325 Matching Annotations
  1. Feb 2023
    1. homes

      voc

    2. unhappy

      voc

    3. Do they notnaturally become one great family, each man a brother unto each

      description of the group of slaves as a family

    4. None of the Butler slaves have ever been sold before, but have been on thesetwo plantations since they were born.

      thses slaves's history

    5. ismal Swamp,

      Great Dismal Swamp, also called Dismal Swamp, marshy region on the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, U.S., between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina.

      https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Dismal-Swamp

      From about 1680 to the Civil War, it appears that the swamp communities were dominated by Africans and African-Americans.

      https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/deep-swamps-archaeologists-fugitive-slaves-kept-freedom-180960122/

    6. negro speculators

      resort to trading in human beings

    7. revolvers and kindred delicacies

      this paragraph describe in a frank way the people intertested in buying the slaves

    8. ough breed, slangy, profane and bearish,

      breed: kind

      slangy: informal

      profane: obscene, vulgar

      bearish:

      all words connotating a particular anathomie of the buyers

    9. hither

      towards

    10. breakingup of an old family estate

      split, bifurcation

    11. Star-SpangledAmerica

      referring to Star Spangled Banner (flag)

      The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812.

      wikipedia

    12. chattels

      : an enslaved person held as the legal property of another : BONDMAN He had struck down my personality, had subjected me to his will, made property of my body and soul, reduced me to a chattel … —Frederick Douglass Some, most notably the Quakers, hoped that moral suasion would convince slaveholders to free their chattels.

      https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chattel

    Tags

    Annotators

  2. Jan 2023
    1. Resettlement significantly alters the position the refugees occupy in theirsocial networks. In a country of resettlement, such as Australia, the notionof an elder can be problematic

      citation- about resettlement

    2. The receiving society, through its institutional structureand the way it reacts to newcomers, has much more say in the outcomesof an integration process (Penninx, 2003)

      citation, buscar..sobre responsbilidad del lugar de acogida

    3. Community recovery needed to address this fragmentation, and look atways to support the community to sustain its identity in a new and differentenvironment.

      why dinka people were chosen- METHOD OF DESCRIPTION FOR MY OWN PROJECT

      also, talking about fragmentation

    4. s the project progressed,it became obvious that, among the group, there was a shared desire toprotect and assert these identities in the face of resettlement challenges as

      feeling of belonging

    5. . Supporting the organic anddynamic processes (Ife, 2003, p. 4) of people coming together to achievecommon goals helps to restore meaning and purpose to their lives andinstills hope for the future

      the objective of planninf sht ---citation

    6. A more sustain-able initiative was the production of a regular community radio programme

      initiative of radio programme

    7. . This pilot project sought to assess

      objectivee

    8. This approach shares many parallels withSarig’s community resilience model discussed by Doron, which acknowl-edges the need to build strong coping mechanisms from within the commu-nity and identifies components of community resilience, includingbelonging, control, leadership, values and support systems

      method, vision: copy certain characteristics of the community

    Tags

    Annotators

    1. Investigación-Acción

      check meaning

    2. Santos-Sopena, O. O. (2016). Interculturalidad y migración: la experiencia educativa y lingüística en el aprendizaje de español en rumanos. Revista Nebrija de Lingüística Aplicada, 10 (21), pp. 59-62. https://doi.org/10.26378/rnlael1021273 

      check

    3. Brady, I. K., Tomás Cámara,  D. y Sánchez Muñoz, A. R. (2019). El desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa e intercultural en lengua inglesa mediante un estudio de campo con residentes extranjeros en España. Docencia e Investigación, 30, pp. 33-54.

      check

    1. Multiliteraci

      La multialfabetización abarca un nuevo enfoque moderno de la alfabetización. La definición tradicional de alfabetización se ha ampliado para incluir la comprensión de todo tipo de textos visuales e impresos, así como las conexiones textuales, incluidas las de audio, espaciales y gestuales. Ser capaz de leer y escribir ya no es suficiente en el mundo de hoy dominado por la tecnología, por lo que una parte importante de la alfabetización múltiple implica dominar las nuevas tecnologías, lo que requiere habilidades de decodificación tanto como de lectura. La globalización también ha engendrado la necesidad de diversidad cultural y lingüística.

