty Commencement Address at Colorado College, 2008, http://www.graduationwisdom.com/speeches/0135-Billy-Collins-Gives-Brilliant-Witty-Commencement-Speech-Address-At-Colorado-College-2008.htm. February 16, 2020.   Livingston, Donovan. Harvard Graduate School of Education. “Donovan Livingston’s Student Speech.” Facebook Watch, Harvard Graduate School of Education, 26 May 2016, http://www.facebook.com/HarvardEducation/videos/10153893399331387. February 16, 2020.

Anzaldua, Gloria. “How to Tame a Wild Tongue.” Everettsd.org, http://www.everettsd.org/cms/lib07/WA01920133/Centricity/Domain/965/Anzaldua-Wild-Tongue.pdf. Feb 16, 2020.

February 16, 2020

The audience is children of different ethnicity

Anzaldua reaches her audience by talking about childhood struggles

One reason such addresses are quickly forgotten is that the focus of them tends to be The Future. You have gone to college and managed to graduate. That’s all well and good, the speaker will tell you, but now you must face…. the Future” (Collins, 6). Collins talks about the importance of the future and the stereotypical style of writing a speech focusing on the future. Feeling that people graduating think that the hard part of life is over when getting out of school but really it has just begun.

Billy Collins speaks to his audience of fellow graduating classmates

Using this as his purpose of asking the Clergymen for rights and his genre falls under a nonfiction letter, because it is talking about current times and struggles.

elt the stinging darts of segregation to say “wait.” But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize, and even kill your black brothers and sisters with impunity; when you see the vast majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering in an airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society; when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she cannot go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her little eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and see the depressing clouds of inferiority begin to form in her little mental sky, and see her begin to distort her little personality by unconsciously developing a bitterness toward white people; when you have to concoct an answer for a five-year-old son asking in agonizing pathos, “Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean?”; when you take a cross-country drive and find it necessary to sleep night after night in the uncomfortable corners of your automobile because no motel will accept you; when you are humiliated day in and day out by nagging signs reading “white” and “colored”; when your first name becomes “nigger” and your middle name becomes “boy” (however old you are) and your last name becomes “John,” and when your wife and mother are never given the respected title “Mrs.”; when you are harried by day and haunted by night by the fact that you are a Negro, living constantly at tiptoe stance, never knowing what to expect next, and plagued with inner fears and outer resentments; when you are forever fighting a degenerating sense of “nobodyness” (King Jr.,

This means he will be using higher intellectual sentence structure, words, scenarios, and subliminal messages

Martin Luther King Jr. and his “Letter for Birmingham Jail” main audience are the clergymen, who are people of higher intellect.

Now do Martin Luther King, Billy Collins, and Gloria Anzaldua  use these three concepts to the fullest potential to reach and grip their readers. 

Poet Laureate Billy Collins Gives Brilliand and Witty Commencement Address at Colorado College, 2008, www.graduationwisdom.com/speeches/0135-Billy-Collins-Gives-Brilliant-Witty-Commencement-Speech-Address-At-Colorado-College-2008.htm. King, Martin Luther, and Jr. “Letter From Birmingham City Jail.” CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE in Focus, doi:10.4324/9780203003657_chapter_4. 

  Anzaldua, Gloria. How to Tame a Wild Tongue.

have shown the three topics of genre, purpose, and audience to create a well established piece of literature

Due to the fact that this writing was meant to be read aloud to college graduate students.

Collins Purpose

he Audience are young adults

Billy Collins Commencement Address

the genre of this piec