(TNF-α),
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is responsible for a diverse range of signalling events within cells. When a person sustains an injury or experiences bacterial or viral infections, TNF-aplha creates inflammation to protect the area and allow it to heal. TNF alpha does this by triggering the production of several immune system molecules.
Nanoparticles have been previously shown to induce lung inflammation by stimulating pulmonary epithelial cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines and by causing endothelial cells to express ICAM-1 and recruit circulating leukocytes
Learning Standard: IST-3.A.1 Cells communicate with one another through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling— a. Cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact.
Moreover, the low level of protein permeability (2.1%/hour for fluorescently labeled albumin) exhibited by cells cultured at the air-liquid interface (Fig. 2D) closely approximated that observed in vivo (1 to ~2%/hour) (24).
The authors introduced the fluorescently labeled albumin into the microvascular channel and monitored its diffusion across the alveolar-capillary interface. By measuring the amount of albumin that crossed the interface over a certain period of time, they could determine the permeability of the barrier.
membrane
Describe the processes that allow ions and other molecules to move across membranes. Learning Objective: ENE-2.J
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endothelium
Your endothelium consists of a single layer of cells, called endothelial cells, which line all your blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. These include your: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, and Lymph capillaries. Your endothelium provides a space for your blood and tissues to interact.
epithelium
The epithelium is a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands. Epithelial tissue has a variety of functions depending on where it's located in your body, including protection, secretion and absorption.
poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)
Polydimethylsiloxane, called PDMS or dimethicone, is a polymer widely used for the fabrication and prototyping of microfluidic chips. PDMS is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, as its versatility and properties lead to many applications.
permeability
Explain how the structure of biological membranes influences selective permeability. Learning Objective ENE-2.C
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