      Hay múltiples alfabetizaciones que se incluyen bajo el término «multialfabetismo». La introducción del aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera en las escuelas fue el comienzo de la multialfabetización de idiomas más familiares.

      https://spiegato.com/es/que-es-la-multialfabetizacion

  3. Dec 2022
    1. La respuesta se encuentra parcialmente en la juven-tud del Estado suizo, cuyo nacimiento resulta dificil dedatar más allá de 1813-1815 "sin el auxilio de ciertaprevaricación", como observa socarron.u:nente H~ghe~,44quien nos recuerda que la pnmera ciudadanía SUlz~verdadera, la introducción del sufragio (masculino) di-recto, y la abolición de las áreas "internas" de peajes yderechos de aduana fueron logros de la República Hel-vética creada forzadamente por la ocupación francesade 1798. Sólo en 1803 incluyó el Estado grupos impor-tantes que hablaban italiano con la adquisición de Tesi-no. Apenas en 1815 obtuvo las populosas áreas de ha-bla francesa de Valais, Ginebra y Neuchátel, quitándolasa una vengativa Santa Alianza antifrancesa, a cambio dela neutralidad y de una constitución muy conservadora."En efecto, la Suiza multilingüe de hoyes un producto deprincipios del siglo XIX:

      el caso de suiza

    2. Se reconoce en forma nomenos general que el papel de vanguardia de las inteUi-gentsias se debió a su instrucción bilingüe, o mejor di-cho a su instrucción y bilingüismo. El alfabetismo ha-cía posible ya la comunidad imaginada flotante en eltiempo homogéneo, vacío, a la que ya hemos hecho re-ferencia. El bilingüismo significaba acceso, por mediode la lengua de Estado europea, a la cultura occidentalmoderna en el sentido más amplio, y en particular alos modelos del nacionalismo, la nacionalidad y la na

      bilinguismo

    3. En el periodo de 18()()..1850, de resultas de la obraprecursora de académicos nativos, se formaron tres len-guas literarias distintas en el norte de los Balcanes: elesloveno, el serbocroata y el búlgaro. En el decenio de1830 se creía generalmente que los "búlgaros" forma-ban parte de la misma nación que los serbios y loscroatas, y en efecto habían participado en el movimien-to ilirio, pero en 1878 surgía un Estado nacional búlgaroseparado. En el siglo XVIII apenas se toleraba el ucrania-no como lengua de campesinos. Pero en 1798 escribió(van Kotlarevsky su Aeneid, un poema satírico de la vidaucraniana que gozó de enorme popularidad. En 1804se fundó la Universidad de Jarkov y pronto se convirtióen el centro de un auge de la literatura ucraniana. En1819 apareció la primera gramática ucraniana, sólo 17años después de la gramática oficial rusa. Yen el dece-nio de 1830 aparecieron las obras de Taras Shevchen-ko, de quien dice Seton-Watson que "la formación deuna lengua 'literaria ucraniana aceptada le debe másque a cualquier otro individuo. El uso de esta lenguafue la etapa decisiva de la formación de una conciencianacional ucraniana"." Poco tiempo después, en 1846

      el caso de Ucrania

    4. Las autoridades soviencas lo Iml~ron, pnme-ro con el uso obligatorio antiislámico y anuperS3; del al-fabeto latino; luego, en los años treinta con Stalin, conel empleo obligatorio del alfabeto cirílico rusíficanre

      stalin

    5. Así pues, con un espíritu antropológico propongo ladefinición siguiente de la nación: una comunidad polítí-ca i~Ol.~C:(}!Do.¡tlJ:¡~rentemente limitada y soberana.

      definición antropológica

    1. Conférence en Sorbonne, le 11 mars 1882
    2. Ernest Renan

      wp: Ítem más. En su discurso del 11 de marzo de 1882 intitulado ¿Qué es una nación? (Qu'est-ce qu'une Nation?),54​ el autor ofrece una idea bien distinta del término de la que se venía aceptando, comúnmente, hasta entonces. Según Renan, más que los componentes raciales o hasta la existencia de un idioma propio, lo que verdaderamente distingue a unas naciones de otras es el hecho de haber vivido una historia común, tiempos felices y trágicos, así como la determinación de querer vivir nuevos acontecimientos de esa misma manera. La religión, la raza, el idioma, la cultura, la comunidad de intereses o el territorio donde se asienta («lo que se llama las fronteras naturales») quedan así en un segundo plano:

    3. Une nation est donc une grande solidarité, constituée par le sentiment des sacrifices qu'on a faitset de ceux qu'on est disposé à faire encore. Elle suppose un passé; elle se résume pourtant dans leprésent par un fait tangible: le consentement, le désir clairement exprimé de continuer la viecommune.

      !!!!! SIGNIFIACTION DE LA NATION ENFIN

    4. Une nation est une âme, un principe spirituel. Deux choses qui, à vrai dire, n'en font qu'une,constituent cette âme, ce principe spirituel. L'une est dans le passé, l'autre dans le présent. L'uneest la possession en commun d'un riche legs de souvenirs; l'autre est le consentement actuel, ledésir de vivre ensemble, la volonté de continuer à faire valoir l'héritage qu'on a reçu indivis.

      desir de vivre ensemble + la volonté de continuer

      bon pour intro reseacrh

    5. L'homme est tout dans la formation de cette chose sacrée qu'on appelle unpeuple. Rien de matériel n'y suffit. Une nation est un principe spirituel, résultant descomplications profondes de l'histoire, une famille spirituelle, non un groupe déterminé par laconfiguration du sol

      c'est pas que la terre aue limite la nation, mais les hommes

    6. La communauté des intérêts fait lestraités de commerce. Il y a dans la nationalité un côté de sentiment; elle est âme et corps à la fois

      INTÉRÊTS - mais pas que ca

    7. De nos jours, lasituation est parfaitement claire. Il n'y a plus de masses croyant d'une manière uniforme. Chacuncroit et pratique à sa guise, ce qu'il peut, comme il veut. Il n'y a plus de religion d'État; on peutêtre français, anglais, allemand, en étant catholique, protestant, israélite, en ne pratiquant aucunculte. La religion est devenue chose individuelle; elle regarde la conscience de chacun

      AUJOURDD'HUI

    8. N'abandonnons pas ceprincipe fondamental, que l'homme est un être raisonnable et moral, avant d'être parqué dans telleou telle langue, avant d'être un membre de telle ou telle race, un adhérent de telle ou telle culture.Avant la culture française, la culture allemande, la culture italienne, il y a la culture humaine

      la "culture humain"

    9. Leslangues sont des formations historiques, qui indiquent peu de choses sur le sang de ceux qui lesparlent, et qui, en tout cas, ne sauraient enchaîner la liberté humaine quand il s'agit de déterminerla famille avec laquelle on s'unit pour la vie et pour la mort.

      la langue dans le contexte de nation (!)

    10. Au contraire, la Suisse, si bien faite,puisqu'elle a été faite par l'assentiment de ses différentes parties, compte trois ou quatre langues. Ily a dans l'homme quelque chose de supérieur à la langue: c'est la volonté.

      même en Uc,

    11. La race, comme nous l'entendons, nous autres, historiens, est donc quelquechose qui se fait et se défait. L'étude de la race est capitale pour le savant qui s'occupe de l'histoirede l'humanité. Elle n'a pas d'application en politique. La conscience instinctive qui a présidé à laconfection de la carte d'Europe n'a tenu aucun compte de la race, et les premières nations del'Europe sont des nations de sang essentiellement mélangé

      la race ...politique

    12. La vérité est qu'il n'y a pas de race pure et que faire reposer la politique sur l'analyseethnographique, c'est la faire porter sur une chimère.

      pas de race puree

    13. L'invasion des barbares fut, malgré les apparences, un pas de plus dans cette voie. Les découpuresde royaumes barbares n'ont rien d'ethnographique; elles sont réglées par la force ou le caprice desenvahisseur

      le cas de ukraine ???

    14. À entendre certains théoriciens politiques, une nation est avant tout une dynastie, représentant uneancienne conquête, conquête acceptée d'abord, puis oubliée par la masse du peuple

      concept politique

    15. Mais qu'est-ce donc qu'une nation ? Pourquoi la Hollande est-elle une nation, tandis que leHanovre ou le grand-duché de Parme n'en sont pas une ? Comment la France persiste-t-elle à êtreune nation, quand le principe qui l'a créée a disparu ? Comment la Suisse, qui a trois langues,deux religions, trois ou quatre races, est-elle une nation, quand la Toscane, par exemple, qui est sihomogène, n'en est pas une ? Pourquoi l'Autriche est-elle un État et non pas une nation ? En quoile principe des nationalités diffère-t-il du principe des races ?

      des questions a voir

    16. La nation moderne est donc un résultat historique amené par une série de faits convergeant dans lemême sens

      chaque nation né dans diff circumstances

    17. Orl'essence d'une nation est que tous les individus aient beaucoup de choses en commun, et aussique tous aient oublié bien des choses.

      l'essence: on oublie de choses ""

    18. C'est l'invasion germanique qui introduisit dans le monde le principe qui,plus tard, a servi de base à l'existence des nationalités.

      le concept de nationalité

    19. Les nations, entendues de cette manière, sont quelque chose d'assez nouveau dans l'histoire.

      un concept nouveau

    Tags

    Annotators

    1. Les « traditions inventées » désignent un ensemble de pratiques de nature rituelle etsymbolique qui sont normalement gouvernées par des règles ouvertement ou tacitementacceptées et qui cherchent à inculquer certaines valeurs et normes de comportement parla répétition, ce qui implique automatiquement une continuité avec le passé. En fait, là oùc’est possible, elles tentent normalement d’établir une continuité avec un passéhistorique approprié.

      définition des traditions inventées

    Tags

    Annotators

    1. O’Donnell, G. (1978). Apuntes para una teoríadel Estado. Revista Mexicana de Sociología.Vol. 40, Núm. 4: 1157-1199.

      nacion- texto

    2. decir, Rusiaes una potencia central en términos geopolíti-cos y una semiperiferia económica, pero conenrome peso sistémico, con ciertos núcleostecnológicos ligados a la defensa de alto desa-rrollo y un enrome peso mundial en la energíay otras materias primas, sobre las que posee uncontrol soberano

      RUSIA, tdv con poder

    3. a OTAN(ya convertida en una alianza expansionista),ingresaron 14 países a la organización: Repú-blica Checa, Hungría y Polonia en 1999; lospaíses bálticos Lituania, Estonia y Letonia,más Bulgaria, Rumanía, Eslovaquia y Eslo-venia en 2004; Croacia y Albania en 2009; yfinalmente Montenegro en 2017

      OTAN- países que se integraron dsp

      contra el pacto de VARSOVIA

    4. El eterno obstáculo de esta tendenciahistórica de los últimos 200 años es Rusia.La zarista, la soviética y, ahora, la eurasianis-ta liderada por Vladimir Putin.

      OBSTACULO contra la busquedad de supremacia del oriente en el occidente

    5. En el caso ucraniano, setrata de un país en donde se hablan idiomasdiferentes (aunque similares), existen ele-mentos culturales diferentes (rusos étnicosfrente a ucranianos étnicos, etcétera), peroque pertenecen una familia cultural comúny que comparten una historia troncal comúnque identifica al Rus de Kiev con el inicio deRusia y de Ucrania

      el caso d e UCRANIA étan NACION

    6. Se identifica con una lengua co-mún, una historia común, ciertos valores yuna identidad común, de lo que se desprendeuna necesidad política común; a la vez que serelaciona con el hecho material de un mer-cado nacional. Sin embargo, estos elementospueden ser atributos de una nación, perono la definen en términos absolutos, sinoque varían según las situaciones

      IMPROTANTE: QUE ES NACION SEGUN EL AUTOR,

      ver ref bibliog

    7. “La nación es elarco de solidaridades que une al “nosotros”definido por la común pertenencia al terri-torio acotado por un Estado” (O’Donnell,1978: 1190).

      el concepto de NACION !!!

    8. grupos ultrana-cionalistas anti-rusos

      ultra nacionalistas (derecha) vs pro rusos

    9. El obstáculo para esteprograma era la realidad política y económicadel sur y el este ucraniano, que se correspondecon el predominio cultural y lingüístico ruso,lo que impide al bloque liberal-nacionalista at-lantista construir una “nación” culturalmentehomogénea y “occidental”. Por lo tanto, bus-caron avanzar en una transformación étnica-cultural, buscando producir el proceso inversoal de la “rusificación” llevado adelante duranteel estalinismo en los años treinta

      problema de querer incluir a Uc en en OCCIDENTE (OTAN):cutura, idioma, ruso...tdv presente

    10. filo-ruso

      La palabra filosoviético tiene el significado de "partidario de la antigua Unión Soviética" y viene del elemento compositivo filo- (admirador, amante de) sobre la palabra "soviético" derivado del ruso soviet = "agrupación de campesinos y soldados que formaron la antigua Unión Soviética

    11. febrero de 2014que Ucrania era un país fracturado y que for-zar su anexión a “Occidente

      UCRANIA FRACTURADA - union durante la guerra?

      fractura socio cultural del pais : mitad ucraniano, mitad ruso.

    12. híbrida
      1. adj. Dicho de una cosa: Que es producto de elementos de distinta naturaleza.

      RAE

    13. Eurasia
    14. la guerra en el Este de Ucraniacomo expresión de una nueva fase de la cri-sis del orden mundial (Merino, 2016),

      según el autor, guerra: consecuencia de "agotamiento de sistema neoliberal", "incapacidad de (mandar, controlar) potencias emergentes".

    15. La guerra en Ucrania, un conflicto mundial

      context histórico, GUERRA en Ucrania

    1. No surprise then that the search was on, so to speak, for a new way of linking fraternity, power and time mean- ingfully together.

      after the declination of the previous ideas

    2. ssentially, I have been arguing that the very possibility of imagining the nation only arose historically when, and where, three fundamental cultural conceptions, all of great antiquity, lost their axiomatic grip on men’s minds.

      the origin of nationalism, imaginary nation

    1. The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them,encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic,boundaries, beyond which lie other nations.

      limited

    2. AllthatIcan findtosayisthataaexistswhenasignificantnuimberofpeopleinacommunityconsider themselvesformanation,orbehaveasiftheyformedone.

      this!

    3. juxtaposed

      Colocado junto a algo o en posición inmediata a algo .

    4. nthiswayheimpliesthat‘true’communitiesexistwhichcanbeadvantageously juxtaposedtonations,Infact,allcommunitieslargerthanprimordialvillages offace-to-face contact(andperhapseekthese)areimagined.Communitiesaretobedistinguished, notbytheir falsity/genuineness,butbythe styleinwhichtheymeeima.gined.

      gellner- nation vs community

    5. nation:itisanimaginedpoliticalcommunity—andimaginedasbothinherentlylimited andsovereign.

      definition - anthropological

    6. the irremediableparticularity of its concrete manifestations, such that, by definition,‘Greek’ nationality is sui generis.

      sui géneris. Loc. lat. que significa literalmente ‘de su género o especie’. Se emplea con el sentido de ‘singular o peculiar’: «Tenía un humor muy sui géneris» (Arrabal Torre [Esp. 1982]). La pronunciación corriente en español es [sui-jéneris]. Debe evitarse la pronunciación [sui-yéneris].

    1. Rather, the first person to do so was the nineteenth-century historian and anti-quarian Joseph Tracy, who used Edwards's otherwise unexceptional words asthe title of his famous 1842 book, The Great Awakening. Tellingly, however,Tracy's creation did not find immediate favor among American historians

      intro- first person to name GA as such by 19th historian

    1. Although the call for a return to complete faith and the emphasis on the omnipotence of God can be seen as the very antithesis of Enlightenment thought, which called for a greater questioning of faith and a diminishing role for God in the daily affairs of humankind,

      REason of the GA (possible view)

  4. Nov 2022
  5. www.bethmont.net www.bethmont.net
    1. Despite the promise lesbian commitment rituals hold for facilitating per-sonal growth, affirmation, and even transformation, I believe it is important toconsider their limitations.

      author conclusion (seen throughout the article)

    2. through their veneration of Biblical texts in the holy union cere-mony.

      second rite in morality construction

    3. I would argue that the ritual succeeded increating feelings of solidarity, belonging, and communitas for LGBT and/orblack guests, particularly those who had been invited to the shower, becausethey were defined as ritual “insiders.” However, its effect was probably notequally constitutive of communitas for all guests, and may have actually madethose defined as ritual outsiders feel disconnected and left out.

      to connect with everyobdy, but without explanation ..

    4. communitas

      the sense of sharing and intimacy that develops among persons who experience liminality as a group.

      liminality: the transitional period or phase of a rite of passage, during which the participant lacks social status or rank, remains anonymous, shows obedience and humility, and follows prescribed forms of conduct, dress, etc.

      dictionary.com

      https://lamenteesmaravillosa.com/cuando-el-cambio-proviene-de-lo-irracional-la-communitas/

    5. For this lesbian couple, jumping the broom served as both an assertionof their racial identities and an allusion to the subversive nature of their ownself-marrying rite. It also heightened bonds of communitas for the couple’ssupporters by drawing symbolic boundaries between themselves and thosewho denied their ancestors and themselves the right to marry.

      in this case...communitas abalysis

    6. factitiv

      to make someone be something

    7. Factitive order.Inadditiontosymbolizingorder,ritualcreatesthescaffold-ingthatenablesorganizationtoappear(Driver,1991). Thisconstitutiveaspectof ritualiswhatRappaport(

      factitive

    8. an organize the progression of same-sex re-lationships and reduce the anxiety that may inhere in the act of committingoneself to a life partnership.

      in this particular case, rituals are followed as a way to confront/ face a new stage in the participants' life

    9. I focused on aspects ofthe rites that informed the dominant scheme of ritual functionality-order, communitas,and transformation. A perspective of intersectionality (Collins, 1998) also informedthe analysis.

      method

    10. Compre-hensive field-notes were collected immediately upon exiting the field and weresupplemented and refined by continued questioning of and informal conversa-tion with church members and the lesbian couple for whom the shower andholy union were celebrate

      method- for project

    11. Following Blumer (1969), Iemployed a symbolic interactionist perspectivein my fieldwork-I immersed myself in participants’ social reality and analyzedthe processes, communications, and practices in which they engaged.

      method- interacgtionist

    12. Both members of the united couple were activeleaders in the congregation, and one was the congregation’s pastor.

      participants of the case study

    13. Foundedin1997,thechurch wasaself-describedecumenicalChristiancongregationthatembracedonetriuneGod composedofthree“persons”—God,theParent-Creator;JesusChrist,SonofGod;andtheHolySpirit,Sustainer.

      context 2

    14. Theshowerandholyunionceremoniesanalyzedforthispaperweredrawnfromalargerethnographyofa65-memberLGBT-affirmingChristiancongrega-tionintheSouthconducted between August1998andSeptember2001.

      context

    15. questions.First,whywasaholyunionceremonyimportanttothiscou-ple,evenwhentheygainednotangiblesocialprivilegesorlegalrightsasare-sult?Second,whatritualsandsymbolsdidtheychoosetoincorporate,andhowdidthosewhoattendedexperiencetheseritualisticelements?Third,whatdotheir ritualpractices and narrativessuggestabouttheintersectionsofrace,sexuality,andreligiousritual?Andfinally, didthe ritualstheyemployedintheirholyunion challenge, reconstruct,orreproducesocialconventions?

      question of the authpre

    1. inembargo, la creciente migración en Europa y la globalización en general estáncreando situaciones aún más complejas que exigirán, además de una óptima

      el uso de co,petenciq interculturql

    2. En línea con los criterios establecidos en el Marco Común Europeo deReferencia para las Lenguas (MCER) (Consejo de Europa, 2001, 2017) y lasobservaciones realizadas por la Comisión Europea,

      VISION DEL APRENDIZAJDE DE IDIOMAS EN EUROPA

    1. A total of 16 participants were interviewed, nine from the charity and sevenfrom the NHS. The nine men and seven women ranged from 20 to 65 years (mean37 years) and had lived in the UK for five months to 14 years (mean seven years)(see Table 1; for confidentiality, age and area of origin are provided in generalterms). All participants had attended, were currently attending, or were waiting fortreatment by mental health services. All participants were able to read and write inat least one language. Three further potential participants dropped out: one whorefused audiotaping, and two because of changes in circumstances.Using recommendations by Guest, Bunce and Johnson (2006) for selectingacross different groups of interest and adapted for homogenous groups, a sampleof 16 was considered sufficient for data saturation and diversity (Barbour, 2001).Purposive sampling aimed for broad recruitment in characteristics includinggender, age, time in the UK and status, including ‘‘negative cases’’ (Mays &Pope, 2000)

      methods for interviews

    2. participants were interviewed inEnglish. Interview data were analysed using thematic analysis from a critical realist per-spective. Interviewees provided consistent accounts of their efforts to learn English,integrated into often unsettled and difficult lives. T

      realistic perspective of analysing things

    Tags

    Annotators

    1. Language standardisation, initially generated for literary reasons, then serves, through the precisionand predictability that codified norms allow, the practical tasks of running state apparatuses.

      reason why one standard lg

    2. But nations which construe themselves as pluralist, accommodating to diversity,imagining it as a resource in a globalising and multipolar world, are a recent innovation. The statehas traditionally been either neutral or neglectful of popular multilingualism.

      one reasion why there is an hostility towards leargning another lg which is not 1st lg in a country

    3. These intra-language tensionsaccompany inter-language tensions which result from the practical collapse of the goal of nation-state language policy which sought to enshrine single national standard languages as emblems ofdistinctiveness and national cultural identit

      why this idea of "one" language in one "nation", despute globalisation.

    4. A linguistic consequence of this is intra-lingual diversification and cultural tension. As Englishassumes the function of lingua mundi (Jernudd 1992), absorbing the lingua franca role of otherinternational languages, a complex dynamic of cultural politics emerges (Pennycook 1994).

      English as a "lingua mundi"

    1. . At no point, however, did women's political participationlead to the emergence of special women's issues or to an alteration intheir legal statu

      IT WAS NOT FREE- POLITICAL OBJECTIVE BEHIND ( IT IS NOT A COINCIDENCE)

    2. When the war was o

      HISTORICAL CONTEXT

    3. al liability rather than a political a

      FAIBLESSE VS FORCE

    4. "worth fifty poun

      NOT MUCH

    5. rd. In 1

      RE WRITE A CONSTITUTION TO REPLACE THE COLONIAL CHART

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    Annotators

    1. It is believed that the commercialValentine cards were first mass produced in theUnited States by Esther Howland in Massachusettsaround 1840s. As reported by the U.S. Greeting CardAssociation, approximately 190 million valentinesare sent each year in the U.S., and about one billionValentine’s cards are sent annually around the world;it is, in fact, the second largest card-sending holidayafter Christmas. In addition to the old fashion way ofmailing the valentine cards, millions of e-valentineshave been sent, literally creating a new tradition ofexpressing love

      usa sending cards 1st

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    1. ll aspects of these loyalist migrations

      la responsability que great britain a pris apres la guerre

    2. he hardest consideration was what to do about the property losses,from vast estates to humble oxcarts, that nearly every loyalist refugeehad sustaine

      les indemmites- decisionpour chque état

    3. LOYALISTS IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE 211they actually conform to the new metropolitan ideas of colonial subjecthood? As migrants from one part of the British Empire to others?athome neither in the United States nor for the most part in Britain?loyalist refugees constitute an especially intriguing group through which tothink about the meanings of imperial belonging. By explicitly affiliatingthemselves with Britain, they help illuminate a defining peculiarity ofBritishness: its unusually portable and flexible quality. The loyalists, likemillions of imperial subjects well into the twentieth century, laid claimto being British though they did not live within the British nation-state.This is why Bailey's heart swelled when he saw the British flags inHalifax harbor. But what did loyalists mean and expect by associatingthemselves with the empire and how did the British respond? Looking atloyalists suggests that, though the 1780s marked a decided refashioningof the empire's extent, population, and self-image, the decade also laidthe groundwork for persistent tensions within that empire. Enduringcontests about how far to incorporate and how far to assimilate, aboutwho did and did not count as British and how to make such a determination would inflect conceptions of British subjecthood and imperialgovernance for at least a century to come.Following the loyalists into the British Empire affords the chance toconsider how Britain coped with thismass migration and how successfulitwas at accommodating different types of refugees

      the accomodation of the refugess

    4. t the same time, loyalist migrants help shed new light on an oldquestion in British imperial historiogr

      how the revolution impacted the British Empire

    5. Jacobites:
    6. e in fortymembers

      1/40 in comparison with 1/200 in France

    7. ut hehad also "landed in a strange country, destitute of money, clothing,dwelling or furniture," and his future was in the hands of chan

      c'est l'arrive d'une famille "refugees", "fugitives", escaping from "the tyranny", "opposition" of Washington.

    8. oyalists in the British Empir

      some escaped to canada, jamaica, etc.

    9. Maya Jasanof

      she writes about the other side of the revolution. the ones that lost

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    1. Unsure of what to do with the theater-like space in the third room, Phil allowed the MCC mission to use it for worship for several months

      bussiness man

    2. This detailed account of the early years of the political movement for LGBT rights—1969 to 1980—includes a chapter on the beginnings of MCC and how Troy Perry and other MCC leaders responded to the Upstairs Lounge tragedy.

      beguinning

    3. MCC congregations and gay communities in cities all around the U.S

      repercusions after

    4. The presence of national gay activists and leaders--Troy Perry, Morris Kight, Paul Breton, John Gill and Morty Manford--was critically important. I

      Leaders who were in charge

    1. Metropolitan Community Church first congregation was founded in Los Angelesby a charismatic Rev. Troy Perry in 1968, a time whenChristian attitudes towardhomosexuality were almost universally negative

      chrome-extension://bjfhmglciegochdpefhhlphglcehbmek/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitmccchurch.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2FMCC-Press-Kit-English-2020.pdf%3Futm_source%3Dwebsite%26utm_medium%3Dwebsite%26utm_campaign%3Dpress-kit-english-11-2020

    2. Compton’s Cafeteria in San Francisco’sTenderloin district in 1966.Compton’s Cafeteria was one of the few places transgender people met. Becausethey were not welcomed at gay bars, and cross-dressing was considered illegal,police would raid the Cafeteria. The riot started when a police officer attemptedto arrest a transgendered woman after management called the police to reportwhat was perceived to be a rowdy crowd. The woman threw coffee in theofficer’s face sparking a riot that became a turning point for the lesbian, gay,bisexual, transgender (LGBT) movemen

      first riot - san francisco, trans

    3. First understand that 1960ies

      historial context

    4. n Sunday, April 18, 1971, Rev. David Solomon conducted an OrganizationalMeeting of “METROPOLITAN COMMUNITY CHURCH” ( MCC ) at the First UnitarianChurch at 1800 Jefferson Avenue, N.O., Louisiana, with a handful of people of theLGBT community who were interested in starting an MCC in New Orleans

      starting point

    1. MCC was founded by Rev. Troy Perry in 1968. Our first church was established in Los Angeles, CA and that church is now called“Founders Metropolitan Community Church.”

      frist chruch of MMC 1968

  6. Sep 2022
    1. know them

      The word know here refers to know sm intimately, with sexual connotations.

    2. Begbie’s bombast, in which Sodom

      Even though Sodom, and Gomorra in the same sense, were actually cities in which cruelty and violence were common, here the author puts into question the distortion and relation of the former with other ideas. As seen in the document above, ¨Sodom¨ is usually connected with sex and sin, illegal, outcast.